Endemic
Guides
Sunius debilicornis
Sunius debilicornis is a species of rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) first described by Wollaston in 1857. It is currently treated as a synonym of Hypomedon debilicornis in some taxonomic databases, reflecting ongoing nomenclatural revisions within this group. The species is known from the Azores archipelago, with records from five islands. As a rove beetle, it belongs to one of the most diverse families of Coleoptera, characterized by short elytra and exposed abdominal segments.
Superstitionia donensis
Superstition Mountains Scorpion
Superstitionia donensis is a small scorpion species endemic to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is the sole member of its family Superstitioniidae, distinguished by a unique trichobothrial pattern and reduced number of pectinal teeth. The species inhabits rocky desert terrain and is primarily nocturnal. Its venom is considered mild to humans.
Symmerista schmidti
Symmerista schmidti is a moth species in the family Notodontidae (prominent moths), described by Miller in 2021. It belongs to the genus Symmerista, which contains several species of caterpillars that serve as hosts for parasitoid wasps, particularly thread-waisted wasps in the genus Ammophila. The genus Symmerista is known for caterpillars that feed on conifer foliage and display cryptic coloration resembling bark or wood.
Sympistis incubus
Sympistis incubus is a noctuid moth described by James T. Troubridge in 2008. It is restricted to montane habitats in Washington and Oregon, occurring at elevations between 1,800 and 4,500 feet. Adults are active in September and have a wingspan of 28–35 mm.
Sympistis isis
Sympistis isis is a noctuid moth described by James T. Troubridge in 2008. It is known from a single US state, Utah. The wingspan measures approximately 30 mm. As a recently described species, published information about its biology remains limited.
Sympistis ragani
Sympistis ragani is a noctuid moth described by William Barnes in 1928. It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, and the Oregon Coast Range. It belongs to the Sympistis atricollaris species group, a complex of six similar gray species in the Pacific Northwest.
Syntomeida ipomoeae
Yellow-banded Wasp Moth, Orange-banded Wasp Moth
Syntomeida ipomoeae is a wasp-mimicking moth in the subfamily Arctiinae, described by Thaddeus William Harris in 1839. The species exhibits aposematic coloration and is known for its diurnal activity pattern, unusual among moths. Its common names derive from the distinctive yellow or orange banding on the body. The species has a restricted distribution in the southeastern United States.
Tachytrechus auratus
Tachytrechus auratus is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It is restricted to specialized wetland habitats in east-central Washington State, where it occurs on mud flats and freshet seeps. Adults are active from late spring through early autumn with a maximum lifespan of approximately one week. The species has a relatively brief pupal development period of 4 to 7 days.
Tafalisca eleuthera
Silent Bush Cricket
Tafalisca eleuthera is a species of cricket in the family Oecanthidae, commonly known as the Silent Bush Cricket. The species was described in 2009 from the Bahamas. It belongs to a genus of bush crickets known for reduced or absent calling songs in males.
Tanyrhinus
Tanyrhinus is a monotypic genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) containing a single species, Tanyrhinus singularis. It is distinguished from most rove beetles by its elongated elytra that nearly cover the entire abdomen. The genus is restricted to western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada, and several Pacific coast US states. Its closest relative is the genus Trigonodemus.
Tanystoma cuyama
Tanystoma cuyama is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Liebherr in 1985. The species is endemic to a restricted range in California, USA, specifically associated with the Cuyama Valley region from which it takes its specific epithet. It belongs to the subfamily Platyninae, a group of carabid beetles often associated with riparian and moist habitats. The species is known from limited collection records and iNaturalist observations, indicating it is either genuinely rare or undercollected.
Tapinoma schreiberi
Tapinoma schreiberi is a species of ant in the genus Tapinoma, described by Hamm in 2010. The species is endemic to the United States. It belongs to the subfamily Dolichoderinae, a group known for producing defensive secretions and lacking functional stings. As a recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited.
Taracus carmanah
Taracus carmanah is a species of harvestman (Opiliones: Ischyropsalidoidea: Taracidae) described in 2016 from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The species name refers to Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park, a protected old-growth forest area on southwestern Vancouver Island. It was described as part of a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus Taracus, which included redescription of all previously named species and description of eight new species across western North America.
Taracus marchingtoni
Taracus marchingtoni is a troglobiotic harvestman species endemic to lava caves in central Oregon. First collected in 1965 but not formally described until 2016, it exhibits classic cave-adapted traits including reduced eyes and depigmentation. The species is notable for its extremely elongated chelicerae, which in males can exceed body length. It has been documented feeding on troglophilic millipedes.
Tegrodera erosa erosa
Iron Cross Beetle
Tegrodera erosa erosa is a blister beetle (family Meloidae) endemic to southwestern North America. This large, colorful beetle occurs in dry valleys and hills of cismontane southern California and south into Baja California. Adults are active primarily in late spring and early summer, often forming immense feeding and mating aggregations. The subspecies is distinguished from the nominate form T. erosa inornata by its patterned elytra. Like other meloids, it contains cantharidin in its hemolymph, a compound toxic to mammals. The species is undergoing habitat retrenchment in southern California due to urban development.
Tegrodera erosa inornata
Tegrodera erosa inornata is a subspecies of blister beetle endemic to cismontane southern California and Baja California. It is one of three subspecies within the T. erosa species complex, distinguished from the nominate subspecies by reduced or absent elytral markings. Like all Tegrodera species, it contains cantharidin in its hemolymph and has been associated with livestock toxicity concerns when present in alfalfa hay. The subspecies is currently considered to be undergoing range retrenchment due to urban development.
Teleiopsis baldiana
Teleiopsis baldiana is a small gelechiid moth described in 1920 by William Barnes and August Busck. It is restricted to California in western North America. The species is associated with poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), on which its larvae feed and roll leaves.
Telphusa melanoleuca
Telphusa melanoleuca is a small gelechiid moth described by Walsingham in 1911. It is known only from Guerrero, Mexico. The species is characterized by striking wing patterning with contrasting dark and white markings.
Terralonus
Terralonus is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae) endemic to the United States, first described by Wayne Paul Maddison in 1996. The genus contains seven species distributed across the country, with the type species being Terralonus mylothrus. As members of the jumping spider family, species in this genus possess the characteristic large anterior median eyes and salticid hunting behavior. Research on Terralonus fraternus in Kansas has demonstrated that slope orientation affects reproductive success, suggesting microhabitat factors play a significant role in population dynamics.
Tetracha floridana
Florida metallic tiger beetle, Florida big-headed tiger beetle
Tetracha floridana is a Florida endemic tiger beetle restricted to coastal salt marsh and mudflat habitats along the Gulf coast from Dixie County to the Florida Keys. Adults are strictly nocturnal and exhibit the characteristic metallic green to dark green elytra and enlarged head of the genus. The species was elevated from subspecies status in 2007 based on distinct morphological characters. Larvae inhabit burrows in dry ground adjacent to coastal marshes and can be distinguished from related genera by simple, thorn-like hooks on the fifth abdominal segment.
Tetracis montanaria
Tetracis montanaria is a recently described geometrid moth species known only from a restricted high-elevation range in southeastern Arizona. Described by Ferris in 2010, it represents one of three new species added to the genus during a major taxonomic revision that synonymized Synaxis with Tetracis. The species inhabits montane aspen-coniferous forests at elevations between 2,440 and 2,715 meters. Adults are active in early autumn, with flight records from early October and possibly late September.
Tetragonoderus pallidus
Tetragonoderus pallidus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by George Henry Horn in 1868. The species is endemic to the Sonoran Desert region, occurring in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Records indicate presence in Arizona, California, and Mexico. As a member of the genus Tetragonoderus, it belongs to a group of small carabid beetles, though specific morphological and ecological details for this species remain limited in the available literature.
Texamaurops reddelli
Kretschmarr Cave Mold Beetle
Texamaurops reddelli is a small, eyeless cave-dwelling beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Pselaphinae. It is known from a single cave system in Texas and is one of the most narrowly distributed cave beetles in North America. The species was described in 1963 and is considered vulnerable due to its restricted range and habitat specificity. Like other pselaphine beetles, it likely feeds on fungal hyphae and organic detritus in humid cave microhabitats.
Texella
cave harvestmen, Texella harvesters
Texella is a genus of armored harvestmen (Opiliones: Phalangodidae) containing more than 20 described species. The genus is endemic to cave and karst systems of central Texas, where species exhibit varying degrees of troglomorphy. Several species, including T. reyesi and T. reddelli, are federally endangered due to extreme habitat restriction. Genetic studies reveal strong population structuring aligned with geologic karst fauna regions.
Thaumatographa regalis
Psychedelic Regal Moth
Thaumatographa regalis is a small tortricid moth native to California. First described by Walsingham in 1881, this species was previously classified under the genus Hilarographa. The common name "Psychedelic Regal Moth" reflects its distinctive coloration. It belongs to the subfamily Chlidanotinae and tribe Hilarographini, a group of tortricids often associated with distinctive wing patterns.
Thermosphaeroma
Thermosphaeroma is a genus of isopod crustaceans in the family Sphaeromatidae, endemic to thermal springs of the southwestern United States and central Mexico. The genus contains nine described species, most of which are critically endangered or extinct in the wild due to groundwater extraction and habitat alteration. These isopods exhibit specialized adaptations to thermo-mineral spring environments, including temperature-dependent life histories and pronounced sexual dimorphism in uropod morphology. Several species have been studied for their complex social behaviors, including precopulatory mate-guarding and cannibalism.
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
Socorro isopod, Socorro sowbug
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum is a small, thermophilic isopod endemic to thermal spring habitats in Socorro County, New Mexico. It is one of the most endangered crustaceans in North America, having been driven to extinction in the wild in 1988 when a tree root burst the water pipeline that formed its only remaining habitat following spring diversion in 1947. The species persists through captive breeding programs and has been reintroduced to artificial habitats. It exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in body size and complex social behaviors including cannibalism and mate-guarding.
Thrinaphe
Thrinaphe is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae, containing a single described species, T. hargeri. The genus was established by Rowland M. Shelley in 1993 based on specimens from the Cascade Mountains and Willamette Valley region. The name references the three-branched telopodite of the male gonopod and its similarity to the related genus Harpaphe.
Thrinaphe hargeri
Thrinaphe hargeri is a millipede species and the sole member of the genus Thrinaphe, described by Rowland M. Shelley in 1993. The species is endemic to the Cascade Mountains region along the Washington-Oregon border and the Willamette Valley in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. It belongs to the family Xystodesmidae, a diverse group of flat-backed millipedes.
Thurberiphaga
Thurberiphaga is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, containing a single species, Thurberiphaga diffusa. The genus is endemic to southern Arizona and is tightly associated with its sole host plant, wild cotton (Gossypium thurberi). The caterpillar is a stem-borer with distinctive pinkish coloration and rough setae. Adults are active during the summer monsoon season.
Thyce deserta
Thyce deserta is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. It was described by Hardy in 1974 and is known from California, USA. As a member of the genus Thyce, it belongs to a group of melolonthine scarabs found in western North America.
Tiaja cruzensis
Tiaja cruzensis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Megophthalminae. The species was described in 1982 by Gill and Oman from specimens collected on Santa Cruz Island, California. As a member of the Megophthalmini tribe, it belongs to a group characterized by enlarged eyes and associated with coastal and insular habitats in western North America. The genus Tiaja contains few described species, and T. cruzensis is among the more geographically restricted members.
Tibicininae
Tibicininae is a subfamily of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, containing at least 140 described species across 10 recognized tribes. The subfamily exhibits a broad geographic distribution spanning the Neotropics, Nearctic, and Palearctic regions. A 2005 taxonomic revision proposed renaming the subfamily Tettigadinae to avoid confusion, though this change was not universally adopted. Genera within Tibicininae include Chilecicada, Tibicina, Selymbria, Hemidictya, and others, with notable centers of endemism in Chile and the Neotropics.
Tigrosa georgicola
Georgia Wolf Spider
Tigrosa georgicola is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is endemic to the Southeastern United States, with the type specimen collected in Burke County, Georgia. It inhabits deciduous woodland forest floors.
Timema chumash
Chumash Timema
Timema chumash is a species of walkingstick insect in the family Timematidae, endemic to California. Like other members of the genus Timema, it is a small, wingless phasmid with reduced body size compared to most stick insects. The species was described by Hebard in 1920. It is part of a genus notable for being the only known genus of stick insects in the Americas with a relictual distribution in western North America.
Timema genevievae
Genevieve's Timema
Timema genevievae is a species of walkingstick insect in the family Timematidae. It is one of several Timema species known for reproducing asexually via parthenogenesis. The species is endemic to California. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits cryptic coloration that provides camouflage against host plants.
Timema knulli
Knull's Timema
Timema knulli, commonly known as Knull's Timema, is a stick insect species endemic to California. It belongs to the genus Timema, which represents a relictual lineage of wingless, small-bodied phasmids. The species was described by Strohecker in 1951 and is named in honor of the entomologist Joseph Knull. Like other Timema species, it exhibits cryptic coloration and morphology adapted for camouflage on host plants.
Timema podura
Sierra Nevada timema, Sierra Nevada Mountains Timema
Timema podura is a species of walkingstick insect in the family Timematidae. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada region of North America. Like other Timema species, it is known for cryptic camouflage that matches its host vegetation. The species was described by Strohecker in 1936.
Timema poppense
Pope Valley Timema
Timema poppense is a small walkingstick insect endemic to California, originally described from a nature reserve in Pope Valley in 1999. It belongs to the family Timematidae, a basal lineage of stick insects characterized by reduced wings and nocturnal habits. The species name was corrected from the original "poppensis" to "poppense" to match the neuter gender of the genus Timema per ICZN rules.
Tinagma gaedikei
Tinagma gaedikei is a small moth in the family Douglasiidae, described by Harrison in 2005. It is known from a restricted range in the central United States, specifically central Illinois and northern Kentucky. The species has a specialized two-year life cycle tied to its host plant, with larvae feeding internally on fruits.
Tipula metacomet
Metacomet crane fly
Tipula metacomet is a large crane fly in the family Tipulidae, described by Charles Paul Alexander in 1965. The species is named after Metacomet (also known as King Philip), a Wampanoag chief who led Native American resistance against English colonists in New England during the 1670s. It is one of numerous crane fly species in the genus Tipula, which is the largest genus of crane flies with hundreds of species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere.
Tipula siskiyouensis
Tipula siskiyouensis is a species of crane fly in the family Tipulidae, described by Charles Paul Alexander in 1949. The species epithet refers to the Siskiyou Mountains, suggesting a geographic association with this mountain range along the California-Oregon border. Like other Tipula species, it belongs to a large and diverse genus of crane flies commonly known as "daddy longlegs" due to their elongated legs and slender bodies. The species is documented from Oregon in the Nearctic region.
Tipula vestigipennis
Tipula vestigipennis is a crane fly species in the family Tipulidae, first described by Rennie Wilbur Doane in 1908. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in body size, with females substantially larger than males. It is endemic to a highly restricted range in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, where it has been documented as a pest species destructive to vegetation and crops. The species belongs to the subgenus Triplicitipula.
Tolus
Tolus is a monotypic genus of harvestmen in the family Phalangodidae, described by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. The sole described species, Tolus appalachius, is known only from two caves in Tennessee, United States. This genus represents a rare example of cave-adapted opilionid fauna in the Appalachian region.
Tolus appalachius
Appalachian Cave Harvestman
Tolus appalachius is a small, eyeless cave-dwelling harvestman endemic to Tennessee. It is the sole described species in the genus Tolus. First described in 1942, this troglobitic arachnid is known from only a handful of cave systems in the Appalachian region. Its highly restricted distribution and specialized subterranean habitat make it vulnerable to environmental disturbances.
Tomonotus mexicanus
Mexican Oak-leaf Grasshopper
Tomonotus mexicanus is a grasshopper species in the family Acrididae, described by Saussure in 1861. It belongs to the tribe Arphiini within the subfamily Oedipodinae, commonly known as banded-winged grasshoppers. The species is endemic to Mexico, with records from central and northeastern regions. It is known in English as the Mexican Oak-leaf Grasshopper, though the origin of this common name is not documented in available sources.
Toronia
Torus
Toronia is a monotypic genus of evergreen tree in the family Proteaceae, containing the single species Toronia toru, which is endemic to New Zealand. The genus was established in 1975 by Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs, separating this species from the related genus Persoonia, though phylogenetic studies now indicate Toronia is nested within Persoonia.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
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Trachyphloeini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils within the subfamily Entiminae (Curculionidae). The tribe contains more than 25 genera distributed across multiple continents. Members include both Mediterranean and southern African lineages, with some genera exhibiting highly localized distributions.
Trechini
Trechini is a large and diverse tribe of small ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising over 270 genera and more than 2,400 described species worldwide. Members are typically diminutive, often less than 5 mm in length, with many species measuring 1 mm or less. The tribe exhibits remarkable habitat breadth, occurring in terrestrial, subterranean, and high-altitude mountain environments across all continents except Antarctica, though fossil evidence indicates former presence there. Trechini includes numerous cave-adapted lineages, making it the most diverse and cave-specialized group among Carabidae tribes in subterranean habitats.