Univoltine
Guides
Rhithrogena
March Browns, Olive Uprights
Rhithrogena is a genus of flatheaded mayflies in the family Heptageniidae, commonly known as March Browns or Olive Uprights. The genus contains approximately 153 species distributed across the Holarctic region. Larvae are primarily scrapers that feed on periphyton from stones in running waters. Several species serve as important food sources for fish and have been studied for their bioindicator potential in freshwater monitoring.
Rhyacionia adana
Adana tip moth
Rhyacionia adana is a small tortricid moth known as the Adana tip moth. It was described in 1923 but remained overlooked for decades because its damage to pine trees was confused with that of the European pine shoot moth (R. buoliana). The species is a documented pest of young pine plantations in northeastern North America.
Rhyacionia busckana
Red Pine Tip Moth
Rhyacionia busckana is a small tortricid moth commonly known as the Red Pine Tip Moth. It is a conifer specialist whose larvae feed on pine species, causing damage to shoot tips. The species occurs in North America and is of economic concern in forestry contexts.
Rhyacionia neomexicana
Southwestern pine tip moth
Rhyacionia neomexicana is a tortricid moth whose larvae are significant pests of southwestern pines. The species completes one generation annually, with larvae tunneling into pine shoots to feed, causing characteristic tip dieback. Adults emerge in spring and lay eggs on new pine growth. The species specifically targets ponderosa pine seedlings and saplings, where infestations reduce both height and radial growth.
Rhyssa howdenorum
Rhyssa howdenorum is an ichneumonid wasp that parasitizes Sirex nigricornis, a siricid woodwasp pest of pine trees. It was described by Townes in 1960 and has been studied in central Louisiana pine plantations. The species has a single generation per year, with adults emerging from infested loblolly pine logs between mid-August and early November. It serves as a biological control agent against its host, which damages pine timber.
Rhyssomatus
Rhyssomatus is a genus of true weevils (Curculionidae) containing at least 180 described species. The genus includes significant agricultural pests, particularly of soybean and other leguminous crops. Several species have been intensively studied due to their economic impact, including R. nigerrimus (Mexican soybean weevil), R. subtilis (black soybean weevil in Argentina), and R. lineaticollis (milkweed stem weevil in North America). Species exhibit diverse life histories ranging from monophagous specialists to oligophagous generalists on legumes.
Saperda imitans
Oblique-banded Longhorn Beetle
Saperda imitans is a univoltine longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Felt and Joutel in 1904. It is a specialist on black cherry (Prunus serotina), particularly infesting wind-damaged trees in Allegheny hardwood stands. The species overwinters in sapwood and outer heartwood, causing damage that impacts commercial timber value. It is not attracted to ethanol baits and shows specific preferences for host condition, targeting dying trees with moist phloem rather than completely dead or healthy specimens.
Satyrium behrii
Behr's Hairstreak
Satyrium behrii, the Behr's hairstreak, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae found in western North America. Adults have a wingspan of 24–32 mm and are active from June to July in a single annual generation. The species inhabits dry slopes and canyons, where adults feed on flower nectar and larvae feed on specific host plants in the Rosaceae family.
Schinia bina
bina flower moth
Schinia bina is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 11 mm. The species occurs across a broad North American range from Mexico City northward to central Florida and into the Canadian prairies. Adults are active in summer with a single annual generation. Larvae are specialized feeders on flowers and developing seeds of specific host plants in the Asteraceae family.
Schinia erosa
Schinia erosa is a noctuid moth described by Smith in 1906. It inhabits desert regions of the southwestern United States, specifically the Mojave and Sonoran Desert areas east of the Peninsular Range in southern California and south-central Arizona. The species is univoltine with adults active in late summer and fall, and exhibits a specialized larval association with Isocoma acredenia (burrobrush), a desert shrub in the Asteraceae family.
Schinia florida
Primrose Moth
Schinia florida, commonly known as the Primrose Moth, is a noctuid moth native to temperate North America. Adults display distinctive pink and yellow coloration, with pink forewings marked by pale yellow patterns and a creamy white abdomen. The species exhibits highly specialized ecological relationships: larvae feed exclusively on evening-primroses (Oenothera spp.), and adult emergence is precisely synchronized with the flowering period of their host plants. The moth has a single annual generation, with adults active during summer months when evening-primroses are in bloom.
Schinia fulleri
Fuller's flower moth
Schinia fulleri is a small noctuid moth endemic to central Florida, described by McElvare in 1961. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 23 mm. The species is univoltine, with one generation per year. Larvae are specialist feeders on Balduina angustifolia, a member of the sunflower family.
Schinia grandimedia
Rockies Boneset Flower Moth
Schinia grandimedia, known as the Rockies Boneset Flower Moth, is a small noctuid moth described by David F. Hardwick in 1996. The species exhibits a highly specialized ecological relationship with its host plant, feeding on Brickellia eupatorioides during its larval stage. It occurs in the south-central United States with a distribution centered on the Rocky Mountain foothills and adjacent plains. The moth has a single annual generation and is active during the summer months.
Schinia intrabilis
Schinia intrabilis is a small noctuid moth native to the southwestern United States. Adults are active in early spring, with a single generation per year. The species has a wingspan of approximately 23 mm. Larvae are specialized feeders on Pluchea sericea, a shrub in the aster family.
Schinia lucens
Leadplant Flower Moth, False Indigo Flower Moth
Schinia lucens is a small noctuid moth with distinctive mottled pink coloration. The species was first described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1875. It is known from the central and western United States, where it is closely associated with Amorpha host plants. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 25–28 mm and are active during summer months.
Schinia lynx
Lynx Flower Moth
Schinia lynx, commonly known as the lynx flower moth, is a noctuid moth native to eastern and central North America. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with one generation per year. Adults are associated with flowers of their host plants, where they likely rest and feed on nectar. The larval stage is specialized, feeding on two genera of Asteraceae: Erigeron and Heterotheca subaxillaris.
Schinia nubila
Camphorweed Flower Moth, Brown Flower Moth
Schinia nubila, known as the camphorweed flower moth or brown flower moth, is a small noctuid moth described by Herman Strecker in 1876. The species has a wingspan of 22–24 mm and completes one generation annually. Larvae have been documented feeding on Heterotheca subaxillaris and Solidago species. Its geographic range spans from Oklahoma to New Jersey, south to Florida and Texas, with documented expansion northeastward.
Schinia nundina
Goldenrod Flower Moth
Schinia nundina, commonly known as the goldenrod flower moth, is a noctuid moth native to eastern and central North America. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773. Adults are typically encountered in late summer and early autumn when their host plants are in bloom. The species has one generation per year.
Schinia rivulosa
Ragweed Flower Moth
Schinia rivulosa, the ragweed flower moth, is a small noctuid moth found across much of North America. It is univoltine, with one generation per year, and is tightly associated with ragweed (Ambrosia) as a larval host. Adults are active from July to October and are often observed visiting flowers for nectar.
Schinia sanguinea
Bleeding Flower Moth
Schinia sanguinea, commonly known as the bleeding flower moth, is a small noctuid moth native to North America. Adults are active in autumn, primarily September through October, and are characterized by their distinctive pinkish-red forewings with darker markings. The species is notable for its specialized larval association with Liatris (blazing star) species, where caterpillars feed on developing flowers and seed heads. The moth occupies a broad geographic range across eastern and central North America, with a disjunct population in Ontario.
Schinia septentrionalis
Northern Flower Moth
Schinia septentrionalis, the Northern Flower Moth, is a small noctuid moth described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is distributed across eastern and central North America, with a single generation per year. The species is listed as threatened in Connecticut.
Scopula frigidaria
Frigid Wave
Scopula frigidaria is a small geometrid moth distributed across boreal regions of northern Eurasia and North America. Adults have a wingspan of 21–23 mm and are active from late May through June. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with larvae feeding exclusively on bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Larvae overwinter in the larval stage, with development spanning from July through May of the following year. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form and S. f. schoyeni restricted to the Kola Peninsula and Fennoscandia.
Scopula junctaria
Simple Wave
Scopula junctaria, commonly known as the simple wave, is a moth species in the family Geometridae. First described by Francis Walker in 1861, it is widely distributed across northern North America, occurring throughout Canada and extending southward into the northern United States. Adults are active from late May through August, with a single generation per year. The species is characterized by its relatively small size and distinctive wing pattern.
Scopula sentinaria
Scopula sentinaria is a geometrid moth with a transcontinental distribution spanning northern North America and northern Eurasia. The species occupies dry shrubby clearings and edge habitats across boreal and subarctic regions. Adults are active during early summer in a single annual generation, with larvae developing on Polygonum aviculare. The species is notable for its broad geographic range and adaptation to open, disturbed habitats at high latitudes.
Semioscopis merriccella
Merrick's Semioscopis
Semioscopis merriccella is a moth in the family Depressariidae, described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1902. It occurs across northern North America from coast to coast. Adults are active in spring, with forewings measuring 11–15 mm.
Sericaglaea signata
Variable Sallow, Variable Sallow Moth
Sericaglaea signata, commonly known as the Variable Sallow Moth, is a noctuid moth species found in eastern and central North America. Adults are active from October through May, with a single generation per year and overwintering adults. The species has a wingspan of 35–43 mm. Larvae feed on the leaves of oak (Quercus), cherry/plum (Prunus), and basswood/linden (Tilia) species.
Sinea spinipes
Spiny Assassin Bug
Sinea spinipes is a North American assassin bug in the subfamily Harpactorinae, commonly known as the Spiny Assassin Bug. It is native to the midwestern United States where it inhabits roadsides, forest edges, and open fields with scattered trees. In southern Illinois, populations are univoltine, producing one brood per year. The species is part of a complex of similar Sinea species that can be distinguished by leg morphology.
Siphlonuridae
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonuridae, commonly called primitive minnow mayflies, is a family of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) characterized by morphological traits considered ancestral within the order. Members are adapted to cool waters and occur across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The family includes approximately six extant genera: Ameletoides, Edmundsius, Parameletus, Siphlonisca, Siphlonurus, and the former genus Metretopus (now sometimes placed in Siphlonuridae). Nymphs inhabit diverse freshwater habitats including temporary ponds, streams, and floodplains, with habitat preferences often shifting during ontogeny.
Siphlonurus alternatus
Northern Summer Mayfly
Siphlonurus alternatus is a primitive minnow mayfly with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Europe. The species is univoltine, overwintering as eggs and emerging as adults between May and August. Larvae inhabit deep pools in rivers, streams, and calcareous lakes, where they feed on fine particulate organic detritus. Adults emerge during daylight hours, with males forming swarms at dawn and dusk.
Skwala
springflies
Skwala is a genus of springflies (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) established by Ricker in 1943, containing approximately five described species distributed across North America and Asia. Species in this genus are amphibiotic, with aquatic nymphal stages in freshwater streams and terrestrial adults. At least one species, Skwala pusilla, has been documented as predatory. The genus has been subject to cytogenetic study, with Skwala compacta representing the first photographic documentation of stonefly chromosomes.
Smerinthus cerisyi
One-eyed Sphinx, Cerisy's Sphinx
Smerinthus cerisyi is a sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae, recognized by the single prominent eyespot on each hindwing. The species is univoltine, with adults active throughout summer. Adults do not feed. Larvae feed on willow, poplar, pear, plum, and snowberry. The species was first described by William Kirby in 1837 and named in honor of Alexandre Louis Lefèbvre de Cérisy.
Smicronyx
seed weevils, sunflower seed weevils
Smicronyx is a large genus of true weevils (Curculionidae) containing over 220 described species distributed worldwide. Many species are specialized seed feeders, with several economically important members attacking cultivated sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) in North America. The genus includes gall-forming species and potential biological control agents for parasitic and invasive weeds. Larval development typically occurs within seeds or plant galls, with adults emerging to feed on pollen, buds, or foliage.
Smicronyx sordidus
Gray Sunflower Seed Weevil
Smicronyx sordidus, commonly known as the gray sunflower seed weevil, is a seed-feeding weevil in the family Curculionidae. Adults are pale gray and approximately 6–8 mm long. The species has a single annual generation and is a recognized pest of cultivated sunflowers, particularly affecting confectionery and hybrid seed varieties. Larvae develop inside sunflower seeds, destroying the kernel from within before dropping to the soil to overwinter.
Sparganothis senecionana
Sparganothis senecionana is a tortricid moth species distributed across western North America from British Columbia to Mexico and eastward to Colorado. Adults are active from April to August with one generation per year. The species exhibits broad polyphagy, with larvae feeding on flowers of diverse host plants spanning multiple families including Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, and conifers.
Speyeria
greater fritillaries
Speyeria is a genus of approximately 19 species of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as greater fritillaries. The genus was reestablished as separate from Argynnis in 2017 based on phylogenetic evidence. Three species occur in Eurasia and 16 in North America. Species are univoltine, with larvae feeding exclusively on native violets (Viola spp.) and adults nectaring on diverse flowers. Several species and subspecies are threatened or endangered due to habitat loss and climate change.
Speyeria carolae
Carole's fritillary
Speyeria carolae, known as Carole's fritillary, is a brush-footed butterfly endemic to the Charleston Mountains of Clark County, Nevada. Described in 1942 by dos Passos and Grey, this species is notable for its extremely restricted range, having been recorded only from this single mountain range. Adults fly from mid-June to September in a single annual generation. The species is closely associated with Viola charlestonensis, which serves as the sole known larval host plant.
Speyeria cybele
Great Spangled Fritillary
Speyeria cybele, the great spangled fritillary, is a large brush-footed butterfly native to North America. Adults have a wingspan of 2.25 to 4 inches, with orange-brown upper wings marked by black chevrons and distinctive silvery spots on the undersides. The species exhibits pronounced geographic variation: eastern populations are more orange, while western populations are browner. Females are slightly darker than males and have longer lifespans, often surviving into October. The butterfly has an obligate relationship with violets (Viola spp.) as larval host plants. Research has demonstrated that S. cybele relies primarily on vision for habitat detection and navigation, with flash-blinded individuals showing 30 times lower success in locating habitat patches.
Speyeria mormonia
Mormon fritillary
Speyeria mormonia, commonly known as the Mormon fritillary, is a small montane butterfly distributed across western North America from the Yukon to California and Nevada. The species exhibits extreme protandry, with males emerging at least two weeks before females, leading to skewed adult sex ratios toward males. It occupies diverse habitats including rocky mountainsides, meadows, grasslands, and forest clearings, with populations typically occurring in small, semi-isolated patches. Multiple subspecies have been described, reflecting the species' broad geographic range and high genetic variability.
Sphenophorus callosus
Southern Corn Billbug
Sphenophorus callosus, commonly known as the southern corn billbug, is a weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae (formerly placed in Curculionidae) that is a significant agricultural pest of corn in eastern North Carolina. Historically widespread and damaging throughout the southeastern United States, its impact has become regionally restricted due to modern management practices, particularly insecticidal seed treatments. The species is univoltine with a narrow host range, reproducing primarily on corn and yellow nutsedge.
Sphenoptera jugoslavica
bronze knapweed root borer
Sphenoptera jugoslavica is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is monophagous on Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed), forming spindle-shaped root galls in rosettes. The species is univoltine and was introduced to North America as a biological control agent for this invasive weed. Its effectiveness is limited by phenological requirements for arrested plant growth during oviposition.
Sphinx asellus
Asellus Sphinx, asellus sphinx moth
Sphinx asellus is a sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae, first described by Rothschild and Jordan in 1903. It inhabits arid woodlands of the southwestern United States, where adults fly during late spring and early summer. The species has a single annual generation and larvae feed on manzanita species.
Sphinx dollii
Doll's Sphinx, Doll's Sphinx Moth
Sphinx dollii is a medium-sized sphinx moth (Sphingidae) native to arid regions of the southwestern United States. Adults have a wingspan of 45–63 mm and are active from June to August. The species is univoltine, with larvae feeding exclusively on Juniperus species.
Sphinx luscitiosa
Clemens' Sphinx, Clemens' hawkmoth
Sphinx luscitiosa, commonly known as Clemens' Sphinx or Clemens' hawkmoth, is a North American sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae. It was first described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1859. The species has a single generation per year, with adults active in early summer. Larvae feed on a variety of woody plants including willow, poplar, apple, ash, bayberry, and birch.
Sphinx vashti
Vashti Sphinx
Sphinx vashti, the Vashti sphinx, is a moth in the family Sphingidae. It is found in western North America from British Columbia to Manitoba and south to southern California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. The species exhibits highly variable forewing coloration ranging from pale to very dark gray, with distinctive black dashes and a black hindwing featuring white bands. It has one brood per year.
Spilonota ocellana
bud moth, eye-spotted bud moth
Spilonota ocellana, commonly known as the bud moth or eye-spotted bud moth, is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 12–17 mm. It has a wide distribution spanning the Palearctic realm from North Africa and Europe through Asia to China, Korea, and Japan, with introduced populations in North America and Madeira. The species is univoltine, with adults flying from May to October depending on location. Larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs, and the species is recognized as a pest in apple orchards where it has been studied extensively.
Stagmomantis carolina
Carolina mantis, Carolina mantid
Stagmomantis carolina, the Carolina mantis, is a native North American mantid species ranging from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Arizona. It is smaller than introduced mantid species such as the Chinese mantis (Tenodera sinensis) and European mantis (Mantis religiosa), typically exhibiting gray or brown coloration. The species overwinters as eggs in protective cases called oothecae, with nymphs emerging in spring and adults present from July through October. It serves as an important predator in gardens and natural landscapes, with documented parasitism by the tachinid fly Masiphya confusa.
Steiroxys trilineatus
Three-lined Shieldback, Three-lined Camel Cricket
Steiroxys trilineatus is a shieldback katydid native to western North America, recognized by the three pale longitudinal stripes running along its dorsal surface. This flightless, ground-dwelling species inhabits grassland and sagebrush steppe ecosystems, where it occupies a cryptic lifestyle among vegetation and litter. Adults are active during summer months, with males producing songs via tegminal stridulation to attract mates. The species has been documented from the Great Basin through the Rocky Mountain region, with populations adapted to semi-arid conditions.
Stenolophus
Seedcorn Beetles
Stenolophus is a large genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising over 190 described species distributed across the Palearctic, Nearctic, Near East, and North Africa. Commonly known as seedcorn beetles, several species are significant agricultural pests of corn and other crops. The genus includes both univoltine and potentially multivoltine species depending on geographic location.
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
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viral-evolutionantigenic-driftantigenic-shiftzoonotic-spilloverreservoir-hostintermediate-hostamplifying-hostdead-end-hostvector-borne-diseasemosquito-borne-diseasetick-borne-diseaseflea-borne-diseaselice-borne-diseasemidge-borne-diseasesandfly-borne-diseasetsetse-borne-diseaseblackfly-borne-diseasetriatomine-borne-diseasekissing-bugChagas-diseasetrypanosomiasisleishmaniasismalariadengueyellow-feverZika-viruschikungunyaWest-Nile-virusJapanese-encephalitistick-borne-encephalitisLyme-diseaseRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverehlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistularemiaplaguemurine-typhusepidemic-typhusendemic-typhusscrub-typhusQ-fevertrench-feverbartonellosiscat-scratch-diseaserat-bite-feverleptospirosisbrucellosisanthraxmelioidosisglanderstularaemiafrancisellosiscoxiellosisrickettsiosisorientia-infectionehrlichiosisneoehrlichiosisneorickettsiosisanaplasmataceaerickettsiaceaecoxiellaceaebartonellaceaebrucellaceaefrancisellaceaepasteurellaceaelegionellaceaechlamydiaceaemycoplasmataceaeureaplasmataceaespiroplasmataceaeachaenoplasmataceaeentomoplasmataceaehaloplasmataceaetenericutesmollicutesbacteroidetesfusobacteriaspirochaetessynergistetesdeferribacteresthermotogaeaquificaecaldisericacaldithrixdeferrisomadesulfurobacteriumthermovibriothermocrinishydrogenobactersulfurihydrogenibiumpersephonellahydrogenobaculumhydrothermusthermothrixsulfuricurvumsulfurimonassulfurovumthiovulumthiomicrospirapseudomonasvibrioaeromonasphotobacteriumaliivibriogracilibacillushalobacillushalomonaschromohalobactercobetiasalinicolakushneriahalotaleahalovibriosalinivibriothioalkalivibriothiohalophilusectothiorhodospirahalorhodospirathiorhodospirahalochromatiumthioflavicoccusmarichromatiumthiocapsalamprocystisthiodictyonthiopediaamoebobacterthiocystischromatiumallo-chromatiumthermochromatiumrhabdochromatiumthiobacathiohalocapsahalocapsathiolamprovumthioplocathiomargaritabeggiatoamethylococcusmethylomonasmethylomicrobiummethylosinusmethylocystismethylocellamethylocapsamethylacidiphilumverrucomicrobiaplanctomyceteschlamydiaelentisphaeraekiritimatiellaeotacalditrichaeotafervidibacteriaStigmella altella
Stigmella altella is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Nepticulidae, known from Ohio and Maine in the United States. The species has a wingspan of 5.6–6.4 mm. It completes one generation per year in Ohio, with larvae mining oak leaves in autumn and adults emerging the following spring. The larvae are specialized feeders on two oak species: Quercus imbricaria and Quercus palustris.