Europe
Guides
Eratigena atrica
Giant House Spider
Eratigena atrica is a large funnel-weaving spider native to continental Europe and introduced to North America. It is among the largest spiders of Central and Northern Europe, with mature females reaching 11–16 mm body length and males 10–14 mm. The species is closely related to E. duellica and E. saeva, forming a morphologically similar species group distinguishable only by palp and epigyne features. E. atrica shows no evidence of hybridization with these relatives.
Eriophyes leiosoma
Lime Felt Gall Mite
Eriophyes leiosoma is an eriophyid mite species in the family Eriophyidae. The genus Eriophyes contains species associated with plant galls and deformities, including economically significant pests of fruit crops. Some Eriophyes species, such as E. dimocarpi, are known to cause witches' broom disease in longan (Dimocarpus longan) through toxic saliva that induces curled, malformed shoot growth. E. leiosoma itself has been recorded in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden).
Eriophyes mali
apple blister mite
Eriophyes mali is a microscopic eriophyid mite and a significant pest of apple orchards. It overwinters behind bud scales and initiates spring migration when midday temperatures exceed 10°C, developing two generations per growing season. The mite induces characteristic blister-like galls on apple leaves through its feeding activity, reducing yield and fruit quality. Field studies in Ukraine have demonstrated that targeted insecto-acaricide applications can reduce mite populations by 72.9–93.3% and improve orchard productivity.
Eristalis rupium
Spot-winged Drone Fly
Eristalis rupium, the spot-winged drone fly, is a European hoverfly species first described by Fabricius in 1805. It is a common species across Europe and uncommon in North America. Like other Eristalis species, it exhibits Batesian mimicry of honey bees and serves as an important pollinator. The larvae are aquatic filter-feeders of the rat-tailed type, inhabiting clear-water streams.
Ernobius mollis
pine knot borer, pine bark anobiid, waney edge borer, bark borer
Ernobius mollis is a small wood-boring beetle in the family Ptinidae (formerly Anobiidae), commonly known as the pine knot borer. Native to northern Europe, it has been introduced to North America and is also recorded from the Azores. The species develops in dead pine wood, particularly in bark and knots, and is frequently associated with processed timber. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate E. m. mollis and E. m. espanoli from the Iberian region.
Eupithecia cretaceata
Cretaceous Pug
Eupithecia cretaceata is a small geometrid moth commonly known as a 'pug' moth. It occurs across much of North America and parts of Europe. The species is notable for its specialized larval diet on Veratrum species and has been documented as a nocturnal pollinator of apple flowers. Adults fly during summer months and are attracted to light.
Eustalomyia vittipes
Eustalomyia vittipes is a root-maggot fly in the family Anthomyiidae. The genus Eustalomyia is known for kleptoparasitic associations with wasps, though most literature documents this behavior with solitary wasp species rather than social ones. Records indicate presence in northern Europe, particularly Scandinavia and Denmark.
Euura tibialis
Locust Sawfly, False Acacia Sawfly
Euura tibialis is a nematine sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the locust sawfly or false acacia sawfly. The species is associated with false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) as its host plant and has been recorded from Korea, Canada, and parts of Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It is one of numerous Euura species that specialize on particular host plants in the genus Robinia and related legumes.
Exenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
parasitoidbiological-controlsawfly-parasiteintroduced-speciesforest-entomologyIchneumonidaeDiprionidaehost-discriminationdensity-dependent-responsemultiparasitismcompetitive-displacementjack-pinepine-sawflyQuebecOntarioEuropeNorth-Americakoinobiontidiobiontoviposition-behavioradaptive-behaviorlearningegg-complementMorisita's-Indexpower-functionsex-ratio-biasseasonal-emergenceinvasive-species-successpopulation-regulationhost-switchingestablishmentspreaddominancecompetitionexclusionphenologytemporal-partitioningspatial-distributionaggregationfunctional-responsenumerical-responsediscrimination-learningassociative-learningreproductive-strategylife-historydevelopment-ratesurvivalinterspecific-competitioncommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionstrophic-cascadeecosystem-servicenatural-enemypest-managementintegrated-pest-managementsilvicultureforest-healthconiferous-forestboreal-foresttemperate-forestpine-foresthabitat-specificityhost-specificityhost-range-expansionbiogeographycolonizationinvasion-biologyestablishment-successpopulation-dynamicsdensity-dependencespatial-heterogeneitytemporal-heterogeneitybehavioral-plasticityphenotypic-plasticitymemorydecision-makingforaging-behavioroviposition-strategyreproductive-allocationsex-allocationlocal-mate-competitionfitnessdevelopmentemergenceoverwinteringdiapausevoltinismunivoltinepartially-bivoltineseasonalitysynchronyasynchronyhost-parasitoid-interactionsbiological-control-efficacynon-target-effectsenvironmental-riskbeneficial-insectconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlintroduced-natural-enemyexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesinvasive-speciesrange-expansiondistributionoccurrenceabundancepopulation-densitysamplingmonitoringsurveyinventoryphylogeographymolecular-ecologysystematicstaxonomyidentificationmorphologyanatomybehaviorecologyreproductionecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologyconservation-ecologyrestoration-ecologyapplied-ecologyforest-ecologyinsect-ecologyparasitoid-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologymechanistic-ecologypredictive-ecologyquantitative-ecologystatistical-ecologymathematical-ecologytheoretical-ecologycomputational-ecologymodelingsimulationforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentdecision-supportpolicymanagementgovernancestakeholder-engagementknowledge-exchangescience-communicationeducationoutreachcitizen-sciencebioblitziNaturalistGBIFbiodiversity-informaticsdata-sharingopen-sciencereproducible-researchtransparencyaccountabilityintegrityethicsresponsible-conductsustainabilityresilienceadaptationmitigationclimate-changeglobal-changeanthropocenebiodiversity-crisisextinctionconservationrestorationrewildingecosystem-managementadaptive-managementevidence-based-managementprecision-conservationsmart-conservationdigital-conservationtechnological-innovationartificial-intelligencemachine-learningdeep-learningcomputer-visionremote-sensingsatellite-imagerydroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesensor-networkinternet-of-thingsbig-datadata-scienceanalyticsvisualizationcommunicationstorytellingnarrativeframingengagementimpactoutcomeevaluationassessmentreportingverificationcertificationstandardprotocolguidelinebest-practicelesson-learnedcase-studysuccess-storyfailurechallengeopportunityfuture-directionresearch-priorityknowledge-gaphypothesistheoryconceptual-frameworkmethodological-approachstudy-designexperimental-designsampling-designstatistical-analysisinferenceuncertaintyconfidencerobustnesssensitivityvalidationcalibrationbenchmarkingcomparisonmeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-integrationinterdisciplinaritytransdisciplinaritycollaborationpartnershipnetworkcommunitycapacity-buildingtrainingmentoringcareer-developmentdiversityinclusionequityjusticedecolonizationindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgecitizen-knowledgeexpert-knowledgestakeholder-knowledgeboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policypolicy-relevant-researchactionable-scienceusable-sciencetranslational-ecologyimplementation-scienceimpact-pathwaytheory-of-changelogic-modelresults-frameworkmonitoring-and-evaluationadaptive-learningreflective-practicecontinuous-improvementquality-assurancequality-controlrisk-managementsafeguardcomplianceinstitutionorganizationcultureleadershipinnovationentrepreneurshipsustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceecological-scienceenvironmental-scienceforest-scienceagricultural-sciencenatural-resource-sciencelife-sciencebiological-sciencephysical-scienceearth-sciencesocial-sciencehumanitiesartsdesignengineeringtechnologymathematicsinterdisciplinarymultidisciplinarycross-disciplinarytransdisciplinaryholisticintegrativesyntheticanalyticalcriticalcreativeinnovativetransformativesustainableresilientadaptiveresponsiveresponsibleethicalequitableinclusivediverseparticipatorycollaborativecooperativecollectivesharedopentransparentaccountableevidence-basedscience-basedknowledge-basedlearning-basedpractice-basedaction-basedoutcome-basedimpact-basedvalue-basedprinciple-basedrights-basedneeds-basedstakeholder-basedcommunity-basedplace-basedecosystem-basednature-basedsolution-basedproblem-basedchallenge-basedopportunity-basedasset-basedstrength-basedresilience-basedadaptation-basedmitigation-basedrestoration-basedconservation-basedsustainable-basedregenerativecircularbluegreennaturalorganicbiodynamicpermacultureagroecologyagroforestryurban-forestrycommunity-forestrysocial-forestryfarm-forestryfamily-forestryindustrial-forestrysustainable-forestryresponsible-forestrycertified-forestrylegal-forestryillegal-loggingdeforestationforest-degradationforest-restorationforest-rehabilitationforest-conservationforest-protectionforest-managementforest-governanceforest-policyforest-lawforest-economicsforest-sociologyforest-anthropologyforest-historyforest-cultureforest-spiritualityforest-therapyforest-bathingshinrin-yokuforest-recreationforest-tourismforest-educationforest-researchforest-monitoringforest-inventoryforest-assessmentforest-valuationforest-accountingforest-financeforest-investmentforest-marketforest-tradeforest-certificationforest-standardforest-labelforest-claimforest-footprintforest-riskforest-opportunityforest-benefitforest-serviceforest-ecosystem-serviceforest-provisioning-serviceforest-regulating-serviceforest-cultural-serviceforest-supporting-serviceforest-biodiversityforest-carbonforest-waterforest-soilforest-airforest-climateforest-fireforest-pestforest-diseaseforest-invasive-speciesforest-disturbanceforest-resilienceforest-adaptationforest-mitigationforest-sustainabilityforest-transformationforest-transitionforest-landscape-restorationforest-landscape-approachforest-mosaicforest-fragmentationforest-connectivityforest-corridorforest-networkforest-patchforest-matrixforest-edgeforest-interiorforest-coreforest-bufferforest-reserveforest-protected-areaforest-conservation-areaforest-management-areaforest-production-areaforest-restoration-areaforest-research-areaforest-education-areaforest-recreation-areaforest-sacred-areaforest-cultural-areaforest-heritage-areaforest-community-areaforest-indigenous-areaforest-tenureforest-rightforest-accessforest-useforest-benefit-sharingforest-conflictforest-cooperationforest-partnershipforest-agreementforest-conventionforest-protocolforest-treatyforest-declarationforest-commitmentforest-targetforest-goalforest-objectiveforest-indicatorforest-benchmarkforest-baselineforest-scenarioforest-projectionforest-forecastforest-outlookforest-visionforest-strategyforest-planforest-programforest-projectforest-activityforest-interventionforest-operationforest-practiceforest-techniqueforest-technologyforest-innovationforest-knowledgeforest-learningforest-capacityforest-institutionforest-organizationforest-platformforest-forumforest-dialogueforest-negotiationforest-mediationforest-arbitrationforest-litigationforest-enforcementforest-complianceforest-reportingforest-verificationforest-auditforest-evaluationforest-reviewforest-appraisalforest-certification-auditforest-chain-of-custodyforest-traceabilityforest-transparencyforest-accountabilityforest-integrityforest-governance-assessmentforest-governance-indicatorforest-governance-frameworkforest-governance-reformforest-governance-innovationforest-governance-learningforest-governance-capacityforest-governance-partnershipforest-governance-platformforest-governance-networkforest-governance-dialogueforest-governance-negotiationforest-governance-agreementforest-governance-commitmentforest-governance-implementationforest-governance-impactforest-governance-outcomeforest-governance-effectivenessforest-governance-efficiencyforest-governance-equityforest-governance-sustainabilityforest-governance-resilienceforest-governance-adaptationforest-governance-transformationforest-governance-transitionforest-governance-futureforest-governance-challengeforest-governance-opportunityforest-governance-priorityforest-governance-researchforest-governance-educationforest-governance-communicationforest-governance-outreachforest-governance-engagementforest-governance-participationforest-governance-collaborationforest-governance-cooperationforest-governance-coordinationforest-governance-integrationforest-governance-harmonizationforest-governance-alignmentforest-governance-convergenceforest-governance-divergenceforest-governance-complexityforest-governance-uncertaintyforest-governance-riskforest-governance-creativityforest-governance-leadershipforest-governance-entrepreneurshipforest-governance-empowermentforest-governance-ownershipforest-governance-responsibilityforest-governance-stewardshipforest-governance-custodianshipforest-governance-trusteeshipforest-governance-guardianshipforest-governance-careforest-governance-respectforest-governance-reciprocityforest-governance-relationshipforest-governance-connectionforest-governance-belongingforest-governance-identityforest-governance-cultureforest-governance-valuesforest-governance-ethicsforest-governance-principlesforest-governance-standardsforest-governance-normsforest-governance-rulesforest-governance-regulationsforest-governance-lawsforest-governance-policiesforest-governance-strategiesforest-governance-plansforest-governance-programsforest-governance-projectsforest-governance-activitiesforest-governance-interventionsforest-governance-operationsforest-governance-practicesforest-governance-techniquesforest-governance-technologiesforest-governance-systemsforest-governance-structuresforest-governance-processesforest-governance-proceduresforest-governance-mechanismsforest-governance-instrumentsforest-governance-toolsforest-governance-methodsforest-governance-approachesforest-governance-modelsforest-governance-frameworksforest-governance-architecturesforest-governance-designsforest-governance-configurationsforest-governance-arrangementsforest-governance-organizationsforest-governance-institutionsforest-governance-networksforest-governance-platformsforest-governance-forumsforest-governance-dialoguesforest-governance-negotiationsforest-governance-mediationsforest-governance-arbitrationsforest-governance-litigationsforest-governance-enforcementsforest-governance-compliancesforest-governance-monitoringsforest-governance-reportingsforest-governance-verificationsforest-governance-auditsforest-governance-evaluationsforest-governance-reviewsforest-governance-assessmentsforest-governance-appraisalsforest-governance-certificationsforest-governance-chains-of-custodyforest-governance-traceabilitiesforest-governance-transparenciesforest-governance-accountabilitiesforest-governance-integritiesforest-governance-indicatorsforest-governance-reformsforest-governance-innovationsforest-governance-learningsforest-governance-capacitiesforest-governance-partnershipsforest-governance-agreementsforest-governance-commitmentsforest-governance-implementationsforest-governance-impactsforest-governance-outcomesforest-governance-effectivenessesforest-governance-efficienciesforest-governance-equitiesforest-governance-sustainabilitiesforest-governance-resiliencesforest-governance-adaptationsforest-governance-transformationsforest-governance-transitionsforest-governance-futuresforest-governance-challengesforest-governance-opportunitiesforest-governance-prioritiesforest-governance-researchesforest-governance-educationsforest-governance-communicationsforest-governance-outreachesforest-governance-engagementsforest-governance-participationsforest-governance-collaborationsforest-governance-cooperationsforest-governance-coordinationsforest-governance-integrationsforest-governance-harmonizationsforest-governance-alignmentsforest-governance-convergencesforest-governance-divergencesforest-governance-complexitiesforest-governance-uncertaintiesforest-governance-risksforest-governanceresiliencesforest-governance-creativitiesforest-governance-leadershipsforest-governance-entrepreneurshipsforest-governance-empowermentsforest-governance-ownershipsforest-governance-responsibilitiesforest-governance-stewardshipsforest-governance-custodianshipsforest-governance-trusteeshipsforest-governance-guardianshipsforest-governance-caresforest-governance-respectsforest-governance-reciprocitiesforest-governance-relationshipsforest-governance-connectionsforest-governance-belongingsforest-governance-identitiesforest-governance-culturesFieberiella florii
privet leafhopper, Flor's leafhopper, cherry leafhopper
Fieberiella florii is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, native to Europe and established in North America. It is a phloem-feeding insect that develops on multiple woody host plants, particularly in stone fruit orchards and surrounding vegetation. The species has been experimentally confirmed as a vector of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', the causal agent of apple proliferation disease. In western Oregon, it shows a distinct seasonal cycle with overwintering eggs, spring nymph emergence, and peak adult populations in summer.
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
leafhoppercicadellidaedeltocephalinaeparalimniniflexamiagrass-specialistmichigan-endemicauchenorrhynchahemipterainsectaarthropodaanimaliatrue-bugplanthopper-relative1999-descriptionbesshamiltonhuronihuron-riverusanorth-americagrassland-insecthost-specificpoorly-knownrareuncommondata-deficientgbifcatalogue-of-lifencbiinaturalisttaxonspeciesacceptedhexapodacicadomorphaclypeatamembracoideaparalimninaflexamia-huronibess-&-hamilton1999exact-matchaccepted-namecanonical-namescientific-nameauthorshiprankstatusmatchedtaxonomyclassificationeukaryotametazoadistributionmichiganobservations0wikipedianonepreferred-common-namehuron-river-leafhoppertrue-bugsgroupkingdomphylumclassorderfamilygenusauthorityiptintegrated-publishing-toolkitbiodiversity-data-journalzookeysnature-conservationcomparative-cytogeneticsopen-accessopen-accessjournalpublicationdatasetspecimentypenomenclatural-typeherbariumuniversity-of-granadaspainfungilichensagaricalescortinariusantonio-ortegamediterraneanfranceitalyimage-collectioncolección-de-imágenes-de-los-tipos-nomenclaturales-de-hongoslíquenesmusgos-y-algasgdagdacvizosoquesada2015doi10.3897bdj3e5204new-speciesnew-jersey-pine-barrensmuhlenbergia-torreyanapinebarren-smokegrassthreatened-speciesandrew-hicksmuseum-of-natural-historyuniversity-of-coloradogerry-moorenatural-resources-conservation-servicegreensboronculi-lorimerbrooklyn-botanic-gardenf.-whitcombirobert-whitcombmicrobiologyornithologyecologyhost-plantwarming-climatehuman-activitieszookeys-51169-79zookeys.511.9572roundwormnematodeantarcticamblydorylaimus-isokaryonipararhyssocolpus-paradoxusbulgariascanning-electron-microscopysemmaritime-antarcticantarctic-islandslip-regionspearvulvapostembryonic-developmentmolecular-analysesdorylaimidaelshishkalazarovaradoslavovhristovpeneva25-68zookeys.511.9793anidiv2bulgarian-academy-of-sciencesnational-scientific-fundoctocoralokinawajapannanipora-kamurailiving-fossilblue-coralhelioporaaragonite-calcium-carbonateskeletonscleractinianssoft-coralheliporacealithotelestidaeepiphaxumdeep-seashallow-coral-reefzamami-islandnational-parkmiyazakireimer1-23zookeys.511.9432non-biting-midgechironomusch.-bernensisnorth-caucasusrussiacaucasian-populationseuropesiberiakaryotypemorphologymouthpartslarvaechromosomegenotypic-combinationsmineralizationeutrophicationkarmokovpolukonovasinichkinatembotov-institute-of-ecology-of-mountain-territoriessaratov-state-medical-universitycomparative-cytogenetics-9281-297compcytogen.v9i3.4519sea-turtlerescue-centrefirst-aid-stationloggerheadgreen-turtlecaretta-carettachelonia-mydasbycatchmortalitygreecemigrationsexual-maturityullmannstachowitschuit-the-arctic-university-of-norwaynature-conservation-1045-69natureconservation.10.4890regional-activity-centre-for-specially-protected-areasporcupinecoendou-ichilluslower-urubambaperucanopy-bridgepipelinenatural-gasarborealcamera-trapdwarf-porcupineiquitos770ggregorylundezamora-mezacarrasco-ruedarepsol-exploración-perúzookeys-509109-121zookeys.509.9821antprionopeltamadagascarseychellessubterraneanleaf-litterdracula-anthemolymphlarval-hemolymph-feedingoophagymadagascar-biodiversity-centeroversonfisherzookeys-507115-150zookeys.507.9303itobillenmasukospideranelosimussubsocialcobweb-spidertheridiidaedeforestationbiodiversity-hotspotagnarssonuniversity-of-vermontsmithsonian-national-museum-of-natural-historywallacehuxleybuffonhookerlamarckdarwinmoramoraeriophyoid-miteacarixinjiangchinarosaceaeparacolomerusgallji-wei-liwangxuezhangzookeys-50897-111zookeys.508.8940shihezi-universitygrasshopperwyomingmelanoplusmelanoplinaeacrididaetetrigidaegomphocerniaeoedipodinaecyrtacanthacridinaedistribution-atlasfield-guidewgiswyoming-grasshopper-information-systemkeycapinerasechristhebardhelferscudderblatchleythomassayharrisdegeerbrunersaussuregirarddodgewalkerfieberfabriciusservillemcneilltinkhamburmeisterhaldemanbig-horn-mountainsblack-hillsgladstonindigensinfantilisdodgeioregonensismarshalliyellowstone-national-parksagebrushpineelevationshortgrass-prairiemixedgrass-prairieforbgrasseconomic-damagerangelandbenefitoverwinteregghatchadultlate-summeraugustoctoberjunelife-cyclefood-habitsizecollectionsurveyunderreportedcommonendemicrestricted-rangeforest-openinggrassymoderate-elevationlargersmallereastwestunited-statesamericanorthsouthcentralrangeextentlimitedrestrictedabundantpopulationdensityoccurrencepresenceabsencehabitatenvironmentconditionaltitudetopographyterrainvegetationplantshrubtreeforestopeningmeadowprairiesteppesavannawoodlanddrawslopeaspectsoilsubstratemoisturetemperatureclimateweatherseasonphenologytimingactivitynymphemergemoltdevelopgrowreproducemateovipositdiegenerationvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinesemivoltinediapauseaestivationhibernationdispersalmovementbehaviorhabitactionfeedingdietfoodhostassociationrelationshipinteractionspecialistgeneralistmonophagyoligophagypolyphagyherbivoredetritivorepredatorparasitoidscavengereconomic-importancepestbeneficialneutraldamagecontrolmanagementconservationthreatenedendangeredvulnerablesecureunknownglobal-biodiversity-information-facilityesbiodiversity-image-portalspanish-collectionstype-specimenlichenantarcticabernensisliyellowstoneForcipomyia bipunctata
Forcipomyia bipunctata is a species of biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae. The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1767. It occurs in Europe and North America, with distribution records also from the Azores (Faial, Pico, São Jorge, São Miguel, and Terceira islands). Like other members of its genus, it is a tiny fly, typically 1–3 millimeters in length. The specific epithet 'bipunctata' refers to two spots, likely a diagnostic marking pattern.
Freraea
Freraea is a genus of tachinid flies (family Tachinidae) established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. It belongs to the tribe Freraeini within the subfamily Dexiinae. The genus contains at least two described species: Freraea gagatea and Freraea montana. Tachinid flies in this group are parasitoids, though specific host associations for Freraea species remain poorly documented.
Gabrius astutoides
Gabrius astutoides is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Staphylininae. Originally described from Europe in 1946, it has established populations in eastern North America through human introduction. The species belongs to the diverse genus Gabrius, which contains numerous similar-looking species requiring careful examination for identification.
Gampsocoris
stilt bugs
Gampsocoris is the type genus of the subfamily Gampsocorinae and tribe Gampsocorini within the stilt bug family Berytidae. Species in this genus are predominantly recorded from Europe and Africa. In Poland, at least two species occur: G. punctipes and G. culicinus, with the latter having a limited distribution suggesting recent immigration. The genus comprises approximately 15 described species.
Gastrophysa polygoni
Knotweed Leaf Beetle
Gastrophysa polygoni is a small leaf beetle in the subfamily Chrysomelinae, described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Adults reach approximately 5 mm in length and display distinctive coloration: metallic green wing cases (elytra), green-blue body, and orange thorax. The species is native to Europe and has become established in North America, where it was introduced early in colonial settlement. It feeds primarily on Polygonaceae plants, serving as a beneficial biological control agent for weeds such as knotweeds and docks, though it occasionally damages cultivated buckwheat. The beetle exhibits complex reproductive behaviors including olfactory examination of airspace, track marking by females, and post-copulatory cleaning rituals.
Gauropterus fulgidus
Cold Rove Beetle
Gauropterus fulgidus is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to parts of North America, including Ontario, Canada and the United States. The species has a notably broad distribution across the Palearctic region, extending from Europe through Asia to Japan, Korea, and parts of Southeast Asia. It has also been recorded from North Africa and the Middle East.
Geina
Geina is a genus of plume moths (family Pterophoridae) established by Tutt in 1906. The genus comprises six described species distributed primarily in North America and parts of Europe. At least two North American species—Geina sheppardi and Geina periscelidactyla—are specialized feeders on grape (Vitis). Species within this genus are small moths with divided wings characteristic of the family.
Gelechia sabinellus
juniper gelechiid moth
Gelechia sabinellus, known as the juniper gelechiid moth, is a small gelechiid moth native to Europe that has been introduced to Great Britain and North America through accidental transport in garden junipers. The species is univoltine, with adults active in August. Larvae are specialist feeders on Juniperus species.
Geophilus flavus
Boreal Yellow-headed Soil Centipede
Geophilus flavus is a soil centipede in the family Geophilidae, commonly found in terrestrial habitats including seashore locations across Europe. As a member of the Geophilomorpha, it belongs to a group of elongate, multi-legged centipedes adapted for burrowing in soil and leaf litter. The species is distinguished by its yellowish head and preference for moist coastal environments.
Geotrupes stercorarius
dor beetle, dumbledore, Common Dor Beetle
Geotrupes stercorarius is an earth-boring dung beetle in the family Geotrupidae, commonly known as the dor beetle or dumbledore. It is widespread throughout Europe and has been introduced to parts of North America. Adults are coprophagous, feeding primarily on the dung of herbivorous animals with a documented preference for horse dung. The species exhibits distinctive parental care behavior, with both sexes cooperating to construct deep burrows beneath dung and provision brood chambers for larval development.
Glischrochilus quadrisignatus
Four-spotted Sap Beetle, Four-spotted Fungus Beetle, Beer Bug, Picnic Beetle
Glischrochilus quadrisignatus is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae, commonly known as the four-spotted sap beetle or picnic beetle. It is native to North America and has been introduced to parts of Europe including Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, and Austria. The species is strongly attracted to fermenting plant fluids, overripe fruits, and fungal growths, and is a notable pest of sweet corn and other crops. It has been studied for its complex ecological interactions, including its role as a mortality factor for European corn borer larvae and its potential as a biological control agent.
Gnathotrichus materiarius
American utilizable wood bark beetle
Gnathotrichus materiarius is an ambrosia beetle native to North America that has been introduced to Europe, where it was first detected in France in 1933. It excavates galleries in coniferous sapwood and maintains an obligate symbiosis with the fungus Endomycopsis fasciculata, which adults inoculate into wood and which serves as the primary food source for both larvae and adults. In Central Europe, it completes two generations per year, with adult flight beginning in early May and F2 generation adults overwintering in wood. Despite nearly a century of presence in Europe and its association with economically important conifers including Picea and Pinus, it has not caused significant damage, functioning primarily as a secondary pest of decaying or previously infested trees.
Gnoriste macra
Gnoriste macra is a species of fungus gnat in the family Mycetophilidae, described by Johannsen in 1912. It belongs to the subfamily Gnoristinae, a group of mycetophilids typically associated with fungal habitats. The species is known from Denmark based on distribution records, though detailed biological information remains limited.
Gracilia
Gracilia is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) containing a single species, Gracilia minuta. The genus is native to Europe but has been introduced to North and South America, including the United States, Argentina, and Uruguay. It belongs to the diverse group of wood-boring beetles commonly known as longhorn beetles.
Greenomyia
Greenomyia is a genus of fungus gnats in the family Mycetophilidae, established by Brunetti in 1912. The genus contains at least two described species: G. borealis and G. baikalica. Records indicate presence in boreal and temperate regions of Europe and North America, with distribution data available from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Grypus equiseti
horsetail weevil
Grypus equiseti is a weevil species native to Europe that feeds exclusively on horsetail plants (Equisetum spp.). It has been introduced to New Zealand as a biological control agent targeting field horsetail (Equisetum arvense), an invasive weed in that country. The species is notable for its specialized diet and documented success in classical biological control programs.
Gyrophaena affinis
Gyrophaena affinis is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is native to Europe and has been recorded across much of the Northern Hemisphere including Asia and North America. The species belongs to a genus known for small body size and association with fungal fruiting bodies.
Halidamia affinis
Bedstraw Sawfly
Halidamia affinis is a Palearctic sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the Bedstraw Sawfly. The species has a distribution spanning Europe and introduced populations in North America, with records from Belgium, Canada (British Columbia and Ontario), and other regions. As a member of the sawfly family Tenthredinidae, it likely feeds on herbaceous plants, though specific host associations require confirmation.
Haliplus apicalis
Haliplus apicalis is a species of water beetle in the family Haliplidae, first described by Thomson in 1868. It is distributed across the British Isles and northwestern Europe, with records also indicating presence in North America. The species belongs to a genus of small aquatic beetles commonly known as crawling water beetles.
Hapalaraea
Hapalaraea is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Omaliinae. The genus was established by C.G. Thomson in 1858 and contains at least two described species: Hapalaraea alutacea and Hapalaraea hamata. These beetles are distributed across Europe and North America. As members of the Omaliinae, they are associated with forest floor habitats and decomposing organic matter.
Hebecnema nigra
Hebecnema nigra is a species of muscid fly described by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. It belongs to the subfamily Mydaeinae within the family Muscidae, a group commonly known as house flies and their relatives. The species is documented from the Palearctic region, with confirmed records from several northwestern European countries.
Hecatera dysodea
Small Ranunculus
Hecatera dysodea, the Small Ranunculus, is a noctuid moth native to Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. It has been introduced to North America, where it was first detected in Utah in 1998 and Oregon in 2005. The species has experienced local extinction and recolonisation in Britain, where it disappeared by the 1930s and was rediscovered in Kent in 1997. Adults are attracted to light and visit flowers, particularly of lettuce species.
Helcomyza
Helcomyza is a small genus of flies in the family Helcomyzidae, containing at least three described species. The genus was established by John Curtis in 1825. Species within Helcomyza have been recorded from parts of northern Europe. The family Helcomyzidae is a small group within the order Diptera.
Heleomyza serrata
Heleomyza serrata is a small fly in the family Heleomyzidae, measuring 3–7 mm in body length. The species is distinguished by specific chaetotaxy: setae present on the propleura, multiple pairs of setae on the prothorax, and at most one hair on the mesopleura. Males possess distinctive genitalia with rudimentary aedeagus, unexpanded epandrium base, and surstyles that are much longer than the epandrium and evenly curved throughout their length.
Hemerobius
brown lacewings
Hemerobius is a genus of brown lacewings in the family Hemerobiidae, distributed across Europe and North America. Adults and larvae are predatory, feeding on small arthropods including aphids, scale insects, and insect eggs. The genus includes species that overwinter as adults and are active in early spring. Larvae spin loose, coarse cocoons for pupation, with some species exhibiting extended quiescent periods before emergence.
Henoticus serratus
silken fungus beetle
Henoticus serratus is a species of silken fungus beetle (family Cryptophagidae) found across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It belongs to a group of small beetles commonly associated with fungal substrates. The species was first described by Gyllenhal in 1808.
Herpestomus
Herpestomus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. Species in this genus are known from Europe, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. At least one species, Herpestomus brunnicornis, has been studied as a potential biological control agent for the apple ermine moth (Yponomeutidae).
Heteropeza pygmaea
A minute gall midge (family Cecidomyiidae) described from Europe in 1846. The species has been studied extensively for its unusual cytogenetics and developmental biology, particularly its paedogenetic reproduction and dramatic chromosome elimination during early embryogenesis. Germ-line cells contain approximately 58 chromosomes, but somatic nuclei retain only 10 chromosomes through programmed elimination of E-chromosomes during cleavage.
Heterotoma planicornis
Common Flathorn Plant Bug
Heterotoma planicornis is a small mirid bug in the family Miridae, recognized by its distinctive flattened second antennal segment. It has a single generation per year with adults active from July to September. The species exhibits omnivorous feeding habits, functioning as both a predator of small arthropods and a consumer of plant materials. It is widespread across much of Europe and has been introduced to the Nearctic realm.
Hodebertia testalis
Incolorous Pearl
Hodebertia testalis, known as the Incolorous Pearl, is a small crambid moth found primarily in tropical regions with occasional vagrant records reaching parts of Europe. It is the sole species in its genus, making Hodebertia monotypic. The species was first described by Fabricius in 1794 and has undergone taxonomic reclassification, with some sources placing it in the genus Pyrausta.
Hybrizontinae
The subfamily Hybrizontinae comprises ant parasitoid wasps within Ichneumonidae, representing the third most diverse group of ant parasitoids after Eucharitidae and Neoneurini. All members are specialized parasitoids of ant societies. The subfamily exhibits two distinct host-searching strategies: an active strategy where females hover over ant trails to attack larvae carried by workers, and an ambush strategy where females hang from vegetation along trails to oviposit undetected.
parasitoidsantsichneumonidaehost-searching-behaviorovipositionant-parasitoidsJapanEuropeLasiusMyrmicaambush-strategyhovering-strategysocial-insect-parasitismspecialized-morphologyreduced-mouthpartsintraspecific-competitiondiurnal-activitysubgenus-specific-host-rangeevolutionary-arms-racenarrow-search-area-trade-offundetected-ovipositionvegetation-hanging-behaviorhind-leg-grippingant-trail-associationlarval-transport-exploitationdefensive-ant-responsesmandible-threatscapture-riskflight-limitationsgrass-perchinghead-down-postureworker-ant-interactionhost-parasitoid-coevolutionant-society-specializationthird-most-diverse-ant-parasitoid-groupPaxylommatinae-(former-name)Braconidae-(formerly-considered-part-of)separate-family-(formerly-considered)Hydnobius
round fungus beetles
Hydnobius is a genus of round fungus beetles in the family Leiodidae, comprising approximately seven described species. The genus was established by Schmidt in 1841 and is classified within the tribe Sogdini. Species in this genus are small beetles associated with fungal habitats. The genus has been recorded from northern and central Europe, with distributional data available for specific species such as H. punctulatus reaching its northernmost Central European limits in Slovakia.
Hydrocolus
Hydrocolus is a genus of small predaceous diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, subfamily Hydroporinae. The genus was erected in 2000 to accommodate several species previously placed in related genera, particularly Hydroporus. It contains approximately twelve described species distributed primarily in North America, with some species known from northern Europe. Species are associated with lentic and lotic freshwater habitats.
Hydromyza
Hydromyza is a genus of dung flies in the family Scathophagidae, established by Fallén in 1813. The genus contains at least three described species: H. confluens, H. glabra, and H. livens. Members of this genus are found in northern Europe, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As scathophagid flies, they are associated with dung habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited.
Hydrotaea armipes
Hydrotaea armipes is a species of muscid fly in the family Muscidae. It is known from Europe, with distribution records from Portugal (including Madeira and São Miguel Island), Denmark, and Norway. The genus Hydrotaea includes species associated with decomposing organic matter and animal feces. Some Hydrotaea species have been documented as predators of other fly larvae in manure habitats.
Hygrotus impressopunctatus
Hygrotus impressopunctatus is a small diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, first described by Schaller in 1783. It belongs to the subfamily Hydroporinae and is native to Europe. The species has been recorded in freshwater habitats. GBIF data indicate potential presence in North America and Southern Asia, though European distribution is best documented.
Hylaeus hyalinatus
Hairy masked bee
Hylaeus hyalinatus is a species of masked bee in the family Colletidae. It is native to Europe, including Great Britain, and has been introduced to North America where it is considered invasive. Like other members of genus Hylaeus, it is nearly hairless and wasp-like in appearance, with females transporting pollen and nectar internally rather than on body hairs.
Hylecoetus
ship-timber beetles
Hylecoetus is a genus of ship-timber beetles in the family Lymexylidae, historically noted for the European species Hylecoetus flabellicornis that infested wooden ship timbers. Adults are attracted to light and are primarily nocturnal. The genus belongs to a family whose evolutionary placement has shifted historically, now generally placed within Cucujiformia near Cleroidea and Cucujoidea, though some analyses suggest a position within Tenebrionoidea.
Hylemya partita
Hylemya partita is a species of root-maggot fly in the family Anthomyiidae, order Diptera. The species was described by Meigen in 1826. As a member of Anthomyiidae, it belongs to a family whose larvae typically develop in plant roots, seeds, or decaying organic matter, though specific life history details for this species remain poorly documented. It is recorded from parts of northern Europe including Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.