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Poophagus sisymbrii
Poophagus sisymbrii is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. The species is associated with Nasturtium officinale (watercress) as its usual host plant.
weevil curculionidae introduced-species european-native
Porcellio spinicornis
Brickwork Woodlouse
Porcellio spinicornis is a medium-sized terrestrial isopod in the family Porcellionidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. It is distinguished by prominent spiny frontal lateral lobes, the feature referenced in its species name. The species is nocturnal and detritivorous, feeding on dead plant material. It exhibits direct development with eggs and juveniles carried in a fluid-filled marsupium until the first juvenile stage.
woodlouse isopod terrestrial-crustacean detritivore nocturnal European-native introduced-species North-America
Priobium carpini
death-watch beetle
Priobium carpini is a species of death-watch beetle in the family Ptinidae, first described by Herbst in 1793. It is native to Europe and northern Asia (excluding China) and has been introduced to North America. The species is associated with wood-boring habits typical of the family. It is one of approximately 72 documented observations on iNaturalist.
wood-boring-beetle introduced-species Palearctic-native Nearctic-introduced
Pristiphora appendiculata
Small Gooseberry Sawyer
Pristiphora appendiculata is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the Small Gooseberry Sawyer. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it is now established across much of Canada and the northern United States. As a member of the subfamily Nematinae, it belongs to a group of sawflies often associated with feeding on woody plants in the order Rosales. The specific epithet 'appendiculata' refers to small appendages, likely describing a morphological feature of the species.
sawfly Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae Nematinae Ribes gooseberry currants introduced-species North-America Europe
Pristiphora erichsonii
Larch Sawfly
Pristiphora erichsonii, commonly known as the larch sawfly, is a species of sawfly native to Europe that was introduced to North America in the mid-to-late 19th century. It is a significant defoliator of larch trees (Larix spp.), particularly tamarack (Larix laricina) in North America. The species undergoes population outbreaks that can cause severe defoliation, though trees typically recover from single-year damage. Severe defoliation over multiple years can weaken trees and reduce winter survival. The species has been the subject of extensive ecological and population dynamics research due to its economic importance in forestry.
sawfly larch tamarack defoliator forest-pest introduced-species Holarctic
Prodidomus rufus
Prodidomus rufus is a species of true spider in the family Prodidomidae. It was described by Hentz in 1847 and has a remarkably broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents. The species appears to be native to the Mediterranean region and Africa, with confirmed established populations across the Americas, Asia, and Pacific islands suggesting human-mediated dispersal. Its wide range and presence on remote islands indicates significant colonization ability.
spider cosmopolitan-distribution introduced-species Mediterranean-origin
Prosena siberita
Prosena siberita is a tachinid fly with a distinctive elongated proboscis that folds beneath the body. Adults feed on nectar and pose no threat to humans or plants. The species was introduced to the United States in 1925 as a biological control agent targeting scarab beetle larvae, particularly the Japanese beetle. It has established populations across a broad geographic range spanning Eurasia, Australasia, and North America.
tachinid parasitoid biological-control Japanese-beetle univoltine nectar-feeder scarab-parasite introduced-species
Protaetia fusca
Mango Flower Beetle, Mottled Flower Scarab
Protaetia fusca is a flower chafer beetle in the subfamily Cetoniinae, commonly known as the Mango Flower Beetle or Mottled Flower Scarab. The species has a broad distribution spanning tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, the Pacific, and has been introduced to the Americas including Hawaii, California, Florida, and the Galápagos Islands. Larvae develop in decaying wood of broad-leaved trees, particularly Ficus species, while adults feed on tree sap and ripe fruits. The complete life cycle takes approximately one year, with adult activity peaking during summer months.
Cetoniinae flower-chafer wood-decaying sap-feeding introduced-species Pacific-invasive larval-morphology-described Ficus-associated
Psammodius basalis
Psammodius basalis is a small aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. The species is native to the Palaearctic region and has been introduced to North America, where it is established in Maryland. As a member of the subfamily Aphodiinae, it belongs to a group commonly known as small dung beetles or aphodiines that are associated with decomposing organic matter. The genus Psammodius is distinguished by adaptations to sandy habitats.
dung-beetle aphodiine scarabaeidae introduced-species Palaearctic-native Nearctic-introduced
Psammodius pierottii
A small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described from the Mediterranean region in 1979. The species belongs to a genus of sand-dwelling beetles typically associated with sandy substrates. It has been introduced to North America, with established populations in Quebec, Canada.
scarabaeidae aphodiinae psammodiini sand-dwelling introduced-species palaearctic nearctic quebec fossorial coleoptera
Psammoecus trimaculatus
Psammoecus trimaculatus is a small silvan flat bark beetle native to the Afro-Oriental region that has been introduced to many parts of the world. Adults measure 2.23–2.96 mm in length and are characterized by a longitudinal sutural spot on the elytra. The species is frequently attracted to light and has been recorded from diverse geographic regions including Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
silvanid flat-bark-beetle introduced-species detritivore light-attracted
Psaphida styracis
Fawn Sallow
Psaphida styracis, commonly known as the fawn sallow, is a noctuid moth native to eastern North America, with an introduced population in the United Kingdom. The species exhibits a single generation per year, with adults active in early spring. Larvae are oak specialists, feeding on Quercus species.
Noctuidae spring-moth oak-feeder introduced-species North-America United-Kingdom
Pseudeuophrys erratica
Black-palped Jumping Spider
Pseudeuophrys erratica is a small jumping spider native to Europe and Asia that has been introduced to the eastern and western United States. Unlike its congener P. lanigera, which is abundant in and around buildings, P. erratica is uncommon and prefers natural habitats. Adults are active primarily in spring and summer, with females persisting into autumn.
Salticidae jumping-spider introduced-species Europe Asia USA forest-habitat bark-dwelling
Pseudeurostus hilleri
Japanese spider beetle
Pseudeurostus hilleri is a species of spider beetle in the family Ptinidae, commonly known as the Japanese spider beetle. The species has been introduced to multiple continents beyond its native range. Like other spider beetles, it possesses a rounded, compact body with long legs that create a superficial resemblance to spiders.
spider-beetle stored-product-pest introduced-species Japan-native
Pseudoanthidium
Small Carder Bees, African Carder Bee (for P. repetitum)
Pseudoanthidium is a genus of small carder bees in the family Megachilidae, first described by Friese in 1898. The genus occurs across Eurasia, Africa, and Australia, with nine species recorded in Europe. Some species are cavity-nesters that utilize plant fibers and foreign materials for nest construction. The introduced African carder bee (P. repetitum) has established populations in eastern and Western Australia since 2000 and shows potential for continued range expansion.
bees Megachilidae carder-bees cavity-nesters introduced-species Australia Europe pollinators
Pseudoanthidium nanum nanum
Pseudoanthidium nanum nanum is a synonymized subspecies of the small mason bee Pseudoanthidium nanum (Mocsáry, 1880), originally described from Europe. The subspecific epithet has been synonymized under the nominate species, which is now treated as a single widespread taxon. The species belongs to the tribe Anthidiini (wool-carder and mason bees) within Megachilidae, characterized by their use of plant fibers or resin in nest construction.
Megachilidae Anthidiini mason-bee synonym Europe North-America introduced-species resin-bee
Pseudocneorhinus obesus
A broad-nosed weevil in the tribe Trachyphloeini, described from Japan in 1873. Records indicate presence in East Asia (China, Russian Far East) and eastern North America, suggesting introduced populations. The species belongs to a genus of flightless weevils characterized by compact, rounded bodies.
broad-nosed-weevil flightless introduced-species East-Asian-origin
Pseudoloxops coccineus
Pseudoloxops coccineus is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, originally described from Europe in 1843. The species has been introduced to North America, with established populations documented in Ontario, Canada since approximately 1973. Its introduction is believed to have occurred accidentally via nursery stock importations of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior). The species belongs to a genus that has undergone significant taxonomic revision in recent years, with integrative approaches revealing substantial cryptic diversity in Pacific island populations.
plant-bug miridae introduced-species invasive horticultural-trade fraxinus european-ash canada ontario
Pseudomalus
cuckoo wasps, jewel wasps
Pseudomalus is a genus of cuckoo wasps (family Chrysididae), commonly known as jewel wasps for their brilliant metallic coloration. Species in this genus are kleptoparasites that exploit the nests of solitary wasps and bees. A distinctive behavioral trait involves females ovipositing into aphids, which are then captured by crabronid wasps and carried to their nests—indirectly delivering the cuckoo wasp larva to its eventual host. The genus includes both Palearctic natives and at least one introduced species (P. auratus) now established in North America.
kleptoparasite cuckoo-wasp jewel-wasp indirect-oviposition aphid-parasitoid introduced-species Hymenoptera Chrysididae
Pseudomalus auratus
cuckoo wasp, jewel wasp
Pseudomalus auratus is a small cuckoo wasp in the family Chrysididae, notable for its striking metallic coloration with emerald green head and thorax contrasting with a ruby red abdomen. Native to the Palearctic region, it has been accidentally introduced to North America, likely before 1828. The species exhibits an unusual indirect parasitic strategy: females oviposit into aphids, which are then captured by crabronid wasps and carried to their nests, where the cuckoo wasp larva emerges to kill the host larva and consume the stored provisions.
kleptoparasite introduced-species cuckoo-wasp indirect-parasitism aphid-association
Pseudopolydesmus canadensis
Canadian Flat-back Millipede, Canadian flat-backed millipede
Pseudopolydesmus canadensis is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Polydesmidae, characterized by a prominent black mid-dorsal stripe running along its body. The species is native to North America, with established populations in Canada and the United States, and has been introduced to Europe including Germany. It is one of the more commonly observed millipede species in its range, with over 2,200 documented observations on community science platforms.
millipede flat-backed-millipede myriapod terrestrial-arthropod introduced-species North-America Europe Germany Vermont mid-dorsal-stripe identification-character
Pseudoponera
Pseudoponera Wolf Ants
Pseudoponera is a small genus of ponerine ants established by Emery in 1900. The genus comprises five species, all native to the Neotropics. Pseudoponera stigma has been introduced to Oceania and parts of east and Southeast Asia. The genus is commonly referred to as "Pseudoponera Wolf Ants."
ants ponerine neotropical introduced-species
Pseudoscaeva
Pseudoscaeva is a genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) endemic to the Neotropical region. The genus was erected by Vockeroth in 1969 to accommodate species formerly placed in Ocyptamus, which was determined to be polyphyletic. Four species are currently recognized: P. diversifasciata, P. meridionalis, P. schoenemanni, and P. sericea. At least one species, P. meridionalis, has been introduced to Chile and is considered potentially invasive.
hoverfly Syrphidae Neotropical introduced-species citizen-science taxonomic-revision
Psila
Psila is a genus of rust flies in the family Psilidae, established by Meigen in 1803. The genus is native to Europe and contains species that are significant agricultural pests, particularly of root vegetables. The most well-studied species is Psila rosae, commonly known as the carrot rust fly or carrot fly, which attacks carrot, parsnip, celery, and related crops. Members of this genus are characterized by their slender body form typical of psilid flies and their association with Apiaceae host plants.
agricultural-pest root-feeding Apiaceae-specialist introduced-species
Psilochorus simoni
Wine Cellar Spider
Psilochorus simoni is a cellar spider in the family Pholcidae, native to subtropical America and introduced to Europe, Turkey, New Zealand, and Australia. The species is commonly known as the "Wine Cellar Spider" due to its historical association with wine cellars, though it has become established in garden centres and greenhouses. It constructs dome-shaped webs and has been recorded from cave environments in Europe, including Slovenia's Postonjska jama, where it shows morphological adaptations to subterranean life.
cave-dwelling introduced-species synanthropic Pholcidae global-distribution
Psyche casta
Bagworm Moth
Psyche casta is a nocturnal bagworm moth in the family Psychidae. Males are small, winged insects with metallic brown wings, while females are wingless and grub-like. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism and is native to the Palearctic region, with introduced populations in North America. Caterpillars construct portable protective cases from grass and plant material.
Psychidae bagworm-moth sexual-dimorphism wingless-female case-bearer grassland introduced-species nocturnal
Psyllaephagus pilosus
Bluegum Psyllid Encyrtid Wasp
Psyllaephagus pilosus is an Australian encyrtid wasp introduced as a biological control agent for the eucalyptus psyllid Ctenarytaina eucalypti. It has been successfully released and established in Ireland, Chile, and other regions outside its native range. The species is known for rapid population establishment and high parasitism rates, reaching nearly 100% in some release sites within months of introduction.
parasitoid biological-control eucalyptus-pest introduced-species Encyrtidae
Ptilodactyla
toe-winged beetles
Ptilodactyla is a large and cosmopolitan genus of toe-winged beetles comprising approximately 370–380 described species, representing roughly 70% of all species in the family Ptilodactylidae. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including pectinate male antennae with articulated rami, incomplete lateral pronotal carinae anteriorly, concealed trochantins, and pseudotetramerous tarsi with reduced tarsomere IV and lobed tarsomere III. Fossil records extend to the Eocene, with specimens described from Baltic amber (Russia) and Rovno amber (Ukraine). Some species have been introduced outside their native ranges through human activity.
Coleoptera Ptilodactylidae toe-winged-beetles Eocene-fossils introduced-species aquatic-beetles amber-fossils cosmopolitan-genus
Pugettia
kelp crabs
Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.
kelp-crab spider-crab macroalgae ontogenetic-shift subtidal North-Pacific Epialtidae decapod Brachyura marine-invertebrate kelp-forest algal-turf seasonal-migration terminal-molt functional-maturity decorating-behavior piscivory abalone-predation sea-urchin-predation one-year-life-cycle sexual-dimorphism Sargassum Gelidiaceae Grateoloupia East-Asia North-America Sagami-Bay juvenile-recruitment ovigerous-females carapace-morphology gonopod-morphology epialtine Majoidea heterotreme eubrachyuran pleocyemate malacostracan crustacean arthropod invertebrate benthic phytal littoral sublittoral intertidal rocky-shore temperate-marine Pacific-Ocean Japan Philippines Taiwan Russia Tasmania British-Columbia California Baja-California Dana-1851 Rathbun De-Haan Yokoya Stimpson Sakai Garth Ohtsuchi Kawamura Takeda Komatsu Li Miyake Ortmann Richer-de-Forges Karasawa Kitamura Randall Zootaxa Crustaceana Journal-of-Crustacean-Biology Fisheries-Science PeerJ ontogenetic-stages post-settlement recruitment population-dynamics growth-patterns morphometrics cheliped pleon abdomen carapace-width CW PCL CL CH AW relative-claw-length relative-abdominal-width size-at-maturity 50%-maturity anecdysis ecdysis molt copulation breeding clutch larvae hatching predator-prey trophic-ecology food-web herbivory omnivory carnivory opportunistic-feeding covering-behavior habitat-segregation habitat-preference habitat-complexity settlement-selectivity mortality density abundance seasonal-occurrence spring summer autumn winter annual-life-cycle short-lived iteroparity semelparity sexual-maturity behavioral-maturity morphological-maturity pre-terminal-molt post-terminal-molt virgin-female laboratory-observation field-observation inferred conservative factual documented observed known reported described illustrated redescribed taxonomic-revision species-delimitation new-species type-locality distribution-range range-overlap sympatric allopatric parapatric endemic cosmopolitan temperate boreal 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overfishing bycatch invasive-species introduced-species non-native-species alien-species exotic-species range-expansion range-contraction range-shift poleward-shift tropicalization borealization meridionalization deglaciation sea-level-rise coastal-squeeze ocean-acidification ocean-warming deoxygenation marine-heatwave extreme-event disturbance resilience resistance recovery adaptation acclimation plasticity evolutionary-adaptation genetic-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity behavioral-plasticity physiological-plasticity morphological-plasticity life-history-plasticity trade-off constraint limitation bottleneck bottleneck-effect founder-effect genetic-drift gene-flow mutation selection natural-selection sexual-selection artificial-selection directional-selection stabilizing-selection disruptive-selection frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection rare-advantage common-advantage apostatic-selection balancing-selection heterozygote-advantage 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tolerance-interval hypothesis-test null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative sensitivity specificity accuracy precision recall F1-score ROC-curve AUC model-validation model-verification model-calibration model-selection model-comparison model-averaging ensemble-model multi-model-inference information-criterion AIC AICc BIC DIC WAIC LOOIC cross-validation k-fold-cross-validation leave-one-out-cross-validation bootstrap jackknife permutation-test randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo MCMC Bayesian-inference frequentist-inference likelihood posterior-probability prior-probability prior-distribution posterior-distribution conjugate-prior non-informative-prior weakly-informative-prior hierarchical-model mixed-effects-model random-effects-model fixed-effects-model generalized-linear-model GLM generalized-additive-model GAM generalized-linear-mixed-model GLMM generalized-additive-mixed-model GAMM structural-equation-model SEM path-analysis confirmatory-factor-analysis CFA exploratory-factor-analysis EFA principal-component-analysis PCA principal-coordinate-analysis PCoA non-metric-multidimensional-scaling NMDS correspondence-analysis CA detrended-correspondence-analysis DCA redundancy-analysis RDA canonical-correspondence-analysis CCA partial-least-squares PLS orthogonal-partial-least-squares OPLS artificial-neural-network ANN random-forest RF gradient-boosting-machine GBM XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine SVM k-nearest-neighbor KNN naive-Bayes decision-tree regression-tree classification-tree bagging boosting stacking ensembling voting blending meta-learning transfer-learning domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning supervised-learning semi-supervised-learning reinforcement-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning lifelong-learning continual-learning federated-learning distributed-learning edge-computing cloud-computing high-performance-computing HPC parallel-computing GPU-computing quantum-computing neuromorphic-computing DNA-computing biological-computing natural-computing swarm-intelligence ant-colony-optimization particle-swarm-optimization genetic-algorithm evolutionary-algorithm differential-evolution simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search guided-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search-procedure GRASP scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic meta-heuristic optimization-heuristic constructive-heuristic improvement-heuristic local-search neighborhood-search large-neighborhood-search LNS adaptive-large-neighborhood-search ALNS branch-and-bound branch-and-cut branch-and-price column-generation Benders-decomposition Dantzig-Wolfe-decomposition Lagrangian-relaxation surrogate-relaxation dual-ascent primal-dual-method interior-point-method simplex-method revised-simplex-method dual-simplex-method network-simplex-method barrier-method penalty-method augmented-Lagrangian-method sequential-quadratic-programming SQP sequential-linear-programming SLP trust-region-method line-search-method gradient-descent steepest-descent conjugate-gradient quasi-Newton-method Newton-method Gauss-Newton-method Levenberg-Marquardt-method trust-region-reflective-method interior-point-reflective-method active-set-method projected-gradient-method proximal-gradient-method accelerated-gradient-method momentum-method Nesterov-acceleration AdaGrad RMSprop Adam AdamW SGD stochastic-gradient-descent mini-batch-gradient-descent batch-gradient-descent full-gradient-descent variance-reduction SAG SAGA SVRG L-BFGS limited-memory-BFGS BFGS DFP SR1 Nelder-Mead-method Powell's-method Hooke-Jeeves-method pattern-search direct-search derivative-free-optimization black-box-optimization bayesian-optimization Gaussian-process kriging-surrogate response-surface-method RSM polynomial-chaos-expansion PCE sparse-grid sparse-polynomial-approximation low-rank-approximation tensor-decomposition CP-decomposition Tucker-decomposition tensor-train TT hierarchical-Tucker HT matrix-factorization non-negative-matrix-factorization NMF singular-value-decomposition SVD independent-component-analysis ICA factor-analysis latent-variable-model latent-class-model finite-mixture-model hidden-Markov-model HMM state-space-model dynamic-linear-model DLM Kalman-filter particle-filter sequential-Monte-Carlo SMC ensemble-Kalman-filter EnKF unscented-Kalman-filter UKF extended-Kalman-filter EKF Rauch-Tung-Striebel-smoother RTS-smoother forward-backward-algorithm Viterbi-algorithm Baum-Welch-algorithm expectation-maximization EM-algorithm variational-inference variational-Bayes mean-field-approximation loopy-belief-propagation sum-product-algorithm max-product-algorithm junction-tree-algorithm bucket-elimination variable-elimination conditioning cutset-conditioning constraint-satisfaction CSP satisfiability SAT MAX-SAT pseudo-Boolean-optimization integer-linear-programming ILP mixed-integer-linear-programming MILP mixed-integer-nonlinear-programming MINLP quadratic-programming QP quadratically-constrained-quadratic-programming QCQP second-order-cone-programming SOCP semidefinite-programming SDP geometric-programming GP signomial-programming SP difference-of-convex-programming DC-programming complementary-geometric-programming CGP generalized-geometric-programming GGP posynomial monomial signomial polynomial rational-function algebraic-function transcendental-function analytic-function meromorphic-function entire-function holomorphic-function harmonic-function subharmonic-function superharmonic-function plurisubharmonic-function plurisuperharmonic-function convex-function concave-function quasiconvex-function quasiconcave-function log-convex-function log-concave-function geometrically-convex-function multiplicatively-convex-function operator-convex-function matrix-convex-function spectral-function unitarily-invariant-function orthogonally-invariant-function permutation-invariant-function symmetric-function Schur-convex-function Schur-concave-function majorization weak-majorization strong-majorization doubly-stochastic-matrix Birkhoff-polytope permutahedron transportation-polytope network-flow minimum-cost-flow maximum-flow minimum-cut shortest-path longest-path traveling-salesman-problem TSP vehicle-routing-problem VRP capacitated-VRP CVRP VRP-with-time-windows VRPTW pickup-and-delivery-problem PDP dial-a-ride-problem DARP arc-routing-problem ARP Chinese-postman-problem CPP rural-postman-problem RPP location-problem facility-location p-median-problem p-center-problem uncapacitated-facility-location UFL capacitated-facility-location CFL warehouse-location plant-location hub-location median-problem center-problem covering-problem set-covering vertex-covering edge-covering dominating-set independent-set clique graph-coloring chromatic-number clique-number independence-number domination-number matching perfect-matching maximum-matching b-matching f-factor g-factor network-design Steiner-tree Steiner-forest prize-collecting-Steiner-tree k-MST minimum-spanning-tree MST maximum-spanning-tree minimum-arborescence minimum-directed-spanning-tree minimum-Steiner-tree approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio performance-guarantee inapproximability NP-hardness NP-completeness computational-complexity time-complexity space-complexity polynomial-time exponential-time quasi-polynomial-time sub-exponential-time fixed-parameter-tractable FPT W-hierarchy parameterized-complexity kernelization kernel treewidth pathwidth branchwidth cliquewidth rankwidth booleanwidth modularwidth split-decomposition modular-decomposition prime-graph cograph permutation-graph interval-graph chordal-graph perfect-graph comparability-graph co-comparability-graph AT-free-graph claw-free-graph line-graph planar-graph outerplanar-graph series-parallel-graph treewidth-bounded-graph minor-free-graph forbidden-minor forbidden-topological-minor forbidden-induced-subgraph graph-minor-theorem Robertson-Seymour-theorem well-quasi-ordering Wagner's-conjecture Hadwiger's-conjecture Four-Color-Theorem Strong-Perfect-Graph-Theorem Erdős–Faber–Lovász-conjecture Gyárfás–Sumner-conjecture Erdős–Hajnal-conjecture Caccetta–Häggkvist-conjecture Bermond–Thomassen-conjecture Thomassen's-conjecture Tutte's-conjecture Grötzsch's-theorem Brooks'-theorem Vizing's-theorem Shannon's-theorem König's-theorem Kőnig's-line-coloring-theorem Menger's-theorem max-flow-min-cut-theorem Ford-Fulkerson-theorem Edmonds'-matching-theorem Tutte's-theorem Petersen's-theorem Hall's-marriage-theorem Dilworth's-theorem Mirsky's-theorem Sperner's-theorem Erdős–Ko–Rado-theorem Kruskal–Katona-theorem Lovász's-perfect-graph-theorem Chudnovsky's-strong-perfect-graph-theorem Seymour's-decomposition-theorem Robertson–Seymour–Thomas-theorem Heawood-conjecture Ringel–Youngs-theorem Map-Color-Theorem Appel–Haken-proof Robertson–Seymour–Sanders–Thomas-proof computer-assisted-proof formal-proof interactive-theorem-proving proof-assistant Coq Isabelle HOL HOL-Light Lean Agda Twelf Mizar Metamath automated-theorem-proving SAT-solver SMT-solver model-checker temporal-logic CTL LTL CTL*modal-mu-calculus fixed-point-logic description-logic OWL RDF SPARQL knowledge-graph ontology semantic-web linked-data open-data FAIR-data findable accessible interoperable reusable data-management-plan DMP metadata provenance data-quality data-curation data-preservation data-archiving data-repository institutional-repository disciplinary-repository general-repository figshare Zenodo Dryad GBIF OBIS WoRMS Catalogue-of-Life COL ITIS NCBI BOLD iNaturalist eBird eButterfly iDigBio ALA AVH BIE BISON Map-of-Life MOL Movebank OTN SAHFOS CPR ICES NAFO NEAFC SEAFO WCPFC IATTC ICCAT IOTC CCSBT CCAMLR GFCM CWP CWP-15 CWP-16 CWP-17 CWP-18 CWP-19 CWP-20 CWP-21 CWP-22 CWP-23 CWP-24 CWP-25 CWP-26 CWP-27 CWP-28 CWP-29 CWP-30 CWP-31 CWP-32 CWP-33 CWP-34 CWP-35 CWP-36 CWP-37 CWP-38 CWP-39 CWP-40 CWP-41 CWP-42 CWP-43 CWP-44 CWP-45 CWP-46 CWP-47 CWP-48 CWP-49 CWP-50 CWP-51 CWP-52 CWP-53 CWP-54 CWP-55 CWP-56 CWP-57 CWP-58 CWP-59 CWP-60 CWP-61 CWP-62 CWP-63 CWP-64 CWP-65 CWP-66 CWP-67 CWP-68 CWP-69 CWP-70 CWP-71 CWP-72 CWP-73 CWP-74 CWP-75 CWP-76 CWP-77 CWP-78 CWP-79 CWP-80 CWP-81 CWP-82 CWP-83 CWP-84 CWP-85 CWP-86 CWP-87 CWP-88 CWP-89 CWP-90 CWP-91 CWP-92 CWP-93 CWP-94 CWP-95 CWP-96 CWP-97 CWP-98 CWP-99 CWP-100 CWP-101 CWP-102 CWP-103 CWP-104 CWP-105 CWP-106 CWP-107 CWP-108 CWP-109 CWP-110 CWP-111 CWP-112 CWP-113 CWP-114 CWP-115 CWP-116 CWP-117 CWP-118 CWP-119 CWP-120 CWP-121 CWP-122 CWP-123 CWP-124 CWP-125 CWP-126 CWP-127 CWP-128 CWP-129 CWP-130 CWP-131 CWP-132 CWP-133 CWP-134 CWP-135 CWP-136 CWP-137 CWP-138 CWP-139 CWP-140 CWP-141 CWP-142 CWP-143 CWP-144 CWP-145 CWP-146 CWP-147 CWP-148 CWP-149 CWP-150 CWP-151 CWP-152 CWP-153 CWP-154 CWP-155 CWP-156 CWP-157 CWP-158 CWP-159 CWP-160 CWP-161 CWP-162 CWP-163 CWP-164 CWP-165 CWP-166 CWP-167 CWP-168 CWP-169 CWP-170 CWP-171 CWP-172 CWP-173 CWP-174 CWP-175 CWP-176 CWP-177 CWP-178 CWP-179 CWP-180 CWP-181 CWP-182 CWP-183 CWP-184 CWP-185 CWP-186 CWP-187 CWP-188 CWP-189 CWP-190 CWP-191 CWP-192 CWP-193 CWP-194 CWP-195 CWP-196 CWP-197 CWP-198 CWP-199 CWP-200
Pycnomerus
ironclad beetles
Pycnomerus is a genus of ironclad beetles (family Zopheridae) comprising more than 20 described species. Members are small, elongated beetles with hardened, often sculptured exoskeletons typical of the family. The genus includes both widespread and highly restricted species, with some island endemics now considered extinct due to habitat loss. Several species are associated with dead wood habitats and are classified as saproxylic.
ironclad-beetles saproxylic endangered introduced-species extinct forest-dependent Zopheridae Coleoptera dead-wood-habitat conservation-concern
Pyramidobela angelarum
buddleia budworm moth
Pyramidobela angelarum is a small moth in the family Ethmiidae, commonly known as the buddleia budworm moth. It is currently known only from coastal urban areas of California, where it is likely an introduced species. The moth is associated exclusively with Buddleia, an ornamental plant genus of tropical origin. Adults are active throughout much of the year, from late February to early December.
introduced-species urban-insect ornamental-pest California-endemic-(known-distribution)leaf-roller
Pyrrhocoris apterus
firebug, European firebug
Pyrrhocoris apterus, commonly known as the firebug or European firebug, is a striking true bug recognized by its vivid red and black coloration. Native to the Palaearctic region, it has expanded its range to North America, Central America, India, and Australia. The species exhibits pronounced gregarious behavior, with larvae and adults frequently forming aggregations of tens to hundreds of individuals. It is primarily seed-feeding, specializing on lime tree and mallow seeds. A notable feature is its non-functional wing polymorphism: populations contain rare long-winged (macropterous) individuals alongside the typical short-winged (brachypterous) form, though the species is effectively flightless.
gregarious seed-feeder wing-polymorphism aggregation introduced-species model-organism
Quedius cinctus
banded rove beetle
Quedius cinctus is a large rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is native to Europe and parts of Asia and North Africa, with introduced populations in eastern North America. The species is characterized by its relatively large size among rove beetles and the distinctive banded pattern on its elytra. Like other members of its genus, it is a ground-dwelling predator found in forested and riparian habitats.
rove-beetle Staphylinidae ground-beetle predator European-native introduced-species forest-fauna
Quedius cruentus
orange-tipped rove beetle
Quedius cruentus is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, commonly known as the orange-tipped rove beetle. It is a medium-sized species with distinctive coloration that has been introduced to North America from its native Palearctic range. The species is frequently recorded and has established populations in northeastern North America.
rove-beetle introduced-species Palearctic-origin North-America synanthropic
Quedius mesomelinus
Quedius mesomelinus is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae) originally described from Europe in 1802. The species has been widely introduced outside its native range, with established populations in North America, South America, Australia, New Zealand, and several subantarctic islands. A subspecies, Q. m. skoraszewskyi, was described in 1961 but is treated as a synonym. The species belongs to the subgenus Microsaurus within the large genus Quedius.
Staphylinidae rove-beetle introduced-species synonym
Quedius molochinus
Quedius molochinus is a large, robust rove beetle in the subgenus Quedius sensu stricto. It is one of the most widespread species in its genus across the Palearctic region. The species has been introduced to eastern Canada, likely through historical ship ballast transport. Recent molecular studies have revealed unexpected cryptic diversity within this morphologically uniform species.
Staphylinidae rove-beetle introduced-species cryptic-species ship-ballast-dispersal Holarctic Palearctic Nearctic-introduction COI-barcode-polymorphism Quedius-molochinus-group
Recurvaria nanella
Lesser Bud Moth
Recurvaria nanella is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 10–12 mm. It is native to the Palearctic region, with a wide distribution across Europe, Turkey, the Near East, North Africa, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, and south-eastern Siberia. Populations in North America are considered introduced. Adults are active during summer months.
Gelechiidae moth Palearctic introduced-species
Reduvius personatus
Masked Hunter
Reduvius personatus, commonly known as the masked hunter, is a cosmopolitan assassin bug recognized for the distinctive debris-camouflaged appearance of its nymphs. The species is a generalist predator of small arthropods and has been introduced to multiple continents through human activity. Adults are uniformly dark brown to black, winged insects measuring 17–22 mm, while nymphs appear gray or light-colored due to accumulated dust and lint on their bodies. Though beneficial as predators of household pests like bed bugs, they can deliver a painful defensive bite when mishandled.
assassin-bug predator camouflage indoor synanthropic biocontrol painful-bite introduced-species Holarctic
Rhagio lineola
Small Fleck-winged Snipefly
Rhagio lineola is a small snipefly in the family Rhagionidae, native to the Palearctic region and introduced to eastern North America. Adults are 5.5–8 mm in length with distinctive yellow and black coloration. The species has a two-year life cycle with adults active from late May through September. Both adults and larvae are predatory, contributing to biological control of small insects in woodland ecosystems.
snipefly predatory woodland Palearctic introduced-species genome-sequenced
Rhagio tringarius
Marsh Snipefly, Marsh Snipe Fly
Rhagio tringarius, commonly known as the marsh snipefly, is a species of fly in the family Rhagionidae. Adults measure 8–14 mm in length with yellow-orange abdomens and long slender legs. The species is native to Europe but has been recorded in the Nearctic region, representing a first record for North America. Larvae are predatory, dwelling in soil and litter where they hunt small beetles and earthworms. Adults are active from May to September and are typically found resting on leaves in vegetated habitats.
snipe-fly Rhagionidae introduced-species predatory-larvae European-native
Rhagoletis cingulata
Eastern Cherry Fruit Fly, North American Cherry Fruit Fly, Cherry Fruit Fly
Rhagoletis cingulata, commonly known as the eastern cherry fruit fly, is a tephritid fruit fly species native to North America and introduced to Europe. It is a significant agricultural pest of cultivated and wild cherry species (Prunus spp.), particularly sweet cherry (P. avium) and sour cherry (P. cerasus). Females oviposit into ripening fruit, and larvae develop within the pulp, causing direct crop damage. The species exhibits latitudinal variation in morphology and phenology, with European populations appearing later in the season than the native European cherry fruit fly (R. cerasi).
agricultural-pest fruit-fly cherry-pest introduced-species univoltine EPPO-A2-list
Rhagoletis meigenii
barberry fly, yellow berberis fruit fly
Rhagoletis meigenii, commonly known as the barberry fly or yellow berberis fruit fly, is a tephritid fruit fly native to Europe, the Near East, and Central Asia. It has been introduced to the Nearctic realm, specifically in Nova Scotia, Canada, and the northeastern United States. Adults are active during summer months and are associated with barberry plants.
fruit-fly Tephritidae barberry Berberis Europe introduced-species seed-predator
Rhagonycha fulva
Common Red Soldier Beetle, Bloodsucker Beetle, Hogweed Bonking Beetle
Rhagonycha fulva, commonly known as the common red soldier beetle or hogweed bonking beetle, is a soft-bodied beetle in the family Cantharidae. It was first described by Scopoli in 1763 as Cantharis fulva. The species is widespread across Europe and Anatolia, and has been introduced to North America where it is established in British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario. Adults are active from June to August and are frequently observed mating on flowers.
Coleoptera Cantharidae soldier-beetle pollinator aphid-predator Europe introduced-species umbellifer-associate
Rhinotus purpureus
purple millipede
A small, cosmopolitan millipede species in the family Siphonotidae, native to the Neotropics but widely introduced globally through human commerce. Frequently found in greenhouses and other synanthropic habitats, it has been repeatedly described as new due to its variable appearance, resulting in over a dozen synonyms. First recorded from the Indian subcontinent in 2020.
millipede polyzoniida siphonotidae tramp-species cosmopolitan greenhouse synanthropic introduced-species detritivore
Rhizedra lutosa
Large Wainscot, Isle of Wight Wainscot, Large Wainscot Moth
Rhizedra lutosa is a noctuid moth native to the Palearctic, ranging from Ireland to Japan. It has established populations in eastern North America following introduction. The species is notable for its subterranean larval habit, feeding on reed roots.
noctuid-moth reed-associated subterranean-larvae introduced-species Palearctic-native North-America-introduced
Rhomphaea projiciens
Rhomphaea projiciens is a species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1896. It exhibits a broad native range across the Americas, from the United States south to Argentina, and has established introduced populations in India. The species belongs to a genus characterized by unusual body proportions and modified legs. Records indicate presence across multiple Brazilian states and other South American countries.
cobweb-spider theridiid introduced-species neotropical pantropical
Rhopalum
Rhopalum is a large genus of solitary wasps in the family Crabronidae, with over 280 described species distributed worldwide. These wasps are part of the diverse crabronid lineage, which are predominantly predatory. The genus includes both native and introduced species, with R. clavipes being notably widespread in North America as an introduced species.
solitary-wasp crabronid introduced-species phoresy dipteran-parasitism
Rhopalum clavipes
Rhopalum clavipes is a species of square-headed wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is native to Europe and Northern Asia, and has been introduced to North America where it is now widespread. The species has been documented with a unique phoretic association with the dipteran Ptychoneura minuta, whose eggs are attached to the thorax of adult female wasps.
square-headed-wasp Crabronidae introduced-species phoresy Ptychoneura-minuta Hymenoptera North-America Europe Asia
Rhopalum sp.
A member of the digger wasp genus *Rhopalum*, provisionally assigned as a likely introduced species pending formal identification. *Rhopalum* species are solitary, predatory wasps that provision nests with paralyzed prey for their larvae. This record represents a specimen or population detected outside its presumed native range, suggesting human-mediated dispersal. The genus occurs across multiple continents, with some species widely distributed due to commerce and travel.
Crabronidae Hymenoptera solitary-wasp digger-wasp introduced-species unidentified provisional-identification
Rhyzobius lophanthae
purple scale predator, scale-eating ladybird
Rhyzobius lophanthae is a small coccidophagous ladybird beetle native to Queensland and Southern Australia, widely introduced as a biological control agent. Adults and larvae prey on armored scales (Diaspididae) and mealybugs, with younger larvae crawling beneath protective scale covers to feed on nymphs. The species has established populations across the southern United States since its 1892 introduction to California, as well as in Europe and Pacific islands including Guam and Rota. It exhibits temperature-dependent development with optimal reproductive performance at 28°C.
biological-control coccidophagous scale-predator introduced-species Australian-native temperature-dependent-development olfactory-orientation citrus-pest-management classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control