Sexual-dimorphism
Guides
Hopliini
Monkey Beetles
Hopliini is a tribe of scarab beetles commonly known as monkey beetles, established by Latreille in 1829. The tribe's placement within Scarabaeidae remains uncertain, with some classifications placing it in Melolonthinae and others in Rutelinae. Members are characterized by their frequent association with flowers, where they feed on pollen, nectar, and floral tissues. The tribe is particularly diverse and ecologically significant in the Greater Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, where they serve as important pollinators for numerous plant families.
Hornia
Hornia is a genus of blister beetles (Meloidae: Nemognathinae) established by C.V. Riley in 1877. Species in this genus exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being physogastric—the abdomen becomes greatly distended, an adaptation associated with reproductive biology. The genus is rarely collected and poorly known biologically, with most information derived from scattered historical records and limited laboratory observations.
Hyaloscotes fumosa
Hyaloscotes fumosa is a species of bagworm moth in the family Psychidae, described by Butler in 1881. As a member of the Oiketicinae subfamily, it belongs to a group of moths whose larvae construct portable cases from silk and environmental materials. The genus Hyaloscotes is characterized by males with reduced, non-functional mouthparts and females that are typically wingless or have vestigial wings. The specific epithet 'fumosa' (smoky) likely refers to coloration characteristics of the adult male.
Hylephila phyleus
Fiery Skipper
Hylephila phyleus, commonly known as the Fiery Skipper, is a small butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. Adults are approximately 2.5 cm long, with males displaying orange or yellow coloration with black spots and females appearing dark brown with orange or yellow spots. The species has been documented across a broad geographic range including North America, the Caribbean, Middle America, and Oceania. It is known to be active in late winter through fall, with records from January through November in California. The caterpillars feed on various grasses and are sometimes considered pests of turf grasses.
Hyperaspidius hardyi
Hyperaspidius hardyi is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae, described by Gordon in 1985. The species is known from California and is notable for its sexually dimorphic coloration, with males and females differing in head and pronotum pigmentation. It is one of approximately 20 species in the genus Hyperaspidius, a group of minute lady beetles found primarily in the Americas.
Hyperaspidius hercules
Hyperaspidius hercules is a small lady beetle (Coccinellidae) found in western North America. Adults measure 2.10–4.00 mm in length. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in pronotal coloration: males have yellow pronota with black basal spots, while females have black pronota with faint yellow lateral margins. The elytra are black with yellow markings on the anterior, lateral, and discal areas. It has been recorded from Alberta, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming.
Hyperaspidius marginatus
Hyperaspidius marginatus is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae, first described by Gaines in 1933. Adults measure 1.75-2.40 mm in length. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in pronotal coloration. It is known from Texas and potentially broader North American distribution, though records remain sparse.
Hyperaspis bigeminata
bigeminy lady beetle, Bigeminate Sigil Lady Beetle
Hyperaspis bigeminata is a small lady beetle native to North America, ranging from Maine to Florida and west to Michigan and east Texas. Adults measure 2.40–3.35 mm and display distinct sexual dimorphism in pronotum coloration. The species is a specialized predator of scale insects, with larvae that produce a protective white waxy coating often mistaken for mealybugs.
Hyperaspis brunnescens
Hyperaspis brunnescens is a small species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae, described by Dobzhansky in 1941. It is native to North America and has been recorded from Illinois and Nova Scotia. Adults measure approximately 2.30–2.50 mm in length. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in pronotum coloration: males have a dull yellow pronotum, while females have a brownish black pronotum with a faint yellow lateral border. The elytra are brownish black with two longitudinal vittae (stripes).
Hyperaspis conspirans
Hyperaspis conspirans is a small predatory lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. Adults measure approximately 1.90–2.30 mm in length. Males have a black pronotum with a yellow lateral area, while females show a slightly reddened yellow area on the pronotum. The elytra bear three yellow spots. The species is known from Arizona and Texas in southwestern North America. Like other members of the genus Hyperaspis, larvae are covered in white wax secreted from lateral glands, which serves as protection against ants and other predators while hunting scale insects.
Hyperaspis cruenta
bloody lady beetle
Hyperaspis cruenta, commonly known as the bloody lady beetle, is a small predatory lady beetle native to North America. Adults measure approximately 2.50–2.65 mm in length and exhibit sexual dimorphism in pronotum coloration. The species is known from Texas and New Mexico, with limited documented observations. Like other Hyperaspis species, it likely preys on scale insects, though specific dietary records for this species are sparse.
Hyperaspis fastidiosa
fastidious lady beetle
Hyperaspis fastidiosa is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae, commonly known as the fastidious lady beetle. Adults measure 2.10–2.80 mm in length and exhibit sexual dimorphism in pronotum coloration. The species is native to western North America, with records from the Canadian prairies through the western United States. Like other members of the genus Hyperaspis, it is presumed to be a predator of scale insects.
Hyperaspis gemma Casey, 1899
Hyperaspis gemma is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae native to southwestern North America. Adults measure 2.20–2.80 mm and exhibit distinct sexual dimorphism in pronotal coloration. The species belongs to a genus known for predation on scale insects, though specific ecological details for H. gemma remain limited.
Hyperaspis globula
globular lady beetle
Hyperaspis globula is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae, commonly known as the globular lady beetle. Adults measure approximately 1.8–2 mm in length. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in pronotum coloration: males have a yellow anterior border, while females have a black anterior border. It is recorded from Texas and is part of a genus known for preying on scale insects.
Hyperaspis inedita
Hyperaspis inedita is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. Adults measure 2.65–3 mm in length. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in pronotal coloration: males have a yellow anterior margin and lateral area on the pronotum, while females have a black anterior margin with a yellow lateral area. A red spot is present on each elytron. The species is found in the southeastern and central United States.
Hyperaspis jovialis
Jovial Sigil Lady Beetle
Hyperaspis jovialis is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae, known from western North America. Adults measure 2.40–2.80 mm and exhibit sexual dimorphism in pronotum coloration. The species belongs to a genus whose larvae are specialized predators of scale insects, often producing waxy coatings for camouflage and protection. Adults display variable elytral color patterns ranging from black with orange spots to orange with black markings.
Hyperaspis lateralis
Lateral Sigil Lady Beetle, lateral lady beetle
Hyperaspis lateralis is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae, native to Central and North America. Adults measure 2.50–3.80 mm and exhibit sexual dimorphism in pronotum coloration: males have yellow anterior margins and lateral areas, while females have entirely black pronota. The species is one of several Hyperaspis known to prey on scale insects.
Hyperaspis levrati
Levrat's lady beetle
Hyperaspis levrati is a small lady beetle native to North America, recorded from Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Colorado. Adults measure 2.2–3.0 mm. Males display a yellow anterior margin and lateral area of the pronotum, while females have a black anterior margin with yellow lateral areas. The elytra bear four or sometimes five spots. Like other Hyperaspis species, it is a specialized predator of scale insects.
Hyperaspis lugubris
lugubrious lady beetle
Hyperaspis lugubris, commonly known as the lugubrious lady beetle, is a small North American lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. Adults measure 2.40–3.30 mm in length. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in pronotum coloration: males have a reddish yellow pronotum often with darkened areas, while females have a black pronotum with yellow lateral margins and a yellow head. The elytra bear three spots. It is one of several Hyperaspis species native to North America that specialize in preying on scale insects.
Hyperaspis nigrosuturalis
Hyperaspis nigrosuturalis is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. Adults reach approximately 3.40 mm in length. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration: males have yellow heads and yellow lateral margins on the pronotum, while females have black heads and entirely black pronota. The elytra are red with black margins in both sexes. It is native to North America, with records from Florida.
Hyperaspis oculifera
Hyperaspis oculifera is a small lady beetle species in the family Coccinellidae, recorded from Arizona. Adults measure 2.0–2.6 mm in length. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in pronotal coloration: males have yellow anterior margins and lateral areas of the pronotum, while females have a black anterior margin with yellow lateral areas. Each elytron bears a yellow spot. As a member of the genus Hyperaspis, it is likely a predator of scale insects, though specific prey records for this species are not documented.
Hyperaspis ornatella
Hyperaspis ornatella is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. Adults measure approximately 2.4–2.6 mm in length. Males have a yellow head and pronotum with a large rectangular black medial area; females have a black head and similar pronotal pattern. The elytra are black with yellow spots. The species name derives from Latin ornamentum, referencing its distinctive color pattern. The species is known from Florida and is part of a genus whose larvae are important biological control agents of scale insects.
Hyperaspis proba
esteemed lady beetle, esteemed sigil lady beetle
Hyperaspis proba, commonly known as the esteemed lady beetle, is a small species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is native to North America with a recorded range extending from Maine to South Carolina and westward to South Dakota and western Texas. Adults measure approximately 2–3 mm in length and exhibit sexual dimorphism in pronotal coloration.
Hyperaspis significans
waxy lady beetle
Hyperaspis significans is a small lady beetle native to southwestern North America. Adults measure 2.20–2.65 mm and display distinct sexual dimorphism in pronotum coloration. The species is a specialized predator of scale insects, with larvae that produce a conspicuous white waxy coating for protection. Like other members of the genus, it serves as an important biological control agent against pest scales.
Hypoponera opacior
Common Crypt Ant, ponerine ant
Hypoponera opacior is a small ponerine ant known for its unusual wing polymorphism in both sexes. Unlike most ant species, it produces both winged and wingless morphs in males and queens, with each morph associated with distinct reproductive behaviors and seasonal timing. The species has been extensively studied for its genetic architecture, which notably lacks the supergene-linked determination found in many other ants with similar reproductive polymorphisms. Males are particularly distinctive, appearing worker-like and wingless in some morphs, with translucent heads that cause frequent misidentification as wasps or braconid parasitoids.
Hypopta palmata
Hypopta palmata is a small cossid moth described in 1910 from arid regions of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Adults fly during the warmer months, with males notably smaller than females. The species is associated with desert and desert mountain habitats.
Ichneumon centrator
centrator wasp
Ichneumon centrator is a North American endoparasitic ichneumonid wasp first described by Thomas Say in 1825. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in coloration and is notable for its highly specialized host relationship with a single caterpillar species. Females overwinter as adults and require the sperm stored from autumn matings to fertilize eggs laid the following spring.
Icius subinermis
Icius subinermis is a jumping spider native to the western Mediterranean region. It shows sexual dimorphism in coloration. The species favors moist habitats near water sources, where it constructs silken retreats in vegetation or under rocks. It has been introduced to several locations outside its native range, including greenhouses in Germany and an established population in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Inguromorpha arcifera
Inguromorpha arcifera is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is known from Texas, North America. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wingspan, with males measuring 28 mm and females 38 mm. Adults are active during spring.
Ischnura verticalis
Eastern Forktail
Ischnura verticalis, the Eastern Forktail, is a small damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. Larvae exhibit behavioral thermoregulation through depth selection in water columns, moving deeper at higher temperatures and shallower when cooler. Development is temperature- and prey-dependent, with faster development at higher temperatures and food availability. Males typically develop faster than females, with sexual differences in larval behavior and instar progression. Adults emerge over extended periods, with univoltine life cycles in temperate populations.
Ischnus inquisitorius
Ischnus inquisitorius is a small ichneumonid wasp of the subfamily Cryptinae, approximately 7 mm in length, with distinctive sexually dimorphic coloration. The species was formerly known as I. migrator due to a misidentification of Fabricius's types, but the valid name was re-established by Horstmann in 2001. It is a widespread parasitoid of tortricid moth pupae across the Holarctic region.
Jubini
Jubini is a tribe of minute rove beetles within the subfamily Pselaphinae (Staphylinidae), first described by Raffray in 1898. Members of this tribe are Neotropical in distribution and are among the most abundant beetles in rainforest leaf litter. The tribe contains genera such as Morphogenia, which exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism. Despite their ecological abundance, the biology and ecological roles of Jubini remain poorly studied due to limited taxonomic expertise.
Julus
Julus is a genus of millipedes in the family Julidae, order Julida. First described by Linnaeus in 1758, it is one of the most historically significant millipede genera. Species occur across Eurasia, with documented populations in the Caucasus, Siberia, and Scandinavia. The genus exhibits notable morphological diversity, particularly in male genital structures and gnathochilarium characteristics.
Keiferia elmorei
Keiferia elmorei is a small gelechiid moth described in 1936. The species is known from California and is associated with Solanum host plants. Larvae are leaf miners.
Kiefferulus
Kiefferulus is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Chironominae. Species occur in freshwater habitats across Europe, Asia, and Australia. The genus includes taxa formerly treated as a subgenus of Chironomus. Larval development has been documented to take 8–12 days under laboratory conditions in at least one species.
Knowltonia
Burnleafs
Knowltonia is a genus of jewel beetles (family Buprestidae) in western North America. The genus contains four species characterized by extreme sexual dimorphism in antennae: males possess highly modified, bipectinate (biflabellate) antennae with dual projections from terminal antennomeres, while females retain unmodified serrate antennae. This antennal modification is presumed to function in detecting female sex pheromones. The genus is notable for its independent evolution of male antennal elaboration similar to that seen in the tribe Xenorhipidini and other disparate buprestid taxa.
Knowltonia calida
Knowltonia calida is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in Central America and North America. The genus Knowltonia is characterized by extreme sexual dimorphism in antennae, with males possessing highly modified flabellate or bipectinate antennae while females retain unmodified serrate antennae. This antennal modification is presumed to function in detecting female sex pheromones.
Kukulcania
Crevice Weavers
Kukulcania is a genus of crevice weaver spiders in the family Filistatidae, first described by Pekka T. Lehtinen in 1967 and named after Kukulkan, a Mesoamerican serpent deity. The genus contains fifteen species distributed across the Americas, from the United States through Mexico and Central America to South America. These spiders are characterized by their cribellate silk production and distinctive sexual dimorphism. The most widespread species, Kukulcania hibernalis, is highly synanthropic and has been introduced to multiple regions outside its native range.
Kukulcania arizonica
Arizona black hole spider
Kukulcania arizonica is a crevice-weaving spider native to the southwestern United States, commonly known as the Arizona black hole spider. Females are velvety black with a compact, tarantula-like body form and can live for several years, reaching approximately 13 mm in body length. Males are dramatically different in appearance—pale beige or brown with small bodies and disproportionately long legs. The species constructs distinctive lacy, non-sticky webs that radiate from a silken tube retreat, typically built in crevices on building walls or similar structures. The spider belongs to the cribellate lineage, possessing specialized silk-producing structures that produce entangling rather than adhesive capture threads.
Kukulcania geophila
crevice weaver
Kukulcania geophila is a species of crevice weaver spider in the family Filistatidae, distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other members of its genus, it constructs distinctive lacy, cribellate webs that emerge from sheltered retreats in crevices. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being larger, dark-colored, and long-lived compared to males. Two subspecies are recognized: K. g. geophila and K. g. wawona.
Kukulcania hibernalis
Southern House Spider
Kukulcania hibernalis, commonly known as the Southern House Spider, is a large cribellate spider native to coastal eastern Mexico and the eastern United States. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: mature females are velvety black or dark gray with a tarantula-like body shape and lumpy eye arrangement, while males are pale beige or brown with small bodies and extremely long legs. Females construct sprawling, lacy, non-sticky webs around tubular retreats on buildings, using specialized cribellar silk with extreme extensibility achieved through a hierarchical loops-on-loops structure. The species is synanthropic and has been introduced widely across the Americas, the Caribbean, Liberia, and the Canary Islands.
Kukulcania hurca
crevice weaver
Kukulcania hurca is a species of crevice weaver spider in the family Filistatidae. It is native to the United States and Mexico. Like other members of its genus, it constructs distinctive lacy, cribellate webs in sheltered locations. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females appearing velvety black or dark gray and males being pale with elongated legs.
Lagriinae
Long-jointed Beetles
Lagriinae is a subfamily of darkling beetles within the family Tenebrionidae, comprising more than 270 genera grouped into 11 tribes. Adults are medium-sized (5–12 mm) with characteristic Tenebrionidae features including a 5-5-4 tarsal formula and antennal bases concealed by canthi. The subfamily is notable for its defensive symbiosis with Burkholderia bacteria that produce the antifungal compound lagriamide, protecting eggs and larvae from antagonistic fungi. This symbiosis has evolved through multiple independent horizontal acquisition events rather than strict co-diversification.
Larinioides sclopetarius
bridge-spider, gray cross spider, grey cross spider, bridge orbweaver
Larinioides sclopetarius is a relatively large orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae with Holarctic distribution. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America and is strongly associated with human-made structures, particularly bridges, where it builds webs near artificial light sources over water. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in body mass and leg proportions, with males maturing faster and earlier than females. It is notable for its high density aggregations in urban environments, where light-attracted insect prey supports populations of up to 100 individuals per square meter in optimal feeding locations.
Lascoria ambigualis
Ambiguous Moth
Lascoria ambigualis is a litter moth in the subfamily Herminiinae, first described by Francis Walker in 1866. Adults are active from April through September, with two generations in Connecticut and multiple broods in Missouri. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wing morphology. Larvae feed on living plant material and have been successfully reared on dead leaves.
Leiobunum
harvestmen, daddy long-legs
Leiobunum is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones, family Sclerosomatidae) comprising over 100 described species. Members are characterized by exceptionally long legs relative to body size, with the second pair serving as sensory appendages rather than locomotory structures. The genus exhibits pronounced gregarious behavior, with many species forming dense aggregations on vertical surfaces. Leiobunum species are found across North America, Europe, and Asia, with some populations demonstrating rapid invasive spread in Europe.
Leptobasis lucifer
Lucifer Swampdamsel
Leptobasis lucifer is a narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is relatively long and slender compared to other damselflies. The species is found in swampy woodland habitats in Central America, southern Mexico, and locally in southern Florida. Males are distinguished by black striping on a green thorax and a bright red patch near the end of the abdomen. Females exhibit considerable color variation, ranging from dull greenish-brown to blue, reddish-orange, or green with a blue abdominal ring.
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
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nchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteranLeptopterna
meadow plant bugs
Leptopterna is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae comprising at least nine described species. The genus includes the well-studied meadow plant bug, Leptopterna dolabrata, which has been sequenced as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project. Species in this genus are grass-feeding insects found primarily in moist meadow habitats across the Palearctic, with some species introduced to North America. Sexual dimorphism in wing development is pronounced: males are fully winged (macropterous) while females are typically short-winged (brachypterous).
Leptopterna dolabrata
meadow plant bug
Leptopterna dolabrata is a heteropteran bug in the family Miridae, measuring 8.3–9.8 mm in length. It is sexually dimorphic: males are always macropterous (long-winged), while females are mostly brachypterous (short-winged). The species feeds on developing grass seeds and is considered a pest in grass seed production. It has an extensive native range across Europe and Asia, and is adventive in North America.