Europe
Guides
Medetera apicalis
Medetera apicalis is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It occurs in Europe and North America, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The species is associated with old-growth forest habitats, where adults have been observed beneath bark and on fruiting bodies of wood-decaying fungi such as Fomitopsis pinicola. As a member of the genus Medetera, it shares the characteristic behavior of perching on tree trunks in a distinctive tiptoe posture.
Megalocoleus molliculus
A plant bug in the family Miridae that feeds primarily on yarrow and related Asteraceae. Adults are active in mid to late summer. The species has a wide distribution across the Palearctic and has been introduced to North America.
Megalonotus sabulicola
Introduced Dirt-colored Seed Bug
Megalonotus sabulicola is a seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae, native to Europe and northern Asia. It has been introduced to North America, where it is established and frequently recorded. The species is associated with sandy habitats, as indicated by its specific epithet 'sabulicola' (sand-dwelling). It is one of the more commonly observed dirt-colored seed bugs in its introduced range.
Megatoma pubescens
Pubescent Carpet Beetle
Megatoma pubescens is a species of carpet beetle in the family Dermestidae. It is found in North America and Europe. The species is commonly known as the Pubescent Carpet Beetle. Like other dermestid beetles, it belongs to a family whose larvae feed on dry organic materials including animal products, plant matter, and natural fibers.
Meghyperus
Meghyperus is a genus of small flies in the family Atelestidae, established by Loew in 1850. These flies belong to the Empidoidea superfamily, a diverse group of predatory or scavenging flies. The genus is poorly studied and appears to contain few described species. Records indicate presence in northern Europe.
Melanostoma mellinum
Variable Duskyface Fly
Melanostoma mellinum is a widespread and abundant hoverfly species native to the Palearctic region, with introduced populations in North America. It is one of the most commonly recorded syrphid flies in Britain and Europe, frequently encountered in agricultural landscapes including vineyards, grasslands, and wetlands. The species has been studied for its response to landscape structure, showing increased abundance in areas with greater proportions of seminatural habitats.
Meligethes atratus
Meligethes atratus is a pollen beetle in the family Nitidulidae, distributed across Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China). The species belongs to a genus of small beetles commonly associated with flowers, particularly those of Brassicaceae and other plant families. Like related pollen beetles, adults likely feed on pollen and floral tissues. The species was first described by Olivier in 1790.
Meligramma cincta
Meligramma cincta is a European hoverfly species in the family Syrphidae. The species has a complex taxonomic history, having been placed in multiple genera including Melangyna, Meligramma (as either a separate genus or subgenus), and Fagisyrphus by different authorities. It is one of approximately 529 observation records on iNaturalist.
Meligramma guttata
Spotted Roundtail
Meligramma guttata is a Holarctic species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. It is commonly known as the Spotted Roundtail. The species has been recorded across parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, and Norway. As a member of the Syrphidae, it likely exhibits the typical hoverfly behavior of visiting flowers for nectar and pollen, though specific ecological details remain limited in available sources.
Meligramma triangulifera
Variable Roundtail
Meligramma triangulifera is a hoverfly species first described from Europe in 1843. Taxonomic revisions have synonymized several Nearctic species names (M. tenuis, M. cincta) under this species, expanding its recognized range. Identification keys exist for both adult and puparial stages. The species has been recorded across Europe and the Nearctic region.
Mermessus trilobatus
Trilobate Dwarf Weaver
Mermessus trilobatus is a dwarf spider in the family Linyphiidae, native to North America and introduced to Europe and the Azores since the late 1970s. It has become the most invasive spider in Europe, expanding across multiple countries within fifty years. Unlike most invasive spiders in Europe, it occurs primarily in agricultural and semi-natural open habitats rather than buildings. First described by James Henry Emerton in 1882.
Merohister
clown beetles
Merohister is a genus of clown beetles in the family Histeridae, established by Reitter in 1909. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed across Europe and Asia. One species, Merohister ariasi, has been the subject of detailed biological study including descriptions of its larval and nymphal stages. Members of this genus are part of the diverse Histeridae family, which are generally associated with decomposing organic matter.
Mesapamea secalis
common rustic
Mesapamea secalis, the common rustic, is a noctuid moth found across Europe, north-west Africa, Turkey, and northern Iran. It was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 and was formerly treated as conspecific with Mesapamea didyma and M. remmi, all three now recognized as distinct species. Adults fly from July to August, with larvae feeding on grass stems.
Mesophleps
Mesophleps is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae. The genus contains multiple species distributed across several continents. At least one species, Mesophleps adustipennis, has been documented feeding on Leucaena species (Fabaceae) in Honduras. The genus is taxonomically established with records from Europe and Central America.
Meta
Cave Orbweavers
Meta is a genus of long-jawed orb-weaver spiders (family Tetragnathidae) distributed worldwide. These spiders are strongly associated with subterranean and dimly lit environments, including caves, abandoned mines, old wells, basements, and densely shaded ravines. Unlike most tetragnathids, Meta species construct vertical orb webs rather than horizontal ones. The genus includes notable species such as Meta ovalis in North America and Meta menardi in Europe and Asia.
Metrioptera
bush crickets, bog bush crickets, meadow bush crickets
Metrioptera is a genus of bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) in the tribe Platycleidini, commonly known as bog and meadow bush crickets. The genus contains approximately 10 species distributed across Eurasia, including notable species such as Metrioptera brachyptera (the bog bush cricket), M. roeselii (Roesel's bush cricket), and M. bicolor. Species within this genus have been extensively studied as model organisms for understanding insect dispersal, population genetics, and acoustic communication. Several species exhibit wing dimorphism, with both fully winged and short-winged or flightless forms occurring within populations.
Metrioptera roeselii
Roesel's Bush-cricket
Metrioptera roeselii, commonly known as Roesel's Bush-cricket, is a medium-sized bush-cricket native to continental Europe that has undergone significant range expansion in northern Europe since the 1980s. The species is characterized by a distinctive yellow-green coloration with a prominent yellow stripe along the lateral margin of the pronotum. It exhibits wing dimorphism, with both short-winged (brachypterous) and long-winged (macropterous) forms occurring in populations; the long-winged form is associated with range expansion. The species has been introduced to Britain and Scandinavia, with genetic evidence indicating human-mediated dispersal in some isolated populations.
Micaria constricta
Micaria constricta is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Emerton in 1894. The species belongs to the genus Micaria, a group of spiders commonly known as 'ant-mimics' due to their resemblance to ants in both appearance and movement. M. constricta has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in North America and across northern Eurasia from Northern Europe to Middle Siberia. Records indicate presence in Alberta, Canada, and parts of the United States, as well as Svalbard and Russia.
Micridium
Micridium is a genus of minute feather-winged beetles in the family Ptiliidae. Members of this genus are among the smallest beetles known. The genus was established by Motschulsky in 1869 and contains at least two described species, including one named in honor of naturalist David Attenborough.
Microchrysa flavicornis
green gem
Microchrysa flavicornis is a small European soldier fly in the family Stratiomyidae, commonly known as the green gem. Adults are active during summer months and are associated with woodland edges and hedgerows. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration, with females displaying metallic green on the abdomen and frons. Larvae have been recorded from dung.
Microon
Microon is a genus of weevils in the family Brentidae, established by Alonso-Zarazaga in 1989. These beetles belong to the straight-snouted weevil lineage within Coleoptera. The genus has been documented from limited observations in northern Europe.
Micropholcus fauroti
cellar spider
Micropholcus fauroti is a cellar spider (family Pholcidae) with a pantropical distribution. The species has been introduced to Europe, with established records in Belgium and Germany. Approximately 87% of global records fall between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. It is a small-bodied spider associated with human-modified environments in its introduced range.
Microplontus campestris
Microplontus campestris is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, originally described by Gyllenhal in 1837 under the name Ceuthorhynchus campestris. The genus Microplontus comprises small weevils, and this species has been recorded from parts of Europe (Belgium) and North America (Ontario, Canada). As with many weevils, detailed natural history information for this species remains sparse in published literature.
Microporus nigrita
Microporus nigrita is a species of burrower bug in the family Cydnidae, order Hemiptera. The species was described by Fabricius in 1794 and is known from scattered records across northern Europe including Belgium, Norway, and Sweden. As a member of the burrower bug family, it is associated with soil habitats. The genus Microporus is characterized by small body size among cydnids.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
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lederi
Migneauxia lederi is a small beetle species in the family Latridiidae (plaster beetles), described by Reitter in 1875. The genus Migneauxia contains minute beetles often associated with damp, moldy environments. This species has been recorded from Belgium and Denmark based on occurrence data.
Mirificarma
Mirificarma is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Gozmány in 1955. The genus contains approximately 25 described species, organized into three species-groups based on morphological similarities: the montivaga, maculatella, and interruptella groups. Species are distributed across Europe, with records from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and broader European ranges. Many species were originally described under other genera and later transferred to Mirificarma.
Mirificarma eburnella
Mirificarma eburnella is a small gelechiid moth with a Palearctic distribution, now established in California as an introduced species. It is associated with leguminous host plants and has been studied as a potential biological control agent for invasive clovers. Adults are active in spring and early summer.
Mochlonyx
Mochlonyx is a genus of phantom midges in the family Chaoboridae. The genus was established by Loew in 1844 and contains at least two described species: Mochlonyx cinctipes and Mochlonyx fuliginosus. These flies are found in temperate regions of Europe and North America. The genus is part of the diverse assemblage of non-biting midges that inhabit freshwater systems.
Monaphis antennata
Solitary Birch Aphid
Monaphis antennata is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Solitary Birch Aphid. It is a specialist feeder on birch trees (Betula spp.) and is distinguished from most other aphids by its solitary rather than colonial lifestyle. The species was described by Kaltenbach in 1843 and occurs across parts of Europe.
Monoclona rufilatera
Monoclona rufilatera is a species of fungus gnat in the family Mycetophilidae. It is known from Scandinavian countries including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The species is one of relatively few documented observations within its genus.
Monocrepidius lividus
Click beetle, Wireworm beetle
Monocrepidius lividus is a click beetle in the family Elateridae, native to Europe and introduced to the eastern United States. It is one of the most frequently observed elaterid species on iNaturalist, with over 5,700 records. The species belongs to a genus that was historically conflated with related click beetle taxa, and its nomenclature has undergone revision.
Muscina levida
Dark-horned Muscina
Muscina levida is a muscid fly species in the family Muscidae, commonly known as the Dark-horned Muscina. It is found in Europe, with records from Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and the Azores. The species is one of several Muscina flies associated with decomposing organic matter and has been observed in indoor settings during autumn and winter.
Muscina pascuorum
Pasture Fly, European Scavenger Fly
Muscina pascuorum is a muscid fly native to Europe that has become established across North America. The species is closely allied to M. stabulans and M. levida. It is known to enter homes in autumn and winter, where adults accumulate on windowsills. Larvae develop in fungi, particularly woodland mushrooms, rather than in carrion or manure like many related muscids. The specific epithet 'pascuorum' refers to pastures, reflecting its original European habitat association.
Muscina prolapsa
Muscina prolapsa is a species of fly in the family Muscidae, first described by Harris in 1780. It belongs to a genus of flies commonly known as "dump flies" or "false stable flies" that are frequently associated with animal waste and decomposing organic matter. The species has been recorded in Europe, including Belgium, Denmark, and the Azores (São Jorge and São Miguel islands). Like other Muscina species, it is likely involved in nutrient cycling through decomposition processes and may serve as a biological control agent for pest fly populations.
Mycophila
wood midges
Mycophila is a genus of cecidomyiid midges established by Ephraim Porter Felt in 1911, comprising seven described species. Species within this genus are associated with fungal substrates, with some documented as pests of cultivated mushrooms. The genus exhibits diverse reproductive strategies including paedogenesis and parthenogenesis. At least three species have been recorded from China, with additional species known from North America and Europe.
Mydaea impedita
Mydaea impedita is a species of muscid fly described by Stein in 1920. It belongs to the subfamily Mydaeinae within the family Muscidae, a group that includes many synanthropic and free-living flies. The species is rarely documented, with only five observations recorded on iNaturalist as of the available data. Like other members of Mydaea, it is presumed to be a generalist decomposer, though specific ecological details remain poorly known.
Myospila meditabunda
Myospila meditabunda is a muscid fly described by Fabricius in 1781. It belongs to the subfamily Mydaeinae within the family Muscidae, a group of true flies commonly known as house flies and their relatives. The species has been recorded from multiple localities across northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, as well as from Madeira Island and the northeastern United States (Vermont).
Myrmechixenus
Myrmechixenus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, subfamily Diaperinae. The genus contains two recognized species: M. lathridioides and M. picinus. Members of this genus are small beetles associated with ant colonies.
Nanophyes marmoratus
Flower Bud Weevil
Nanophyes marmoratus is a small weevil in the family Brentidae, commonly known as the Flower Bud Weevil. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. The species is associated with flower buds of its host plants, though specific host relationships require further documentation. It is one of approximately 180 species in the genus Nanophyes, a group of minute weevils typically under 5 mm in length.
Narthecius
Narthecius is a genus of small beetles in the family Laemophloeidae, established by J.L. LeConte in 1861. The genus contains nine described species distributed in North America and Europe. Species in this genus are characterized by their flattened body form, typical of the family Laemophloeidae, which are commonly known as lined flat bark beetles. These beetles are primarily associated with dead or decaying wood habitats.
Nebriinae
Nebriinae is a subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) established by Laporte in 1834, containing approximately 12 genera and more than 840 described species. The group is distributed across the Palaearctic region, with significant diversity in mountainous areas of Europe including the Carpathians, Balkans, and other ranges. Species are often associated with montane and submontane habitats, though some occur in lowland meadow-steppe environments. The genus Nebria is the most species-rich and well-studied within the subfamily.
Nemapogon clematella
Barred White Clothes Moth
Nemapogon clematella, commonly known as the barred white clothes moth, is a small moth in the family Tineidae. It occurs across most of Europe and parts of eastern North America, including Maryland and North Carolina. The species inhabits woodland environments. It belongs to a genus that includes several species associated with stored products and seed-feeding.
Nemastoma bimaculatum
Gold-spotted Harvestman
Nemastoma bimaculatum is a small harvestman species native to western Europe, recognized by its distinctive coloration. It has been introduced to North America, where established populations occur in Ontario, Canada. The species was first documented in North America by LeSage (1977).
Nematus laticulus
Nematus laticulus is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Nematinae. It is a small, slender sawfly associated with willow (Salix) hosts. The species was described by Villaret in 1832 and is part of a large genus of primarily Holarctic distribution. Adults are active in spring and early summer.
Neoclytus acuminatus
Red-headed Ash Borer, Red-necked Ash Borer
Neoclytus acuminatus, commonly known as the red-headed ash borer, is a North American longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. Adults measure 12–16 mm in length and exhibit striking wasp-mimic coloration with reddish-brown bodies marked by four contrasting yellow bands. The species develops in dead or dying hardwood trees, particularly ash, hickory, and oak, where larvae feed on sapwood. Multiple generations may occur annually in warmer regions. Adults emerge in early spring and are frequently attracted to ethanol-based baits. The species has expanded beyond its native range through human-mediated transport of wood materials and is now established in parts of Europe.
Neocrepidodera ferruginea
European rusted flea beetle, Altise ferrugineuse européenne
Neocrepidodera ferruginea is a flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. Adults are brown in color and feed on a variety of herbaceous plants, particularly grasses and composites. The species inhabits meadows and grasslands, and has been recorded from numerous host plants including Poaceae, Asteraceae, and various weeds. Larvae develop within roots and central stems of host plants. In North America, it was first documented in Ontario and Québec in the 1970s and has since spread northeastward, where it is considered a potential agricultural pest.
Nesoselandria morio
Moss Sawfly
Nesoselandria morio is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, and is the sole member of the genus Nesoselandria. It is commonly known as the Moss Sawfly. The species has been recorded in parts of Europe, particularly Belgium, and in Canada. As a sawfly, it belongs to the suborder Symphyta, which are distinguished from other Hymenoptera by a broad connection between the thorax and abdomen without the narrow waist (petiole) seen in ants, bees, and wasps.
Nomotettix cristatus
crested pygmy grasshopper, crested grouse locust, northern crested grouse locust
Nomotettix cristatus is a small pygmy grasshopper in the family Tetrigidae, commonly known as the crested pygmy grasshopper or crested grouse locust. It is one of approximately 35 Nearctic species of Tetrigidae. The species exhibits three recognized subspecies with distinct geographic distributions across North America. Like other members of its family, it is characterized by an elongated pronotum that extends over the abdomen, a trait distinguishing pygmy grasshoppers from typical grasshoppers in Acrididae.
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stemhumanRelevanceinteraction-with-humanssimilarTaxamust-include-reasonmisconceptionsonly-if-meaningfulextraDetailsimportant-additional-contextSTYLE-RULESclear-direct-sentencesavoid-fluff-filler-languagerepeating-taxonomy-in-proseoverly-technical-jargonconcrete-statementsabstract-descriptionsQUALITY-RULEScompleteness-highmost-fields-well-supportedcompleteness-mediumpartial-but-reliablecompleteness-lowsparse-datahasInferredContenttrue-ONLY-if-generalization-usedotherwise-falseOUTPUT-FORMATstrictly-match-JSON-schemano-extra-fieldsno-commentary-outside-JSONwater-associatedthree-subspeciesN.-c.-cristatusN.-c.-compressusN.-c.-floridanussmall-size399-observationsexact-matchmedium-completenessno-inferred-contentfactual-correctness-prioritizedconservative-approachinformative-contentno-fluffno-vague-generalizationscautious-language-where-neededno-fabricationunique-field-contentfocused-sectionsJSON-schema-complianceno-commentaryOchlerotatus excrucians
Ochlerotatus excrucians is a mosquito species in the family Culicidae, originally described as Culex excrucians by Walker in 1856. The species has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some authorities now placing it in the genus Aedes as Aedes excrucians. It occurs across North America and parts of Europe and Northern Asia. Like other Ochlerotatus species, it is presumed to have a typical mosquito life cycle with aquatic larval and pupal stages and terrestrial adults.