Introduced-species
Guides
Ribautiana tenerrima
Bramble Leafhopper
Ribautiana tenerrima, commonly known as the Bramble Leafhopper, is a European leafhopper species that has become an established agricultural pest in western North America. Both nymphs and adults feed on phloem sap from cane fruit leaves, causing distinctive white stippling damage. Severe infestations during dry seasons result in leaf curling, reduced cane vigor, and diminished fruit size. The species was first documented in North America in 1947 near Victoria, British Columbia, and has since spread to southern Vancouver Island and the lower Fraser Valley.
Rilaena triangularis
Spring Harvestman
Rilaena triangularis is a harvestman species in the family Phalangiidae, first described by Herbst in 1799. It is widely distributed across Europe and has been introduced to parts of North America. The species is recognized by its distinctive triangular or vase-shaped dorsal marking, often outlined in pale coloration. When disturbed, it emits a defensive secretion containing 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and caprylic acid.
Rugilus angustatus
Rugilus angustatus is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae) native to Europe and western Asia, with established introduced populations in eastern North America. It is a moderately sized species within the diverse genus Rugilus, characterized by its elongate body form typical of the family. The species has been documented across a broad Palearctic range and has been observed in North American localities since at least the mid-20th century.
Rugilus rufipes
red-legged rove beetle
Rugilus rufipes is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae) measuring 5–7 mm, distinguished by its dark brown to black body with contrasting red legs and antennae. The species is native to Europe and western Asia, with introduced populations in eastern North America. It inhabits moist terrestrial environments with abundant organic matter and is predatory on small invertebrates.
Saprinus lugens
clown beetle
Saprinus lugens is a small clown beetle in the family Histeridae, measuring 5–8 mm. The species has a broad geographic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), Central America, and North America. It has been introduced to parts of Europe including France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. The beetle is predatory and commonly associated with carrion, where it feeds on other small insects.
Scarites subterraneus
Big-headed Ground Beetle, Pedunculate Ground Beetle, Tunneling Large Ground Beetle
Scarites subterraneus is a large ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the big-headed ground beetle. Adults measure 15.0–30.0 mm in length and possess distinctive large mandibles with two teeth, adapted for capturing and consuming prey. The species is native to the Caribbean, Central America, and North America, and has been introduced to Europe. It is primarily nocturnal, spending daylight hours concealed under logs, rocks, soil, and leaf litter. Molecular studies have identified two subspecies: S. subterraneus nebraskensis and S. subterraneus arkansensis.
Sceliphron caementarium
Yellow-legged Mud-dauber Wasp, Black and Yellow Mud Dauber, Black-waisted Mud-dauber
Sceliphron caementarium is a solitary sphecid wasp renowned for constructing nests from mud. Females build multi-celled mud nests in sheltered locations, provision each cell with paralyzed spiders, and deposit a single egg before sealing the chamber. The species exhibits remarkable geographic plasticity, having established populations across multiple continents through human-mediated dispersal. Adults feed on nectar and are generally non-aggressive, with stings being rare.
Schendyla nemorensis
Common Schendyla
Schendyla nemorensis is a small geophilomorph centipede in the family Schendylidae, first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1836. It is one of the most frequently observed centipedes in its range, with over 800 iNaturalist records. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism in leg count, with males possessing fewer leg pairs than females. It has been introduced from its native Palearctic range to Tasmania.
Schreckensteinia festaliella
Blackberry Skeletonizer
Schreckensteinia festaliella, known as the blackberry skeletonizer, is a small moth in the family Schreckensteiniidae. Native to the Palearctic, it has been introduced to North America where it is now widespread. The species is notable for its distinctive resting posture with hindlegs raised over the abdomen, and its larvae feed on Rubus species including bramble and raspberry.
Sciaphilus asperatus
Scaly strawberry weevil, Strawberry root weevil
A wingless, parthenogenetic weevil with a broad Palaearctic distribution, recently introduced to North America. Adults feed on leaves of diverse plants, producing distinctive notched edges, while larvae develop underground on roots. The species exhibits high reproductive output and can form locally abundant populations.
Sclerocona
streaked orange moth
Sclerocona is a monotypic genus of crambid moths in the subfamily Pyraustinae, containing only the species Sclerocona acutella. The genus was established by Meyrick in 1890, though it is treated as a synonym of Calamochrous in some taxonomic databases. The sole species, commonly known as the streaked orange moth, has a broad Palearctic distribution and has been introduced to eastern North America.
Sclerocona acutellus
Thatch Pearl
Sclerocona acutellus, known as the Thatch Pearl, is the sole species in the genus Sclerocona within the grass moth family Crambidae. Native to the Palearctic region, it has established populations in eastern North America as an introduced species. The species is associated with thatch and grassy habitats. Adults are active during the warmer months and are attracted to light.
Scobicia chevrieri
horned powder-post beetle
Scobicia chevrieri is a small wood-boring beetle in the family Bostrichidae. Adults measure 3.3–4.5 mm in length and 1.2–1.5 mm in width. The species is a pest of cut and stored wood, creating galleries that cause severe interior deterioration of branches. It has been recorded across the Mediterranean region, North Africa, the Middle East, and introduced to North America.
Scolytus rugulosus
shothole borer, fruit tree bark beetle, apple tree beetle
Scolytus rugulosus is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the shothole borer or apple tree beetle. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to the Americas and North Asia. It is a pest of stone and pome fruit trees in the family Rosaceae, where it tunnels beneath the bark to complete its life cycle.
Scotophaeus blackwalli
Mouse Spider
Scotophaeus blackwalli, commonly called the mouse spider, is a ground-dwelling spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It is native to Europe, the Caucasus, Turkey, and Iran, and has been introduced to North America, Peru, and Hawaii. The species is nocturnal and does not build webs for prey capture, instead hunting actively or scavenging opportunistically. It is frequently found in and around human dwellings, particularly in Britain during autumn.
Scrobipalpa obsoletella
summer groundling
Scrobipalpa obsoletella, commonly known as the summer groundling, is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 12–14 mm. The species has a broad distribution spanning Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran through Asian Russia to Mongolia, with introduced populations in New Zealand, South Africa, and North America. It is associated with coastal salt marshes and sandy beaches, where its larvae feed on Atriplex and Chenopodium species. Adults are active from May to August, with larvae present from June to July and again in September.
Scutigeromorpha
house centipedes, long-legged centipedes
Scutigeromorpha is an order of centipedes commonly known as house centipedes or long-legged centipedes. Adults possess 15 pairs of legs and compound eyes divided into ommatidia with crystalline cones. A unique diagnostic feature is the dorsal placement of spiracles along the midline of the back, distinguishing this order from all other centipedes and placing it in the subclass Notostigmophora. The order includes three families (Pselliodidae, Scutigeridae, Scutigerinidae) with 88 species across 27 genera. The Mediterranean species Scutigera coleoptrata has been introduced globally through human activity.
Scymnus suturalis
Pine Dusky Lady Beetle
Scymnus suturalis is a tiny ladybird beetle (2.0–2.5 mm) native to the Palearctic, now introduced to North America. It inhabits coniferous and mixed forests, where it feeds primarily on scale insects (Coccoidea), particularly Chionaspis salicis, and adelgids on pine. The species has been found under bark flakes, in moss on tree trunks, and in conifer litter. Its small size and hairy elytra distinguish it from larger, more familiar ladybird species.
Scythris limbella
Chenopodium Scythris Moth
Scythris limbella is a small moth in the family Scythrididae, first described by Fabricius in 1775. It has a wingspan of approximately 15 mm. The species is native to Europe and Asia, with established populations in the northeastern Nearctic region as an introduced species. Adults are active from June to September, with larvae feeding on Chenopodium and Atriplex species.
Scythris sinensis
Scythris sinensis is a small moth in the family Scythrididae, described by Felder & Rogenhofer in 1875. Native to eastern Asia, it has established populations across Europe and North America, often associated with human activity. The species is thermophilous and synanthropic, with larvae that mine the leaves of goosefoot plants. Adults are generally bivoltine, with a possible third partial generation in warmer southern regions.
Scytodes fusca
dark common spitting spider, brown spitting spider
Scytodes fusca is a cosmopolitan spitting spider in the family Scytodidae, native to Central and South America but introduced worldwide. It is notable for exhibiting social behavior unusual among spiders, including tolerance of conspecifics and communal living. The species hunts by projecting sticky venom from its fangs to immobilize prey, a distinctive trait of the Scytodidae family.
Scytodes longipes
Long-legged Spitting Spider
Scytodes longipes is a tropical spitting spider distinguished by its long legs and specialized prey-capture behavior. Unlike short-legged Scytodes species that are ground-dwelling hunters, this species constructs tangled, sheet-like webs similar to cellar spiders (Pholcidae). It has been introduced well beyond its native range, establishing populations on Pacific Islands, in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. The species is notable for its communal tendencies and unique spitting mechanism that immobilizes prey with adhesive venom.
Scytodes univittata
spitting spider
Scytodes univittata is a spitting spider in the family Scytodidae, distinguished by its specialized venom projection hunting mechanism. Native to Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the species has been introduced to multiple regions worldwide including the Americas, Mediterranean Europe, and Hawaii. It belongs to a family characterized by six eyes arranged in three pairs, enlarged venom glands, and the unique ability to immobilize prey by spitting a sticky, silk-laced venom mixture. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form and Scytodes u. unilineata endemic to Myanmar.
Sepedophilus littoreus
Sepedophilus littoreus is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, originally described from the Palearctic region by Linnaeus in 1758. The species has been introduced to North America, where it is now established across much of Canada and the northeastern and midwestern United States. Historical North American names knoxii and carissimus were synonymized with S. littoreus in a 1976 revision. It belongs to the genus Sepedophilus, which comprises small, agile beetles commonly found in decaying plant matter.
Sepedophilus marshami
A small rove beetle in the subfamily Tachyporinae. Native to the Palearctic region, with documented introduction to eastern North America. First recorded in the Nearctic region from Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec) and the United States (New Hampshire).
Sepedophilus testaceus
Sepedophilus testaceus is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) originally described from Europe and now established in North America as an introduced species. The species has undergone taxonomic revision, with several previously described North American species (imbricatus, limuloides, elongatus) synonymized under this name. Larvae possess specialized morphological adaptations on the posterior abdomen that facilitate prey capture. Adults are associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats.
Shivaphis
Shivaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Calaphidinae, described by Das in 1918. The genus includes species associated with trees in the family Cannabaceae, particularly Celtis (hackberries) and Pteroceltis. The most widely documented species, S. celti, is known as the Asian woolly hackberry aphid and has been introduced to North America. Species in this genus are characterized by their woolly wax secretions and specific host associations with woody plants.
Silpha tristis
Silpha tristis is a carrion beetle species first described by Illiger in 1798. It belongs to the family Silphidae, a group associated with decomposition and carrion feeding. The species has a broad distribution across the Palearctic region and has been introduced to North America.
Silvanus unidentatus
Silvanus unidentatus is a small bark-dwelling beetle in the family Silvanidae, measuring 2.3–2.8 mm. Native to the Palaearctic region across 33 countries plus Korea, it has been introduced to North America and Chile. The species inhabits the space beneath tightly attached bark of dead broadleaved trees, where both larvae and adults develop. It has been the subject of genome sequencing research, yielding a chromosome-level assembly of 187.15 Mb.
Simitidion simile
Simitidion simile is a species of comb-footed spider in the family Theridiidae. Native to the Palearctic region, it has been documented across Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Israel, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Iran, and Central Asia. The species has been introduced to Canada, establishing populations outside its native range. As a member of the Theridiidae, it possesses the characteristic comb-like setae on the hind tarsi used for silk handling.
Simplicia cornicalis
Magas fruit-borer
Simplicia cornicalis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. Native to south-eastern Asia and the Pacific, it has been introduced to the southern United States, specifically Florida and Louisiana. The species is known from diverse island and continental locations including India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Fiji, Hawaii, Australia, and New Caledonia. Its common name "Magas fruit-borer" suggests larval association with fruit, though specific host documentation is limited.
Siproeta
Malachite and Pages, Malachite
Siproeta is a genus of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae) comprising three recognized species found in the Neotropical region. The genus includes the well-known Malachite butterfly (Siproeta stelenes), named for its striking green coloration resembling the mineral malachite. These butterflies occur from Central America through South America, with some species extending into the Caribbean and occasionally reaching extreme southern Florida and Texas. Adults are long-lived and exhibit distinctive behaviors including hilltopping aggregations for mating.
Sphaeridium lunatum
Crescent Water Scavenger Beetle
Sphaeridium lunatum is a small water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae, commonly known as the Crescent Water Scavenger Beetle. The species is native to the Palearctic region, with established introduced populations in North America. It inhabits moist organic substrates, particularly dung and decaying plant matter. The specific epithet 'lunatum' refers to the crescent-shaped markings on the elytra.
Sphaeridium marginatum
Sphaeridium marginatum is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae, first described by Fabricius in 1787. It belongs to the subfamily Sphaeridiinae, a group commonly known as dung beetles within the Hydrophilidae. The species has a broad Palearctic distribution across Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, with introduced populations reported in North America. It is associated with decaying organic matter and moist habitats.
Sphenophorus venatus
hunting billbug
Sphenophorus venatus, commonly known as the hunting billbug, is a weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae. It is native to North and Central America, with established populations in parts of Europe including Spain and Corsica. The species is a documented pest of turfgrasses and forage crops, with different subspecies showing host preferences: S. v. vestitus affects zoysiagrass, while S. v. confluens has been recorded as a pest of orchardgrass. Adults and larvae feed on grasses, with larvae causing damage by boring into stems and roots. The species uses volatile organic compounds from host plants and conspecifics for dispersal and host-finding, with males attracted to Cynodon dactylon and females attracted to male conspecifics.
billbugweevilturfgrass-pestDryophthoridaeSphenophorushunting-billbuggrass-pestpheromonevolatile-organic-compoundscuticular-hydrocarbonsintegrated-pest-managementsubspecies-vestitussubspecies-confluenszoysiagrassorchardgrassbermudagrassNorth-Americaintroduced-speciesEuropemolecular-identificationCOIITS2Spilonota ocellana
bud moth, eye-spotted bud moth
Spilonota ocellana, commonly known as the bud moth or eye-spotted bud moth, is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 12–17 mm. It has a wide distribution spanning the Palearctic realm from North Africa and Europe through Asia to China, Korea, and Japan, with introduced populations in North America and Madeira. The species is univoltine, with adults flying from May to October depending on location. Larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs, and the species is recognized as a pest in apple orchards where it has been studied extensively.
Spodoptera eridania
Southern Armyworm Moth, Southern Armyworm
Spodoptera eridania is a highly polyphagous noctuid moth whose larvae are significant agricultural pests in tropical and subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere. The species has emerged as one of the most important armyworm pests of soybean in Brazil and Argentina, particularly in cotton-growing regions, while remaining a sporadic pest in the southern United States. Larvae feed gregariously when young, skeletonizing leaves, and become solitary as they mature, often boring into fruit. The species has been introduced to West Africa (Nigeria and Cameroon).
Staphylinina
Staphylinina is a subtribe of rove beetles within the tribe Staphylinini, family Staphylinidae. Members are typically medium to large-sized rove beetles with elongated bodies and relatively short elytra that leave much of the abdomen exposed. The subtribe includes genera such as Platydracus, Staphylinus, Ocypus, Agelosus, and Naddia. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized behaviors including ant-mimicry and termitophily. The group has a cosmopolitan distribution with significant diversity in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions.
Steatoda castanea
Steatoda castanea is a cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, closely related to black widows and other Steatoda species. It is native to the Palearctic region, with distribution records from Europe through Russia, the Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia, and China. The species has been introduced to North America, including Canada. As a member of the cobweb weaver family, it constructs irregular tangled webs and shares the general morphology and habits typical of the genus Steatoda, though specific behavioral and ecological details for this species remain poorly documented in available literature.
Steatoda erigoniformis
Steatoda erigoniformis is a cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae. Originally described from the East Mediterranean region, it has a broad native distribution spanning North Africa, the Middle East, Caucasus, and East Asia. The species has been introduced to multiple regions including the United States, Caribbean, Venezuela, Cape Verde, and South Africa, where it has established populations in agricultural and natural habitats. It constructs three-dimensional cobwebs in dark, sheltered locations and has been recorded from sea level to nearly 3,000 meters elevation.
Steatoda triangulosa
Triangulate Cobweb Spider, Triangulate Combfoot, Triangulate Bud Spider
Steatoda triangulosa is a small cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, frequently encountered in human-made structures across North America and Europe. Adults measure 3.5–5.9 mm in body length, with females larger than males. The species is recognized by the distinctive triangular pattern on its abdomen. It is synanthropic, thriving in basements, garages, and cellars, and has been introduced to North America from the Palearctic region. The species is not considered dangerously venomous to humans.
Stelidota geminata
strawberry sap beetle
Stelidota geminata, commonly known as the strawberry sap beetle, is a species of sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae. This small beetle has a broad host range and is widely distributed across Central America, North America, Oceania, South America, Europe, and temperate Asia. Research indicates it functions as a chemical 'generalist' in host-finding behavior, responding to a wide variety of host volatiles rather than specializing on specific chemical cues. It is known to be associated with fermenting fruit, particularly strawberries (Fragaria spp.), and exhibits both phototactic flights and host-orienting flights when locating food sources. The species has been introduced to various regions outside its native range and is considered a pest of strawberry crops.
Stenichnus scutellaris
Stenichnus scutellaris is a small rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, native to Europe and parts of western Asia. The species has been introduced to North America, with established populations recorded in Ontario, Canada. As a member of the genus Stenichnus, it belongs to a group of minute beetles typically found in leaf litter and other decaying organic matter.
Stenoptilodes antirrhina
snapdragon plume moth
Stenoptilodes antirrhina is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, commonly known as the snapdragon plume moth. It is native to California and has been introduced to greenhouses in the southeastern United States through transport of snapdragon cuttings. The larvae are leaf miners that feed internally within leaves of host plants in the Plantaginaceae family.
Stenotus binotatus
Two-spotted Grass Bug, Timothy Plant Bug, Two-spotted Plant Bug, Slender Crop Mirid
Stenotus binotatus is a grass-feeding mirid bug native to the Palearctic that has become established in temperate regions worldwide, including North America and New Zealand. Adults measure 6–7 mm and show sexual dimorphism in coloration: males are yellow with dark pronotal and forewing markings, while females are greenish-yellow with paler markings. The species is a documented pest of cereal crops, particularly wheat, where its feeding causes distinctive grain collapse and sticky dough problems due to gluten-degrading enzymes.
Stenus clavicornis
Stenus clavicornis is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Steninae. Like other members of the genus Stenus, this species possesses the ability to glide on water surfaces using specialized gland secretions that reduce surface tension. The species has been recorded across a broad Palearctic distribution and has been introduced to parts of North America.
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
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microtheriella
Hazel leaf miner moth, Hazel Leafminer Moth
Stigmella microtheriella is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Nepticulidae, with a wingspan of only 3–4 mm. The species is native to Europe and Asia, and was introduced to New Zealand from Britain between 1850 and 1860, likely via imported hazel trees. Its larvae create distinctive narrow, angular mines in the leaves of hazel (Corylus species) and hornbeams (Carpinus species). Adults are parthenogenetic and fly in May and August.
Strophosoma melanogrammum
Nut Leaf Weevil
Strophosoma melanogrammum is a parthenogenetic weevil species native to Europe and introduced to North America. It is one of the most common Strophosoma species in Europe and has been studied extensively for its reproductive biology and association with Wolbachia endosymbionts. The species reproduces through parthenogenesis, with all-female populations, and is known as a pest in young forest stands.
Strumigenys eggersi
Eggers' Pygmy Snapping Ant
Strumigenys eggersi is a Neotropical ant species in the tribe Attini, first described by Emery in 1890. It belongs to a genus characterized by specialized trap-jaw mandibles used for prey capture. The species has been documented as an introduced species outside its native range, with confirmed records from the Philippines and the United States. It is classified as a 'tramp ant,' indicating human-mediated dispersal, though its ecological impacts in introduced regions remain unknown.