Cosmopolitan
Guides
Epermeniidae
fringe-tufted moths
Epermeniidae, commonly called fringe-tufted moths, is a family of small Lepidoptera containing approximately 14 genera. The family is placed in its own superfamily Epermenioidea, though its systematic position among the apoditrysian group "Obtectomera" remains uncertain. Members are characterized by distinctive projecting scale tufts on the inner margin of the hindwing and whorls of bristles on the legs. The group has been extensively revised by Dr. Reinhard Gaedike, with major genera including Epermenia, Ochromolopis, and Gnathifera.
Ephestia kuehniella
Mediterranean Flour Moth, Mill Moth
Ephestia kuehniella is a small moth in the family Pyralidae and a major pest of stored cereal products, particularly flour. It is cosmopolitan in distribution, with established populations in temperate regions worldwide. The species thrives in warm conditions but tolerates a broad temperature range. Larvae are the destructive stage, feeding on milled grains and creating silk webbing that contaminates food products.
Eristalis tenax
Common Drone Fly, Drone Fly, Rat-tailed Maggot
Eristalis tenax is a cosmopolitan hoverfly (Syrphidae) and the most widely distributed syrphid species globally, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Adults are striking mimics of honey bees, exhibiting Batesian mimicry that provides protection from predators. The larval stage, known as the rat-tailed maggot, is aquatic and inhabits polluted water containing organic matter, using an elongated posterior siphon for respiration. Adults are important generalist pollinators, particularly of Asteraceae flowers. The species exhibits strong territorial behavior in males and has been documented to cause rare cases of accidental myiasis in humans.
Euchromius ocellea
Belted Grass-veneer, necklace veneer
Euchromius ocellea is a cosmopolitan migratory moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Haworth in 1811. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, with occasional rare migrations to temperate areas such as the UK and Netherlands. The species is notable for its ornate wing patterning and its larval association with grass crops including maize and sorghum.
Eumerus funeralis
Lesser Bulb Fly
Eumerus funeralis, commonly known as the Lesser Bulb Fly, is a small hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. Originally described from the Mediterranean basin, it has become cosmopolitan in distribution, particularly widespread in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. The species is notable for its phytophagous larvae, which develop in damaged bulbs and are recognized as a minor pest of ornamental plants including Narcissus, Hyacinthus, and Amaryllis.
Eupodes
Eupodes is a genus of prostigmatid mites in the family Eupodidae, first described by C. L. Koch in 1835. The genus contains at least 58 described species distributed across all continents except South America, with notable diversity in Antarctica, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Species inhabit varied environments including maritime Antarctic regions, temperate zones, and tropical localities.
Eupodoidea
Eupodoidea is a superfamily of soft-bodied mites in the order Trombidiformes, comprising approximately nine families and over 160 described species. These mites are primarily terrestrial and occur across diverse environments from temperate grasslands to polar regions. The superfamily exhibits varied feeding strategies, including fungivory, phytophagy, and predation. Some species are economically significant as agricultural pests.
Euryproctus
Euryproctus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Holmgren in 1855. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes species such as Euryproctus geniculosus and Euryproctus regenerator. As ichneumonids, members of this genus are presumed to be parasitoids of other insects, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The genus is recorded from Europe, including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Euthera
Euthera is a small cosmopolitan genus of tachinid flies in the family Tachinidae, characterized by distinctive smoky black transverse bands on the wings. The genus contains approximately 13 described species distributed across multiple continents. Some North American taxonomic treatments place this genus within the subfamily Dexiinae. Species in this genus are parasitoids of true bugs in the family Pentatomidae.
Evania appendigaster
blue-eyed ensign wasp
Evania appendigaster is a parasitoid wasp in the family Evaniidae, commonly known as the blue-eyed ensign wasp. It is one of the larger ensign wasps, with forewings reaching about 7 mm and body length up to 11 mm. The species is a solitary oothecal parasitoid that attacks the egg cases of multiple cockroach species. It likely originated in Asia and has become widespread globally, particularly in tropical, subtropical, and temperate urban environments.
Evaniidae
ensign wasps, nightshade wasps, hatchet wasps, cockroach egg parasitoid wasps
Evaniidae is a family of solitary parasitoid wasps commonly known as ensign wasps, nightshade wasps, or hatchet wasps. The family comprises approximately 20 extant genera containing over 400 described species, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution excluding polar regions. Evaniidae are immediately distinctive among Hymenoptera due to their unique morphology: the metasoma (abdomen) is attached very high on the propodeum, well above the hind coxae, and is connected by a long, one-segmented, tube-like petiole. The common name "ensign wasp" derives from the characteristic habit of these wasps to jerk their small, flag-like metasoma up and down while walking. All known evaniid larvae are specialized parasitoids that develop inside the egg cases (oothecae) of cockroaches (Blattodea), consuming the host eggs.
Exetastes
Exetastes is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, established by Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst in 1829. The genus contains at least 11 described species with a cosmopolitan distribution, found across Europe, Asia, and North America. As ichneumonids, members of this genus are parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented.
Exoprosopa
Exoprosopa is a large cosmopolitan genus of bee-flies (Bombyliidae) comprising over 325 described species. Members are among the largest bee flies, reaching up to 22 mm body length and 64 mm wingspan. The genus exhibits striking wing patterns and abdominal banding, with many species showing sexual dimorphism. Species are found worldwide, with exceptional diversity in Southern Africa (over 135 species). As parasitoids, they target a broad range of host insects including locusts and wasp larvae.
Frankliniella
Frankliniella is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae containing approximately 230 species with cosmopolitan distribution. The genus was established by Karny in 1910. Several species are significant agricultural pests, notably Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) and F. intonsa, which cause direct feeding damage and vector plant viruses including tomato spotted wilt virus. Species exhibit considerable morphological variability, complicating identification.
Gabronthus thermarum
Gabronthus thermarum is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae) originally described from Europe in 1850. The species has become widely distributed through human activity, with established populations across the Palearctic region and numerous introductions to the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. It is frequently associated with warm, moist environments including compost, manure, and decomposing organic matter. Its successful global spread makes it one of the more broadly distributed members of the genus Gabronhus.
Galleria mellonella
Greater Wax Moth, Honeycomb Moth
Galleria mellonella is a globally distributed moth in the family Pyralidae, best known as a destructive pest of honeybee colonies. The larvae tunnel through honeycomb, consuming wax, pollen, honey, and cast skins of bee larvae, causing significant economic damage to apiculture. Adults are nocturnal, with males producing ultrasonic mating calls at 75 kHz. The species has become an important model organism in biomedical research due to its innate immune system functionally similar to mammals, and has attracted recent attention for the ability of its larvae to degrade polyethylene plastic through salivary enzymes.
Gambrus
Gambrus is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus was established by Förster in 1868 and has a cosmopolitan distribution, with records from Europe and other regions. As with other ichneumonid genera, members are parasitoid wasps, though specific host associations for Gambrus remain poorly documented.
Geophilidae
soil centipedes, earth-loving centipedes
Geophilidae is a family of geophilomorph centipedes, commonly known as soil centipedes, with over 650 species in more than 120 genera. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution with species found worldwide. In 2014, phylogenetic analysis revealed the family to be polyphyletic, leading to taxonomic revisions that synonymized several families (Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae, Linotaeniidae, Macronicophilidae) under Geophilidae and established the new family Zelanophildae for some transferred genera. Members are characterized by mandibles with a single pectinate lamella, sternal pores with variable arrangements, and usually present coxal organs.
Gerromorpha
semiaquatic bugs, shore-inhabiting bugs, water striders, water measurers, velvet water bugs, water treaders, riffle bugs
Gerromorpha is an infraorder of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) comprising approximately eight families in four superfamilies. Members are commonly called semiaquatic or shore-inhabiting bugs, though many species are specifically adapted to exploit the water surface film. The group includes well-known taxa such as Gerridae (water striders), Hydrometridae (water measurers), Hebridae (velvet bugs), and Veliidae (riffle bugs). Gerromorphans are distributed globally and are frequently used as bioindicators of aquatic habitat quality.
Gibbium
hump beetle
Gibbium is a genus of small beetles in the family Ptinidae, commonly known as hump beetles. The genus contains at least two recognized species: G. aequinoctiale, which has a cosmopolitan distribution, and G. psylloides, found in the Palearctic, Southeast Asia, and North Africa. These beetles are primarily known as stored-product pests, feeding on dried animal and plant material. Gibbium species have been studied for their feeding behavior, developmental biology, and role as hosts for parasitoid wasps.
Glabellula
micro bee flies
Glabellula is a genus of micro bee flies in the family Mythicomyiidae, comprising more than 30 described species with cosmopolitan distribution. The genus is poorly studied in the Neotropical Region, with recent taxonomic work describing new species from Colombia. At least one species, G. arctica, has been documented as myrmecophilous, living in association with ant nests. The group represents one of several genera of diminutive bombylioid flies often overlooked due to their small size.
Gryllodes
decorated crickets, tropical house crickets
Gryllodes is a genus of crickets in the family Gryllidae, tribe Modicogryllini. The genus contains at least three described species, with Gryllodes sigillatus being the most widely known and economically significant. This species, commonly called the tropical house cricket or decorated cricket, has a cosmopolitan distribution associated with human habitation and is extensively cultured for pet food and human consumption. The genus is notable for its specialized mating behavior involving nuptial gifts.
Gynaikothrips ficorum
Cuban laurel thrips, fig leaf-rolling thrips
Gynaikothrips ficorum is a tube-tailed thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, commonly known as the Cuban laurel thrips or fig leaf-rolling thrips. It is a gall-forming pest of Ficus species, inducing characteristic curled and folded leaf galls where it feeds, reproduces, and shelters. The species has achieved near-cosmopolitan distribution through human transport of its host plants. It was first described by Paul Marchal in 1908 as Phloeothrips ficorum.
Halictini
sweat bees
Halictini is a cosmopolitan tribe of sweat bees (Halictidae) comprising over 2300 described species. The tribe is divided into five subtribes: Halictina, Sphecodina, Thrinchostomina, Caenohalictina, and Gastrohalictina. Members exhibit diverse social systems ranging from solitary to eusocial, with some species exhibiting social parasitism. The tribe includes the large genus Lasioglossum s.l. and the Halictus genus-group.
Haliplidae
Crawling Water Beetles, haliplids
Haliplidae is a family of small aquatic beetles comprising approximately 200 species in five genera, representing the sole extant member of the superfamily Haliploidea. These beetles are characterized by their distinctive swimming behavior using alternating leg movements, which renders them relatively clumsy swimmers compared to other aquatic beetles. Consequently, they predominantly move by crawling along substrates rather than swimming. The family exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution in freshwater habitats worldwide.
Haltichella
Haltichella is a genus of chalcidid wasps in the family Chalcididae, established by Spinola in 1811. The genus contains at least 20 described species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Members are parasitoid wasps whose larvae develop in or on host organisms. Host associations include Lepidoptera (families Bucculatricidae, Gelechiidae, Momphidae, Notodontidae, Oecophoridae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae) and Hymenoptera (Braconidae, Ichneumonidae).
Harpalini
ground beetles
Harpalini is a large tribe of ground beetles (family Carabidae, subfamily Harpalalinae) containing over 1,900 described species across approximately 103 genera. Members are predominantly nocturnal ground beetles distributed across all major biogeographic regions including the Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Neotropical, Nearctic, and Australian regions. The tribe includes economically significant genera such as Harpalus, a diverse group with numerous Palaearctic species, and Trichotichnus, which comprises over 260 species worldwide. Taxonomic research on Harpalini focuses heavily on species descriptions, distribution records, and generic revisions, with recent work describing new species from China, Brazil, India, and Australia.
Hasarius adansoni
Adanson's house jumper
Hasarius adansoni is a small jumping spider (Salticidae) with pronounced sexual dimorphism. Females reach 8 mm, males 6 mm. Males display distinctive black coloration with a red facial 'mask', white pedipalps, and iridescent white markings on the abdomen. The species is strongly associated with human structures across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, and has been introduced to temperate areas via greenhouses. It constructs silk retreats at night, approximately twice its body length.
Helicopsyche
Speckled Peter, Spiral Caddisflies
Helicopsyche is a genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) containing more than 230 species with highest diversity in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The genus is represented on all major faunal regions worldwide. Larvae construct distinctive helical, snail-shell-like cases from sand grains and silk. Adults are known to fly fishers as the 'Speckled Peter'. The genus was first described by Siebold in 1856.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
greenhouse thrips, glasshouse thrip, black tea thrips
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, commonly known as the greenhouse thrips, is a polyphagous pest species in the family Thripidae. It is parthenogenetic with rare males, and reproduces rapidly in favorable conditions. The species is a significant agricultural pest of greenhouse crops, ornamentals, and fruit trees worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been introduced globally and is subject to biological control efforts using parasitoids such as Thripobius semiluteus and Thripobius javae.
Hermetia illucens
Black soldier fly
Hermetia illucens is a medium-sized dipteran in the family Stratiomyidae, native to the Neotropics but now virtually cosmopolitan through human-mediated spread. Adults are wasp mimics with metallic coloration and distinctive translucent abdominal spots. The species is commercially significant for its larvae's ability to rapidly convert organic waste into protein-rich biomass, with applications in animal feed, waste management, and bioremediation. Neither life stage is considered a pest or disease vector.
Hofmannophila
brown house moth (for sole species H. pseudospretella)
Hofmannophila is a monotypic genus of concealer moths (family Oecophoridae) containing a single species, H. pseudospretella, commonly known as the brown house moth. The genus appears closely related to Borkhausenia. The sole species is a significant synanthropic pest with nearly worldwide distribution, particularly abundant in Britain.
Hofmannophila pseudospretella
Brown House Moth, Samenmotte (German)
A cosmopolitan pest moth of stored products and dwellings. Larvae feed on keratinous materials including wool, fur, and feathers, as well as dried plant matter. Adults are nocturnal and exhibit complex sexual behavior involving pheromone-mediated mate location. The species is the sole member of its genus, though its distinctness from related genera remains under study.
Holcocerini
Holcocerini is a tribe of moths within the family Blastobasidae, a group of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The tribe contains multiple genera of blastobasid moths, which are characterized by their relatively plain appearance and often poorly known biology. Members of this tribe are found across various regions globally, reflecting the cosmopolitan distribution of the family. The classification of Blastobasidae and its constituent tribes has undergone revision, with some authorities historically treating these groups as subfamilies within Coleophoridae.
Homolobus
Homolobus is a genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Homolobinae, tribe Homolobini. These moderate to large parasitoid wasps (4.4–14.6 mm body length) are characterized by distinctive wing venation and occipital carina. The genus contains approximately 55 species distributed across five subgenera and has a cosmopolitan distribution. They are endoparasitoids of caterpillars, particularly those in the families Noctuidae and Geometridae.
Hyadaphis foeniculi
Fennel Aphid
Hyadaphis foeniculi is a cosmopolitan aphid species and major pest of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), native to Mediterranean regions and introduced to Brazil and other areas. Laboratory studies demonstrate strict thermal requirements: nymph development occurs only between 15-30°C, with 3°C and 33°C lethal. The species exhibits four nymphal instars with temperature-dependent development rates, completing the nymphal stage in 5 days at 30°C to 19 days at 15°C. Winged adults reproduce parthenogenetically, forming colonies inside fennel flowers during hot periods. The aphid vectors at least 12 plant viruses and produces honeydew that facilitates sooty mold growth, compounding crop damage.
Hyalopterus pruni
Mealy Plum Aphid
Hyalopterus pruni, the mealy plum aphid, is a sap-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae with a cosmopolitan distribution. It exhibits a complex life cycle involving multiple generations of wingless adults followed by the production of winged migrants that disperse to secondary hosts. The species is notable for its waxy covering and seasonal host alternation between Prunus species and grasses or reeds.
Hydaticus
Hydaticus is a genus of predatory diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, comprising approximately 150 described species and 12 subspecies arranged in two subgenera: Hydaticus and Prodaticus. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution spanning the Palearctic, Afrotropical, Nearctic, and Oriental regions. Members are aquatic predators found in freshwater habitats including streams, pools, and lentic environments.
Hylotrupes
House Longhorns, House Longhorn Beetle, Old House Borer, European House Borer, Italian Beetle
Hylotrupes is a monotypic genus of woodboring beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing only the species Hylotrupes bajulus. The genus is the sole member of the tribe Hylotrupini. The species has been introduced globally through timber trade and is recognized as a significant pest of structural softwood timber. Adults are active in summer months, while larvae develop slowly within wood.
Hypoponera
Crypt Ants
Hypoponera is a genus of ponerine ants characterized by simplified morphology lacking clear autapomorphies. The genus exhibits cosmopolitan distribution across all continents except Antarctica, with notable absence from taiga, tundra, New Zealand, and central Asia. Multiple species display remarkable reproductive polymorphism, including winged and wingless (ergatoid) morphs in both sexes. Workers typically lack eyes or possess only very small eyes, while queens and males usually have well-developed eyes with interommatidial setae.
Hyposoter
Hyposoter is a large cosmopolitan genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Campopleginae. Species are koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack various holometabolan insects, primarily Lepidoptera. The genus exhibits substantial species diversity with over 70 species recognized in the Western Palaearctic region alone. Swiss studies indicate higher species richness at low altitudes, with only three species considered high-altitude specialists.
Hypsicera
Hypsicera is a genus of ichneumonid wasps established by Latreille in 1829. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and comprises approximately 14 described species. As parasitoid wasps, members of this genus likely attack the larval or pupal stages of other insects, though specific host relationships remain poorly documented for most species.
Hysteroneura setariae
Rusty Plum Aphid
Hysteroneura setariae is a cosmopolitan aphid species known primarily as the Rusty Plum Aphid. It feeds on grasses and fruit trees, with documented associations including Muhlenbergia capillaris and various Prunus species. The species has been recorded across six continents, with particularly dense populations observed in urban park settings in Japan. It serves as prey for generalist predators including Coccinella septempunctata.
Icius
Striking Jumping Spiders
Icius is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae) established by Eugène Simon in 1876. The genus contains 49 recognized species as of October 2025 and has been assigned the common name "Striking Jumping Spiders." It exhibits an almost cosmopolitan distribution, with particular prevalence in Europe and records extending across Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Recent taxonomic work has focused on morphological characterization of individual species, including detailed scanning electron microscopy of reproductive structures.
Ischnus
Ischnus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, with records from Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Species-level biology is poorly documented; most available literature refers to the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus, a taxonomically unrelated organism with a similar name. The genus contains at least three described species: Ischnus agitator, I. alpinicola, and I. coxalis.
Itoplectis
Itoplectis is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Arnold Förster in 1869. The genus contains approximately 35 to 61 recognized species with cosmopolitan distribution. Members are polyphagous solitary parasitoids that attack lepidopteran pupae and have been studied extensively for their potential as biological control agents. Several species, particularly I. conquisitor and I. naranyae, serve as model organisms for research on parasitoid behavior, learning, and chemical ecology.
Ixodes affinis
Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.
tickvectorLyme-diseaseBorrelia-burgdorferiavian-hostrange-expansionsoutheastern-United-StatesMexicoCentral-Americanon-human-bitingenzootic-maintenanceco-feedingmigratory-birdsIxodidaeAcariparasitethree-host-tickquesting-behaviorwildlife-disease-ecologyforest-habitatdog-parasitewhite-tailed-deerCarolina-wrenwhite-throated-sparrowOld-Dominion-University-Tick-TeamHolly-GaffErin-Hellermolecular-identificationDNA-sequencingengorged-specimen-identificationpine-plantationrural-Yucatánhunting-dogsTixméhuacOpichénseasonal-activitylaboratory-rearingimmature-stageslarvanymphadultpathogen-dispersalclimate-changehabitat-fragmentationsuburbanizationdeer-populationacorn-mastingsmall-mammal-reservoirBorrelia-miyamotoico-infectiontick-borne-diseasepublic-healthveterinary-parasitologymedical-entomologyvector-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionbird-migrationlong-distance-dispersalboreal-forestCanadaManitobaSwainson's-thrushCatharus-ustulatusmigratory-birdground-foraging-birdpasserinesongbirdbrown-thrashereastern-towheeAmerican-robinnorthern-cardinalmarsh-rice-ratcotton-mouseeastern-gray-squirrelraccoonsouthern-short-tailed-shreweastern-molewhite-footed-mousePeromyscus-leucopuschipmunkTamiasoak-mastingQuercusforest-floorquesting-heighthumidity-preferencewinter-activitytick-removaltick-testingtick-borne-illness-preventionDEETpermethrintick-inspectiontick-avoidanceAIR-protocolArachnidaParasitiformesChelicerataEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaIxodidahard-tickixodidNeumann-1899taxonomysystematicsdorsal-scutumcapitulumhypostomepalpsspiracular-platesfestoonsornateinornateidiosomagnathosomapodonscutumalloscutumbasis-capitulicornuaporose-areassclerotizedcuticlesetaesensillaHaller's-organtarsusclawspulvilliscutum-shapepunctationsgroovescoxaetrochantersfemoragenuatibiaetarsipretarsiadanal-platesaccessory-platesspiraclestracheaesalivary-glandsmidgutMalpighian-tubulesreproductive-systemovarytestisgenital-apertureanuspreanal-groovepostanal-groovesubanal-platesparanal-platesmarginal-groovespseudoscutumscapularscervical-groovespunctatereticulateshagreenedwrinkledsmoothglabroussetiferouspilosehispidgranularmammillatedtuberculatecarinatedsulcatestriatecostatelineatepunctate-striatereticulate-punctateIXO_affNCBI:txidGBIF:speciesCatalogue-of-Life:speciesiNaturalist:taxonWikipedia:speciesIxodesaffinisbird-tickdeer-tickdog-tickrabbit-tickshrew-tickmole-tickmouse-tickrat-ticksquirrel-tickraccoon-tickwren-tickthrasher-tickrobin-ticktowhee-tickcardinal-ticksparrow-tickthrush-tickmigratory-tickinvasive-tickexpanding-rangeemerging-vectorcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-identificationDNA-barcodingCOI16SITS2tick-microbiomepathogen-detectionBorreliaspirochetezoonosisvector-competencereservoir-competenceenzootic-cycleepizooticspilloverbridge-vectoramplifying-hostreservoir-hostmaintenance-hostincidental-hostdead-end-hosthost-specificityhost-rangehost-switchinghost-raceecological-fittingniche-expansionrange-shiftphenologydiapauseoverwinteringsurvivalmortalityfecundityreproductive-outputegg-massovipositioneclosionmoltingecdysisinstarstadiumdevelopmental-timegeneration-timelife-spanlongevitypopulation-dynamicsabundanceprevalenceintensityaggregationnegative-binomialzero-inflatedspatial-distributiontemporal-distributionhabitat-associationmicrohabitatvegetation-typeforest-typesuccessional-stageedge-effectfragmentationconnectivitymatrixcorridorpatchlandscape-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingmodelingdistribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingMaxEntBIOMODclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablestemperatureprecipitationhumiditysaturation-deficitvapor-pressure-deficitevapotranspirationseasonalityphenology-mismatchglobal-warmingextreme-weatherdroughtfloodphenological-shiftrange-contractionpoleward-shiftelevation-shiftaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientcontinentalinsularendemiccosmopolitanpantropicalholarcticnearcticneotropicalpalearcticafrotropicalorientalaustralasianoceanianantarcticbiogeographyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgene-flowgenetic-structureisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentadaptive-evolutionlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitycryptic-diversityspecies-delimitationintegrative-taxonomymorphometricsgeometric-morphometricstraditional-morphometricslandmarkoutlinesemilandmarkcharacter-matrixphylogenyclassificationnomenclaturetype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptionemendationsynonymyhomonymypriorityvalidityavailabilitypublished-workZooBankLSIDURNDOIORCIDauthoryearjournalvolumeissuepagesfigureplatemapdrawingphotographSEMTEMlight-microscopyconfocal-microscopymicroCTscanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopyhistologyimmunohistochemistryin-situ-hybridizationPCRqPCRRT-PCRddPCRsequencingSangernext-generationIlluminaPacBioOxford-Nanoporegenometranscriptomeproteomemetabolomemicrobiomeviromebacteriomefungomeparasitomeholobiontsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismpathogenesisvirulencetransmissionvectorial-capacitybasic-reproduction-numberR0force-of-infectionincidenceseroprevalencecase-fatality-ratemorbiditydisability-adjusted-life-yearDALYquality-adjusted-life-yearQALYcost-effectivenesseconomic-burdenpublic-health-burdenveterinary-burdenagricultural-impactwildlife-impactconservationbiodiversityecosystem-servicedisserviceOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-Healthintegrated-pest-managementIPMvector-controlacaricideinsecticideresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceresistance-managementrotationmosaicmixturesynergistbiological-controlentomopathogenic-fungusnematodepredatorparasitoidhabitat-modificationenvironmental-managementpersonal-protectionrepellentinsecticide-treated-clothingpicaridinIR3535oil-of-lemon-eucalyptusPMD2-undecanonespatial-repellentattract-and-killpush-pullsurveillanceactive-surveillancepassive-surveillancesentinel-surveillancesyndromic-surveillancetick-dragflaggingCO2-trapdry-icehost-seekingtick-collectionspecimen-preservationvoucheringmuseumcollectionrepositorydatabaseGBIFGenBankBOLDNCBIITISEOLWikidataWikipediaResearchGateGoogle-ScholarWeb-of-ScienceScopusPubMedMEDLINEEMBASECAB-AbstractsZoological-RecordBIOSISagricolaagricultural-databaseveterinary-databasemedical-databaseentomological-databaseacarological-databasetick-databaseIxodes-databaseLyme-disease-databasevector-databasepathogen-databaseBorrelia-databasespirochete-databaseecological-databasebiodiversity-databaseobservationcitizen-scienceiNaturalisteBirdProject-FeederWatchChristmas-Bird-CountNorth-American-Breeding-Bird-Surveybird-bandingmark-recaptureradio-telemetryGPS-trackinggeolocatorlight-level-loggeraccelerometerstable-isotopeisotope-analysismigratory-connectivityflywaymigration-routewintering-groundbreeding-groundstopover-sitemolt-migrationirruptive-migrationnomadismdispersalnatal-dispersalbreeding-dispersalseed-dispersalpollinationtrophic-cascadefood-webfood-chaintrophic-levelapex-predatormesopredatorkeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorbiomonitorenvironmental-monitorpollution-indicatorclimate-indicatordisease-indicatorhealth-indicatorOne-Health-indicatorsurveillance-indicatorearly-warningrisk-assessmenthazard-identificationexposure-assessmentdose-responserisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-behaviorprotective-behaviorpreventive-behaviorhealth-belief-modeltheory-of-planned-behaviorsocial-cognitive-theoryhealth-communicationhealth-educationhealth-promotiondisease-preventionprimary-preventionsecondary-preventiontertiary-preventionscreeningdiagnosistreatmentantibioticdoxycyclineamoxicillinceftriaxoneazithromycinprophylaxispost-exposure-prophylaxisvaccineLyme-disease-vaccinetick-vaccineanti-tick-vaccinetarget-of-acquired-immunitytick-salivasalivary-glandsalivary-proteinimmunomodulationimmunosuppressionanti-inflammatoryanticoagulantvasodilatoranestheticcement-conetick-attachmentfeeding-lesiontick-bitetick-borne-encephalitisTBEPowassan-virusdeer-tick-virusHeartland-virusBourbon-virusColorado-tick-feverRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverRMSFehrlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistheileriosiscytauxzoonosishepatozoonosistick-paralysistick-toxicosisalpha-gal-syndromered-meat-allergygalactose-alpha-1,3-galactosesensitizationIgEallergic-reactionanaphylaxisdelayed-hypersensitivityimmediate-hypersensitivityimmune-responseinnate-immunityadaptive-immunityhumoral-immunitycell-mediated-immunityantibodycomplementcytokinechemokineinflammationfeverrasherythema-migransbulls-eye-rashSTARISouthern-tick-associated-rash-illnessBorrelia-lonestarirelapsing-fevertick-borne-relapsing-feverTBRFsoft-tickOrnithodorosArgasAmblyommaDermacentorHaemaphysalisRhipicephalusHyalommaBothriocrotonCosmiommaNosommaAnomalohimalayaArchaeocrotonCornupalpatumCompluriscutulaSternalixodesTrichotoixodesScaphixodesEndopalpigerEschariopalpigerExopalpigerPholeoixodesAfrixodesCeratixodesEschatocephalusEternalixodesLepidixodesMalayixodesMartaregaMegalixodesMyrmixodesNothoixodesOctoixodesPalpigerPartipalpigerPilonyssusProknekaliaPseudixodesRhinixodesSamarixodesXiphixodessubgenusspecies-groupI.-ricinus-complexI.-persulcatus-complexI.-scapularis-complexI.-pacificus-complexI.-affinis-groupI.-cookei-groupI.-marxi-groupI.-angustus-groupI.-soricis-groupI.-uriae-groupI.-holocyclus-groupI.-ceylonensis-groupI.-granulatus-groupI.-ovatus-groupI.-nipponensis-groupI.-persulcatus-groupI.-pavlovskyi-groupI.-ricinus-groupI.-scapularis-groupI.-pacificus-groupI.-affinisI.-auritulusI.-australiensisI.-boliviensisI.-brunneusI.-cookeiI.-cooleyiI.-cornuaeI.-cornuatusI.-crenulatusI.-damminiI.-dawsoniI.-dentatusI.-diomedeaeI.-domergueiI.-eadsiI.-eastoniI.-eldaricusI.-elongatusI.-eudyptidisI.-euplectropiI.-evansiI.-fecialisI.-festaiI.-frontalisI.-galapagoensisI.-ghilaroviI.-gibbosusI.-granulatusI.-gregsoniI.-hearleiI.-hexagonusI.-hirstiI.-holocyclusI.-hoogstraaliI.-howelliI.-hyattiI.-jacksoniI.-jellisoniI.-kashmiricusI.-kazakstaniI.-kingiI.-kohlsiI.-kopsteiniI.-kuntziI.-laguriI.-latusI.-layingensisI.-lewisiI.-lividusI.-longiscutatusI.-loricatusI.-luciaeI.-malayensisI.-marxiI.-masloviI.-matopiI.-minorI.-monospinosusI.-moreliI.-moschiferiI.-murisI.-murreletiI.-myospalacisI.-nchisiensisI.-necromysI.-neitziI.-nipponensisI.-nuttalliI.-ochotonaeI.-okapiaeI.-oldiI.-ornithorhynchiI.-ovatusI.-pacificusI.-pararicinusI.-pavlovskyiI.-percavatusI.-peromysciI.-persulcatusI.-pomerantziI.-pterodromaeI.-quadratusI.-raccoonisI.-rageauiI.-randrianasoloiI.-rasusI.-redikorzeviI.-ricinusI.-rothschildiI.-rotundatusI.-rubicundusI.-rugicollisI.-rugosusI.-sapeloensisI.-sarsiI.-scapularisI.-schillingsiI.-sculptusI.-semenoviI.-soricisI.-spinaeI.-steiniI.-stilesiI.-stromiI.-subterranusI.-tancitariusI.-tanukiI.-tapirusI.-tasmaniI.-tayloriI.-tertiariusI.-texanusI.-theileraeI.-thomasaeI.-tovariI.-transvaalensisI.-triangulicepsI.-trichosuriI.-turdusI.-uriaeI.-vandenbergiI.-vanidicusI.-ventalloiI.-vespertilionisI.-victoriensisI.-walkeraeI.-werneriI.-woodiI.-zaglossiI.-zairensistick-taxonomytick-systematicstick-phylogenytick-evolutiontick-biogeographytick-ecologytick-physiologytick-behaviortick-reproductiontick-developmenttick-nutritiontick-metabolismtick-respirationtick-excretiontick-osmoregulationtick-neurobiologytick-sensory-biologytick-chemoreceptiontick-thermoreceptiontick-mechanoreceptiontick-photoreceptiontick-circadian-rhythmtick-biological-clocktick-seasonalitytick-diapausetick-overwinteringtick-cold-hardinesstick-desiccation-resistancetick-water-balancetick-cuticletick-moltingtick-ecdysistick-growthtick-feedingtick-engorgementtick-blood-mealtick-digestiontick-salivationtick-saliva-compositiontick-salivary-gland-transcriptometick-salivary-proteometick-pharmacologytick-toxicologytick-venomtick-paralysis-toxintick-borne-pathogentick-borne-virustick-borne-bacteriumtick-borne-protozoantick-borne-helminthtick-borne-rickettsiatick-borne-ehrlichiatick-borne-anaplasmatick-borne-borreliatick-borne-babesiatick-borne-theileriatick-borne-hepatozoontick-borne-coxiellatick-borne-francisellatick-borne-bartonellatick-borne-chlamydiatick-borne-mycoplasmatick-borne-spiroplasmatick-borne-arbovirustick-borne-flavivirustick-borne-bunyavirustick-borne-reovirustick-borne-orbivirustick-borne-coltivirustick-borne-nairovirustick-borne-phlebovirustick-borne-thogotovirustick-borne-orthomyxovirustick-borne-arenavirustick-borne-hantavirustick-borne-paramyxovirustick-borne-rhabdovirustick-borne-bornavirustick-borne-filovirustick-borne-coronavirustick-borne-poxvirustick-borne-herpesvirustick-borne-adenovirustick-borne-papillomavirustick-borne-polyomavirustick-borne-circovirustick-borne-parvovirustick-borne-anellovirustick-borne-dependovirustick-borne-tenuivirustick-borne-deltavirustick-borne-hepadnavirustick-borne-retrovirustick-borne-lentivirustick-borne-spumavirustick-borne-metavirustick-borne-pseudovirustick-borne-hemivirustick-borne-novirhabdovirustick-borne-peribunyavirustick-borne-phenuivirustick-borne-bandavirustick-borne-phasivirustick-borne-tulasvirustick-borne-orthonairovirustick-borne-shavivirustick-borne-sathuperi-virustick-borne-salehabad-virustick-borne-dera-ghazi-khan-virustick-borne-hughes-virustick-borne-farallon-virustick-borne-punta-salinas-virustick-borne-sapphire-II-virustick-borne-zirqa-virustick-borne-keterah-virustick-borne-thiafora-virustick-borne-erve-virustick-borne-malsoor-virustick-borne-tibet-virustick-borne-qalyub-virustick-borne-yogue-virustick-borne-kasokero-virustick-borne-lebombo-virustick-borne-nyamanini-virustick-borne-midway-virustick-borne-tokar-virustick-borne-absettarov-virustick-borne-hypr-virustick-borne-kumlinge-virustick-borne-omsk-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-langat-virustick-borne-louping-ill-virustick-borne-kyasanur-forest-disease-virustick-borne-alkhurma-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-powassan-virustick-borne-deer-tick-virustick-borne-heartland-virustick-borne-bourbon-virustick-borne-colorado-tick-fever-virustick-borne-eyach-virustick-borne-banna-virustick-borne-seadornavirustick-borne-great-island-virustick-borne-kemerovo-virustick-borne-lipovnik-virustick-borne-tribec-virustick-borne-chobar-gorge-virustick-borne-wad-Medani-virustick-borne-dugbe-virustick-borne-crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-nairobi-sheep-disease-virustick-borne-ganjam-virustick-borne-bandia-virustick-borne-sierra-nevada-virustick-borne-lone-star-virustick-borne-severe-fever-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-virustick-borne-huaiyangshan-virustick-borne-guertu-virustick-borne-Alongshan-virustick-borne-wenzhou-virustick-borne-wuhan-virustick-borne-yongjia-virustick-borne-chiba-virustick-borne-natori-virustick-borne-odawara-virustick-borne-kowloon-virustick-borne-tamanavirusJaniroidea
Witchers
Janiroidea is a superfamily of marine isopods in the suborder Asellota, established by G. O. Sars in 1897. It comprises 25 families, with Paramunnidae and Munnidae as the two largest and most diverse. Members occupy a remarkable depth range from shallow littoral zones to hadal trenches exceeding 8,000 meters. The superfamily exhibits substantial morphological diversity, including adaptations for interstitial, benthic, and deep-sea habitats.
Labiduridae
striped earwigs
Labiduridae is a family of earwigs commonly known as striped earwigs, containing approximately 72 species across seven genera in three subfamilies. Members are moderate to large in size with cylindrical bodies, well-developed wings, and notably long antennae. The family exhibits cosmopolitan distribution and includes well-known species such as Labidura riparia (tawny earwig) and Nala lividipes. Many species display subsocial maternal care and predatory habits, with some serving as biological control agents of agricultural pests.
Labiinae
little earwigs
Labiinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of small, winged earwigs commonly known as little earwigs. Members are generally less than 1.5 cm in length. The subfamily includes eight genera and is classified within the family Spongiphoridae.