Freshwater
Guides
Siphlonurus alternatus
Northern Summer Mayfly
Siphlonurus alternatus is a primitive minnow mayfly with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Europe. The species is univoltine, overwintering as eggs and emerging as adults between May and August. Larvae inhabit deep pools in rivers, streams, and calcareous lakes, where they feed on fine particulate organic detritus. Adults emerge during daylight hours, with males forming swarms at dawn and dusk.
Sisyra
spongillafly, spongilla-fly
Sisyra is a genus of spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae), a small family of aquatic insects. The genus comprises at least eight described species distributed across multiple continents, including Brazil, Panama, Australia, and Asia. Sisyra species have been documented in freshwater habitats, with larvae associated with freshwater sponges. The family holds a basal phylogenetic position within Neuroptera, and at least one species (S. nigra) exhibits an unusual achiasmatic sex chromosome segregation mechanism not observed in other neuropterans.
Soyedina
Soyedina is a genus of small stoneflies in the family Nemouridae, endemic to the Nearctic region. The genus was originally described as a subgenus of Nemoura by Ricker in 1952 and elevated to full genus status by Illies in 1966. It currently contains 11 described species, many of which are difficult to distinguish without examination of male genitalia. Species are distributed across North America from the Appalachian Highlands to western North America.
Sphaeromatidea
Seapills and allies
Sphaeromatidea is a suborder of isopod crustaceans established by Wägele in 1989, containing approximately 8587 recorded observations. The suborder comprises seven extant families across two superfamilies: Seroloidea (including Serolidae, Basserolidae, Bathynataliidae, and Plakarthriidae) and Sphaeromatoidea (including Sphaeromatidae, Ancinidae, and Tecticipitidae), plus three extinct families. Members exhibit substantial morphological diversity, with some species having colonized freshwater habitats from marine ancestors.
Stenasellidae
Stenasellidae is a family of stygobiotic (obligate subterranean aquatic) isopods in the suborder Asellota. The family comprises approximately 10 genera including Stenasellus, Metastenasellus, and Parastenasellus, with species distributed across groundwater habitats in Africa, the Middle East, southern Europe, and Southeast Asia. These crustaceans are exclusively adapted to life in continental underground waters including caves, wells, and interstitial aquifers. Their evolutionary history has been shaped by Quaternary climatic events including aridification in tropical zones and glaciations in temperate regions.
Stenelmis bicarinata
riffle beetle
Stenelmis bicarinata is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, first described by LeConte in 1852. Riffle beetles are aquatic insects associated with running water habitats. The species occurs in Central and North America, though detailed ecological studies remain limited.
Stenelmis decorata
Stenelmis decorata is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, described by Sanderson in 1938. Riffle beetles are aquatic insects associated with flowing water habitats. The species is known to occur in North America.
Stenelmis mera
Stenelmis mera is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, first described by Sanderson in 1938. It belongs to a genus of small, aquatic beetles commonly found in running water habitats. The species is documented from eastern North America, with records from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada. Like other elmid beetles, it is associated with freshwater stream environments where larvae develop in submerged substrates.
Stenelmis occidentalis
Neararctic Riffle Beetle
Stenelmis occidentalis is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, described by Schmude and Brown in 1991. Riffle beetles are aquatic insects adapted to life in fast-flowing freshwater habitats. The species is found in both Central America and North America, reflecting a transcontinental distribution across the Nearctic region.
Stenelmis sinuata
riffle beetle
Stenelmis sinuata is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, described by LeConte in 1852. It is found in North America. Riffle beetles are aquatic beetles that inhabit flowing water environments.
Stenochironomus albipalpus
Stenochironomus albipalpus is a species of non-biting midge (Chironomidae) described by Borkent in 1984. The species belongs to the subfamily Chironominae and tribe Chironomini. It is currently recognized as a valid species in GBIF and iNaturalist databases, though Catalogue of Life lists it as a synonym. Records indicate limited observational data with only 10 observations documented on iNaturalist.
Stenogomphurus consanguis
Cherokee Clubtail
Stenogomphurus consanguis, commonly known as the Cherokee clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonfly endemic to the southeastern United States. It inhabits small rivers and streams. The species is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, though it has experienced significant shifts in conservation status over recent decades, previously being assessed as endangered in 2007. Approximately 30 known populations exist, most with fewer than 50 adults.
Stenonema
Stenonema is a genus of mayflies in the family Heptageniidae. Species within this genus are aquatic insects found in freshwater environments, with nymphs inhabiting both riffle and pool habitats. The genus has been extensively studied in ecological and toxicological research, particularly regarding morphological variation, behavioral responses to environmental cues, and sensitivity to pollutants. Multiple species, including S. modestum, S. tripunctatum, and S. vicarium, serve as bioindicators for water quality assessment.
Stenonema femoratum
Dark Cahill
Stenonema femoratum, commonly known as the Dark Cahill, is a mayfly species in the family Heptageniidae. It is native to North America and has been documented in the Nearctic region, including the northeastern United States. The species is part of the diverse mayfly fauna associated with freshwater systems.
Stictochironomus
Stictochironomus is a genus of non-biting midges (Chironomidae) with nearly worldwide distribution across all biogeographical regions except Antarctica. The genus contains more than 30 species, characterized by distinctive color patterns on wings and legs that serve as important diagnostic features for species identification. Larvae inhabit sand and sediments in freshwater habitats at densities of several hundred per square meter. DNA barcoding studies support the use of color-pattern-based species delimitation, with a genetic divergence threshold of 4.5–7.7% appropriate for distinguishing species.
Stilobezzia
Stilobezzia is a genus of predaceous biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae, comprising more than 330 described species worldwide. Adult females are predators of other small insects. Immature stages develop in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats. The genus is absent from Antarctica and some islands.
Stygobromus
Stygobromus is a genus of subterranean freshwater amphipods in the family Crangonyctidae, comprising 134 described species. The genus is primarily distributed in North America, with a smaller number of species in the Palearctic region including Siberia. Many species are narrow endemics restricted to specific groundwater systems, and several are listed as endangered or vulnerable by the IUCN; one species, S. lucifugus, is extinct.
Stylogomphus albistylus
Eastern Least Clubtail
Stylogomphus albistylus, the eastern least clubtail, is a small clubtail dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is found in eastern North America, particularly in the Appalachian region and surrounding areas. The species is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with a stable population and no immediate threats to its survival.
Suphis
Suphis is a genus of small aquatic beetles in the family Noteridae, first described by Aubé in 1836. The genus contains approximately eleven described species distributed primarily in the Americas, with records from North, Central, and South America. Members of this genus are associated with freshwater habitats, particularly wetlands and slow-moving waters. As part of the Noteridae family, they represent one of several genera within the diverse group of predaceous diving beetles.
Suphisellus lineatus
Suphisellus lineatus is a burrowing water beetle in the subfamily Noterinae, described by George Henry Horn in 1871. The species occupies freshwater habitats across parts of Central and North America, with documented occurrences in Belize, Guatemala, Mexico, and the United States. Like other members of the genus Suphisellus, it is adapted to burrowing in muddy or sandy substrates of aquatic environments.
Susulus venustus
Susulus venustus is a stonefly species in the family Perlodidae, described by Jewett in 1965. It belongs to the genus Susulus within the tribe Perlodini. The species is known from California in western North America. As a member of the Plecoptera order, it is part of the aquatic insect community associated with freshwater habitats.
Synaptonecta issa
Synaptonecta issa is a minute water bug species in the family Micronectidae, first described by Distant in 1910. The species belongs to a genus of tiny aquatic true bugs that inhabit freshwater environments. Limited observational data exists, with only six iNaturalist records documented. The species has a disjunct distribution spanning North America and Southern Asia.
Taenionema atlanticum
Atlantic willowfly
Taenionema atlanticum, known as the Atlantic willowfly, is a species of winter stonefly in the family Taeniopterygidae. It was described by Ricker & Ross in 1975. The species is known from a limited number of observations and records in eastern North America.
Tanypodinae
Tanypods
Tanypodinae is a subfamily of non-biting midges within Chironomidae, distinguished by predominantly predatory larval ecology. Larvae possess specialized mouthparts adapted for capturing small invertebrate prey, including other chironomid larvae, setting them apart from the primarily detritivorous or filter-feeding larvae of most other chironomid subfamilies. First and second instar larvae additionally consume algae. The subfamily exhibits broad ecological tolerance, with species occurring in diverse freshwater habitats from pristine rivers to heavily polluted mine drainage systems. Tanypodinae serves as an important component of macrozoobenthos and functions as a biological indicator for aquatic ecosystem assessment.
Tanypus
non-biting midges
Tanypus is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Tanypodinae, comprising at least 100 described species. Larvae are aquatic and benthic, occurring in freshwater lakes and other lentic environments. Species within the genus exhibit bioturbation activity that modifies sediment oxygen dynamics. Life cycle patterns vary by species, with some showing multivoltine generations and specific overwintering strategies.
Tanypus punctipennis
Tanypus punctipennis is a non-biting midge species in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Tanypodinae. It has been documented in European freshwater habitats, particularly Lake Balaton in Hungary, where research indicates a trivoltine life cycle with overlapping generations and extended emergence periods. The species is part of the diverse Tanypus genus, which are predatory midges found in aquatic environments.
Tanytarsini
Tanytarsini is a diverse tribe of non-biting midges (Chironomidae: Chironominae) comprising over 20 genera and approximately 1,000 described species. The tribe is divided into two subtribes: Tanytarsina and Zavreliina. Members occupy a wide range of aquatic habitats including freshwater lotic and lentic systems, hygropetric seepages, and marine intertidal zones. The genus Pontomyia represents truly marine chironomids within this tribe, with specialized life history adaptations including flightless, larviform females and short-lived non-feeding adults.
Tanytarsus
non-biting midge
Tanytarsus is a large genus of non-biting midges comprising over 480 described species. The genus belongs to the tribe Tanytarsini within the subfamily Chironominae. Larvae occur in diverse freshwater habitats, with some species inhabiting marine environments. Species-level studies reveal complex life cycles with photoperiod and temperature as key determinants of seasonal patterns.
Temoridae
Temoridae is a family of calanoid copepods established by Giesbrecht in 1893. The family includes seven genera: Epischura, Epischurella, Eurytemora, Ganchosia, Heterocope, Lahmeyeria, and Temora. Members inhabit diverse aquatic environments ranging from freshwater lakes to brackish estuaries and marine coastal waters. The genus Eurytemora has been extensively studied due to its species complex containing cryptic species with significant genetic and morphological heterogeneity.
Thermonectus intermedius
Thermonectus intermedius is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, first described by Crotch in 1873. The species is distributed in North America. As a member of the genus Thermonectus, it is an aquatic predator inhabiting freshwater environments. The genus is known for species that are active swimmers and visual hunters in aquatic habitats.
Thermonectus nigrofasciatus
Mottled Diving Beetle
Thermonectus nigrofasciatus is a diving beetle species in the family Dytiscidae, native to the eastern United States. The species name refers to the distinctive black, postmedian transverse blotch on its elytra. It is commonly known as the Mottled Diving Beetle and has been documented in over 500 observations on iNaturalist.
Thermonectus nigrofasciatus nigrofasciatus
Thermonectus nigrofasciatus nigrofasciatus is a subspecies of predatory diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. The nominate subspecies occurs in North and Middle America. Members of the genus Thermonectus are recognized for their distinctive color patterns and aquatic lifestyle.
Thermonectus nigrofasciatus ornaticollis
Thermonectus nigrofasciatus ornaticollis is a subspecies of diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, tribe Aciliini. As part of the genus Thermonectus, it is an aquatic predator inhabiting freshwater systems. The subspecies epithet 'ornaticollis' refers to decorative or ornate features of the pronotum or neck region. Like other members of Thermonectus, it possesses adaptations for underwater respiration and predation.
Tinodes
Tinodes is a genus of caddisflies in the family Psychomyiidae, first described by John Curtis in 1834. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with the richest species assemblages in the Oriental region and southern Western Palearctic. Species have been documented from Europe, Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros, and Asia. Larvae of at least some species construct fixed tunnel-like retreats (galleries) on stone surfaces in freshwater streams. The genus serves as an important bioindicator of freshwater ecosystem health due to its sensitivity to environmental changes.
Torrenticola
Torrenticola is a genus of water mites in the family Torrenticolidae, comprising over 400 described species globally and 90 species in North America alone. These mites are characteristic inhabitants of rocky and sandy streams, where they represent the dominant water mite genus. Recent taxonomic work has demonstrated that color markings, long overlooked by traditional acarology, serve as valuable diagnostic characters for species identification when combined with DNA sequencing and morphological analysis.
Torrenticolidae
torrent mites
Torrenticolidae is a family of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) in the order Trombidiformes. Members are tiny, heavily sclerotized, crawling arthropods found in running freshwater habitats. The family contains approximately 5 genera and more than 400 described species, with the genus Torrenticola being the most diverse and widespread. Species diversity is highest in tropical regions, though the family occurs on all continents except Antarctica.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
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Traverella is a genus of pronggilled mayflies established by Edmunds in 1948. It belongs to the family Leptophlebiidae, one of the most diverse families within the order Ephemeroptera. The genus comprises 13 described species. Members of this genus, like other leptophlebiid mayflies, possess the characteristic forked gills on their abdominal segments that give the family its common name.
Trepobates becki
Trepobates becki is a species of water strider in the family Gerridae. It inhabits freshwater surface habitats in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species was described by Drake & Harris in 1932. Like other members of the genus Trepobates, it is adapted to life on the water surface.
Trepobates floridensis
Trepobates floridensis is a species of water strider in the family Gerridae, first described by Drake & Harris in 1928. It is endemic to the southeastern United States, with a range extending throughout Florida into southern Georgia and west to Mississippi. As a member of the subfamily Trepobatinae, it inhabits freshwater surface habitats where it uses surface tension to locomote and forage.
Trepobates pictus
Trepobates pictus is a species of water strider in the family Gerridae, first described by Herrich-Schaeffer in 1847. It is distributed across eastern North America from Texas to Florida, extending northward to Illinois, Maine, and Ontario, as well as the Caribbean and South America. The species inhabits freshwater surface habitats where it utilizes the water surface tension to move and forage.
Trepobatinae
small waterstriders
Trepobatinae is a subfamily of small waterstriders (Gerridae) established by Matsuda in 1960. The group has undergone extensive radiation on New Guinea and surrounding archipelagos, with particularly high diversity in Melanesia. Four tribes are currently recognized: Metrobatini, Naboandelini, Stenobatini, and Trepobatini. The subfamily includes both freshwater and marine forms, with marine species concentrated in the New Guinea region.
Triacanthagyna caribbea
Caribbean Darner
Triacanthagyna caribbea is a species of darner dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae, described by Williamson in 1923. It is endemic to the Caribbean region, with confirmed records from Colombia (departments of Antioquia, Bolívar, Magdalena, and Sucre) and broader Caribbean distribution. The species is part of the genus Triacanthagyna, which is characterized by three-spined abdominal appendages in males. As with other aeshnids, it is likely a strong flier adapted to tropical environments.
Triaenodes injusta
Triaenodes injusta is a species of long-horned caddisfly in the family Leptoceridae. The genus Triaenodes is characterized by elongated antennae, often exceeding body length, and larvae that construct distinctive portable cases. This species is part of a diverse Nearctic fauna of Triaenodes, though specific biological details remain limited in published literature.
Trichoclinocera dolicheretma
Trichoclinocera dolicheretma is a Nearctic dance fly (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae) belonging to the monotypic T. dolicheretma species group. The species was originally described by Melander in 1902 and later synonymized with T. brunnipennis, which was subsequently reversed with T. brunnipennis synonymized under T. dolicheretma. A lectotype was designated for this species in a 1994 revision of Nearctic Trichoclinocera. The species is part of a genus whose immature stages were described for the first time in that revision, though specific details for T. dolicheretma were not separately highlighted.
Trichocorixa kanza
water boatman
Trichocorixa kanza is a species of water boatman (family Corixidae) described by Sailer in 1948. It belongs to the genus Trichocorixa, a group of small aquatic true bugs characterized by hair-fringed hind legs adapted for swimming. The species has been documented in both North and Central America. Like other corixids, it inhabits freshwater environments where it swims upside-down near the water surface.
Trichoptera
Caddisflies
Caddisflies are an order of approximately 14,500 described species of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. The order is divided into two principal suborders: Integripalpia, whose larvae construct portable protective cases while foraging, and Annulipalpia, whose larvae build fixed retreats and wait for food to arrive. Caddisflies are widely distributed globally and are recognized as important bioindicators of freshwater ecosystem health due to their sensitivity to water quality changes.
Tvetenia
non-biting midges
Tvetenia is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae. Species occur across northern and eastern Europe, extending into Russia and Central Asia. The genus was established by Kieffer in 1922. Taxonomic revisions have clarified species boundaries, including the synonymy of T. vitracies with T. tshernovskii.
Uenoidae
Stonecase Caddisflies
Uenoidae is a family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) commonly known as stonecase caddisflies. The family comprises approximately 7 genera and at least 80 described species, distributed across North America, Asia, and Europe. Larvae construct portable cases using mineral materials, hence the common name. The family was revised taxonomically in 1988 to include the subfamilies Uenoinae and Thremmatinae, incorporating genera formerly placed in separate families. Studies of Neophylax species demonstrate univoltine life cycles with temporal segregation between co-occurring species.
Unionicola
Unionicola is a genus of freshwater water mites (family Unionicolidae) described by Haldeman in 1842. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution and comprises parasitic species primarily associated with molluscan hosts, though some species associate with freshwater sponges. Most species infest unionid mussels, while U. crassipes and U. minor are associated with Spongillidae sponges. The mite-host relationship involves consumption of host mucus and tissue, with potential negative effects on host fitness.