Hymenoptera
Guides
Phygadeuontina
Phygadeuontina is a subtribe of ichneumon wasps within the family Ichneumonidae. Members are parasitoid wasps that develop by feeding on host organisms. The subtribe belongs to the tribe Phygadeuontini, which is part of the subfamily Phygadeuontinae. These wasps are relatively small-bodied compared to many other ichneumonids.
Phylloecus
Phylloecus is a genus of stem sawflies in the family Cephidae, first described by Edward Newman in 1838. The genus was reclassified in 2014 when Hartigia was synonymized with Phylloecus. Members of this genus are distributed across the Holarctic region, with species recorded from Europe, Asia, and North America. The genus contains approximately 30 described species.
Phylloteras sigma
Phylloteras sigma is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. As a member of this family, it is an obligate gall-former on oak trees (Quercus species). The genus Phylloteras is associated with leaf galls on oaks, and species in this genus induce distinctive galls on oak foliage. Like other Cynipidae, P. sigma has a complex life cycle that typically alternates between sexual and asexual generations, though specific details for this species remain poorly documented.
Phymatocera rusculla
Phymatocera rusculla is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. Sawflies in this genus are associated with ferns, with larvae feeding on fronds. The species is poorly documented in scientific literature.
Phymatocerini
Phymatocerini is a small tribe of sawflies within the family Tenthredinidae, comprising approximately 7 genera and 11 described species. Members of this tribe are part of the suborder Symphyta, characterized by a broad connection between the thorax and abdomen rather than the constricted waist seen in most other Hymenoptera. The tribe is taxonomically compact and represents a distinct lineage within the common sawflies.
Pimpla marginella
Pimpla marginella is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Brulle in 1846. As a member of the genus Pimpla, it is presumed to be a parasitoid wasp, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented in available sources. The species has been recorded in observation databases, indicating it is encountered in the field, but published literature focusing specifically on P. marginella is scarce.
Pimpla maura
Pimpla maura is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Cresson in 1870. It belongs to the genus Pimpla, a group of parasitoid wasps known for attacking caterpillars. Like other members of its genus, this species likely functions as a generalist parasitoid of lepidopteran larvae. The species has been documented in iNaturalist with 28 observations, though detailed biological studies appear limited in the accessible literature.
Pimpla pedalis
Pimpla pedalis is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It is a pupal parasitoid that targets the geometer moth Iridopsis ephyraria. The species has been recorded primarily from the Canadian prairies region, with observations concentrated in Alberta.
Pimpla sanguinipes
Pimpla sanguinipes is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It is a parasitoid wasp, though specific host relationships and detailed biology remain poorly documented. The species was described by Cresson in 1872.
Pimpla sodalis longigenalis
Pimpla sodalis longigenalis is a subspecies of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Cushman in 1920. It belongs to the genus Pimpla, a group of parasitoid wasps known for attacking moth caterpillars. The subspecific epithet "longigenalis" suggests a distinguishing feature related to antennal or genal length. The taxon is currently accepted in the Catalogue of Life and GBIF databases, with distribution records from Norway and Sweden.
Pimplinae
Pimplinae is a worldwide subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Ichneumonidae. Members are primarily parasitoids of Holometabola, especially Lepidoptera pupae, with some species attacking spider egg sacs and adults. The subfamily includes 72 genera organized into four tribes: Delomeristini, Ephialtini, Pimplini, and Theroniini. Species are generally sturdy black wasps with orange markings and possess a diagnostic box-like first tergite with the spiracle positioned anterior to the middle.
Pison
Pison is a cosmopolitan genus of spider wasps in the family Crabronidae, comprising approximately 145 described species with many more undescribed, particularly in South America. Adult females hunt and paralyze living spiders to provision nest cells, on which they lay eggs. The genus exhibits diverse nesting strategies, including mud construction, use of natural cavities, and excavation of burrows. Pison wasps are most diverse in the Southern Hemisphere, with about one-third of species occurring in Australia.
Pisonopsis birkmanni
square-headed wasp
Pisonopsis birkmanni is a species of square-headed wasp in the family Crabronidae. It was described by Rohwer in 1909. The species occurs in Central America and North America. Like other members of Trypoxylini, it is a solitary wasp. Observations of this species are sparse, with limited ecological data available.
Plagiotrypes
Plagiotrypes is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, described by Ashmead in 1900. The genus belongs to the subfamily Terebrantes within the superfamily Ichneumonoidea. Very few observations exist in public databases, suggesting either rarity, cryptic habits, or undercollection. Members of this genus are parasitoid wasps, though specific host associations remain undocumented.
Plagiotrypes concinnus
Plagiotrypes concinnus is a species of ichneumonid wasp described by Thomas Say in 1829. It belongs to a genus within the diverse family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of wasps. The species has been recorded from the northeastern United States, specifically Vermont. Like other ichneumonids, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host relationships and detailed biology remain poorly documented.
Platygaster rubi
Platygaster rubi is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Platygastridae. The species was described by Ashmead in 1893. As a member of Platygaster, it is presumed to be a parasitoid of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae), though specific host associations for this species remain unverified in the provided sources.
Platygaster uvulariae
Platygaster uvulariae is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Platygastridae. The genus Platygaster comprises minute wasps that are primarily parasitoids of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae). Species in this genus are typically associated with specific host plants through their gall midge hosts. The specific epithet "uvulariae" suggests an association with plants in the genus Uvularia (bellworts), likely indicating the host plant of the gall midge prey. Platygaster species are generally small, dark-colored wasps with reduced wing venation characteristic of the family.
Platylabops pecki
Platylabops pecki is a species of ichneumonid wasp described by Heinrich in 1961. The genus Platylabops belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. Very few records of this species exist in public databases. A single observation has been documented from White Fox, California.
Plenoculus
square-headed wasps
Plenoculus is a genus of square-headed wasps in the family Crabronidae, established by W. Fox in 1893. The genus contains more than 20 described species. Members belong to the tribe Miscophini, a group of solitary wasps within the subfamily Crabroninae. These wasps are part of the diverse crabronid lineage, which includes many predatory species that hunt arthropod prey to provision their nests.
Pleroneura
Pleroneura is a genus of sawflies in the family Xyelidae whose larvae are bud miners and shoot borers of fir (Abies) and spruce (Picea) species. Larvae feed within developing buds and shoots of conifers, with multiple species sometimes co-occurring on the same host tree. The genus occurs primarily in North America and Asia, with documented species attacking white fir in California, balsam fir in eastern North America, and Sakhalin spruce in Japan. Species-level taxonomy remains problematic, with recognition not currently based on fundamental characters.
Pnigalio
Pnigalio is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eulophidae containing nearly 100 described species, of which approximately half are considered valid. Species within this genus are parasitoids of other insects, with documented hosts including beetles, flies, hymenopterans, and lepidopterans. The genus exhibits considerable biological diversity: some species are ectoparasites, others are parasitoids, and some function as hyperparasitoids. Several species have been studied as biological control agents for agricultural pests, particularly leaf-mining insects.
Pnigalio coloni
Pnigalio coloni is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Girault in 1917. The genus Pnigalio comprises small parasitoid wasps known to attack various insect hosts. Members of this genus are typically associated with gall-forming or leaf-mining insects. The species is part of the diverse Eulophidae family, which contains thousands of species worldwide, many of which are important biological control agents.
Pnigalio maculipes
Pnigalio maculipes is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Crawford in 1913. The genus Pnigalio comprises small chalcid wasps known as parasitoids of various insect hosts. Species in this genus are typically associated with leaf-mining insects and other herbivorous arthropods. The specific epithet 'maculipes' refers to spotted legs, a morphological trait characteristic of this species.
Pnigalio minio
Pnigalio minio is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Walker in 1847. It is a small parasitoid wasp belonging to a genus known for attacking leaf-mining insects. The species has been recorded across multiple Canadian provinces. Like other eulophids, it likely plays a role in biological control of herbivorous insects.
Podium
Podium is a genus of solitary wasps in the family Sphecidae, subfamily Sceliphrinae, established by Fabricius in 1804. These thread-waisted wasps are part of the diverse sphecid wasp lineage, which includes many species that construct nests from mud or hunt prey to provision their offspring. The genus is classified within the tribe Podiini, which shares its root name. As with other sphecid wasps, members of this genus exhibit the characteristic narrow petiole (thread-waisted appearance) and are likely predatory, though specific ecological details for the genus as a whole remain limited in available sources.
Podium krombeini
Podium krombeini is a species of thread-waisted wasp in the family Sphecidae, described by Bohart and Menke in 1963. It belongs to the tribe Podiini within the subfamily Sceliphrinae. The genus Podium comprises predatory wasps that construct mud nests. This species is recorded from Middle America and North America, though specific details about its biology remain poorly documented in the accessible literature.
Poecilopompilus algidus marcidus
Poecilopompilus algidus marcidus is a subspecies of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae. This subspecies belongs to a genus known for Müllerian mimicry with paper wasps, displaying warning coloration that advertises its ability to deliver painful stings. Like other members of Poecilopompilus, females hunt orbweaver spiders (family Araneidae) to provision nests for their larvae. The species P. algidus exhibits remarkable geographic variation in coloration across its range, with subspecies including marcidus representing regional morphological variants.
Poecilopompilus interruptus semiflavus
Semiflavate Interrupted Spider Wasp
A subspecies of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, described by Evans in 1966. Belongs to a genus of mostly tropical spider wasps with only three species reaching the United States. The nominate species Poecilopompilus interruptus is widespread and highly variable in coloration, with multiple subspecies recognized based on geographic variation in color pattern. Members of this genus are known for Müllerian mimicry of paper wasps (Polistes) and other defended spider wasps.
Poecilopompilus mixtus
Poecilopompilus mixtus is a spider wasp in the family Pompilidae. It is a predator of colonial orb-weaving spiders in the genus Metepeira. The species has been documented attacking social spider colonies in Mexico, where its hunting success is reduced when spiders form larger aggregations. It is one of several spider wasps in the genus Poecilopompilus that specialize in capturing orb-weaver spiders.
Pogonomyrmex imberbiculus
Pogonomyrmex imberbiculus is a species of harvester ant described by Wheeler in 1902. As a member of the genus Pogonomyrmex, it is part of a group of ants known for seed harvesting behavior, though specific details about this particular species remain limited in the available literature. The species has been documented through iNaturalist observations, indicating it is recognized in field settings.
Pogonomyrmex pima
Pima-group Harvester Ants
Pogonomyrmex pima is a seed-harvesting ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex, described by Wheeler in 1909. As a member of the harvester ant group, it belongs to a lineage known for constructing large nest clearings, collecting and storing seeds, and possessing potent defensive stings. The species is part of the Pima species group within the genus, which is distributed across arid regions of North America. Like other Pogonomyrmex species, P. pima likely plays significant ecological roles in seed dispersal, soil nutrient cycling, and as a food source for specialized predators.
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.
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annularis
Ringed Paper Wasp, Jack Spaniard Wasp, Red Paper Wasp
Polistes annularis is a primitively eusocial paper wasp native to the eastern United States, distinguished by its large size and distinctive red-and-black coloration with a prominent yellow ring on the abdomen. The species exhibits complex social behavior including cooperative nest founding by multiple foundresses, dominance hierarchies, and unique overwintering strategies involving honey storage. Nests are constructed in aggregations under overhangs near water bodies, with colonies typically containing 500 or more cells. Unlike many temperate Polistes species, P. annularis shows relatively robust cold tolerance and has been extensively studied as a model organism for social insect behavior and kin recognition.
social-wasppaper-waspprimitively-eusocialnest-aggregationoverwinteringhoney-storageMüllerian-mimicryfoundress-associationdominance-hierarchykin-recognitioncold-tolerancemodel-organismcaterpillar-predatorriparian-habitatannual-colony-cyclequeen-successioncuticular-hydrocarbonssubgenus-AphanilopterusPolistinaeVespidaeHymenopteraeastern-United-Statesred-and-black-colorationringed-abdomenorange-antennaecliff-nestinghibernaculausurpationaltruismreproductive-competitionjuvenile-hormoneovarian-developmentmicrosatellite-markersmaternity-assignmentbehavioral-ecologysocial-insectnest-architecturepetiole-constructionfoundress-evictionworker-emergencesexual-dimorphismstructural-sex-determinationtrehalosecold-survivalant-predationparasitoidElasmus-polistisChalcoela-iphitalisbiological-controlpollinatorsting-allergenantigen-5Linnaeus-1763Fabricius-1804etymology-Greek-polistesLatin-annularis-ringedPolistes comanchus comanchus
Polistes comanchus comanchus is a subspecies of paper wasp in the genus Polistes. As a member of this widespread genus, it shares the characteristic social colony structure with a single foundress or multiple females cooperating to build paper nests from chewed wood fibers. The subspecies designation indicates geographic variation within the species P. comanchus, though specific distinguishing traits for this subspecies are not well documented in available sources. Like other Polistes, it is predatory on caterpillars and other insects to feed its larvae.
Polistes comanchus navajoe
A subspecies of paper wasp in the genus Polistes. As a member of this widespread genus, it likely shares the characteristic social behavior and nest-building habits of other Polistes wasps, including constructing open, umbrella-shaped paper nests and provisioning larvae with chewed caterpillars. The subspecific epithet 'navajoe' suggests a southwestern North American distribution.
Polistes dominula
European Paper Wasp
Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.
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dorsalis dorsalis
Least Paper Wasp
Polistes dorsalis dorsalis is a subspecies of paper wasp commonly known as the Least Paper Wasp. It belongs to the genus Polistes, which comprises social wasps that construct paper nests from chewed plant fibers. This subspecies is part of a group of Polistes species found in the Americas, characterized by relatively small colony sizes compared to yellowjackets and hornets. Paper wasps in this genus are known for their distinctive umbrella-shaped nests with exposed hexagonal cells.
Polistes kaibabensis
Kaibab Paper Wasp
The Kaibab Paper Wasp is a social paper wasp endemic to the southwestern United States, specifically associated with the Kaibab Plateau region of northern Arizona. It builds exposed paper combs suspended from vegetation or structures. Like other Polistes species, it forms small colonies with a flexible dominance hierarchy among females. The species is notable for its restricted geographic range and association with high-elevation habitats in the Colorado Plateau region.
Polistes major major
horse's wasp
Polistes major major is a neotropical eusocial paper wasp subspecies most commonly found on Hispaniola Island and within Central America. It is known locally as "avispa de caballo" (horse's wasp) in the Dominican Republic. As a member of the genus Polistes, it is a social wasp that constructs exposed paper nests and lives in colonies with a reproductive hierarchy.
Polistes palmarum
Palm Paper Wasp
Polistes palmarum is a species of paper wasp in the family Vespidae, described by Bequard in 1936. The species is known by the common name "Palm Paper Wasp," reflecting its association with palm habitats. As a member of the genus Polistes, it exhibits the characteristic social behavior and nest-building traits of paper wasps.
Polyaulon canadensis
Polyaulon canadensis is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Harrington in 1894. It belongs to the genus Polyaulon, a group of parasitoid wasps. Very little is known about its biology, host associations, or ecological role. The species name 'canadensis' indicates its occurrence in Canada, though specific distribution details remain poorly documented. Like other ichneumonids, it presumably functions as a parasitoid of other insects, but this has not been directly confirmed for this species.
Polyaulon grandis
A species of ichneumonid wasp in the genus Polyaulon, first described by Cushman in 1921. As a member of the family Ichneumonidae, it is a parasitoid wasp, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in available literature. The genus Polyaulon is classified within the superfamily Ichneumonoidea, one of the most diverse groups of parasitoid wasps.
Polyblastus stenocentrus
Polyblastus stenocentrus is a small ichneumon wasp in the tribe Tryphonini. It is a koinobiont ectoparasitoid of sawfly larvae, with females carrying unusually large egg loads compared to related idiobiont wasps. The species has been documented in Colorado and Alberta, Canada. Observations suggest females may carry egg clusters externally on the abdomen, a behavior whose function remains incompletely understood.
Polyblastus tibialis
A species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Tryphoninae. Documented from western Canada with records from Alberta. Belongs to a genus of koinobiont ectoparasitoids that attack sawfly larvae. The specific epithet 'tibialis' likely refers to a characteristic of the tibia.
Polycyrtus neglectus
Polycyrtus neglectus is a species of ichneumon wasp described by Cushman in 1926. It belongs to the large family Ichneumonidae, a group of parasitoid wasps characterized by their slender bodies and often long ovipositors. The genus Polycyrtus contains multiple species of small to medium-sized ichneumonids. Specific biological details for P. neglectus remain poorly documented in published literature.
Polyergus longicornis
Long-horned Amazon Ant
Polyergus longicornis is a dulotic (slave-making) ant species in the genus Polyergus, commonly known as Amazon ants. Elevated to full species status by Trager (2013), it was originally described by M. R. Smith in 1947. The species belongs to the Nearctic lucidus group, which includes P. lucidus, P. montivagus, P. oligergus, P. ruber, and P. sanwaldi. Like all Polyergus species, it is an obligate social parasite dependent on host colonies of Formica ants for survival and reproduction.
Polyergus mexicanus
Western Amazon Ant
Polyergus mexicanus is an obligate social parasite known as the Western Amazon Ant, widely distributed across western North America. This species is incapable of performing basic colony tasks including foraging, nest excavation, and brood care, and depends entirely on enslaved workers of Formica host species. The species performs dramatic, coordinated raids on Formica colonies to capture larvae and pupae, which are then integrated into the parasite colony. Recent genetic studies have revealed substantial population structure associated with different host species, suggesting incipient speciation into host-specific lineages.
Polystenidea
Polystenidea is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described by Viereck in 1911. Members of this genus are part of the diverse ichneumonoid wasp fauna, which are predominantly parasitoids of other insects. The genus is poorly documented in public sources, with minimal species-level information available.
Pompilidae
Spider Wasps, Spider-hunting Wasps, Pompilid Wasps
Spider wasps in the family Pompilidae are solitary, stinging wasps that hunt spiders to provision nests for their larvae. The family contains approximately 5,000 described species in six subfamilies, distributed worldwide. Most species capture and paralyze spiders using venom, then deposit them in burrows or cavities where a single egg is laid on each victim. Females of the genus Auplopus construct distinctive free-standing mud cells, while most other genera excavate burrows in soil or use pre-existing cavities. Members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are kleptoparasites, laying eggs in the nests of other pompilids or acting as ectoparasitoids of living spiders rather than building their own nests.
Hymenopterasolitary-waspsspider-predatorsparasitoidsmud-nest-buildersburrowing-waspsant-mimicskleptoparasitesPepsinaeCeropalinaePompilinaeAuplopusAnopliusAgeniellaCaliadurgusPepsisPriocnemisAplocharesArachnospilaEvagetesAgenioideusEpisyronNanoclaveliaPedinpompilusAgenioidevatetesNorth-AmericaAustraliaIranEuropecosmopolitanPompilinae
spider wasps
Pompilinae is a subfamily of spider wasps (family Pompilidae) comprising approximately 107 genera. Species are solitary wasps that hunt spiders, paralyzing them with venom to serve as food for their larvae. Females excavate burrows or use pre-existing cavities, deposit a single egg on the paralyzed prey, and conceal the nest entrance. The subfamily exhibits considerable diversity in host associations and nesting behaviors across its constituent tribes.