Chalcidoidea
Guides
Mymar
Mymar is a genus of fairyflies in the family Mymaridae, one of the most diverse families of Chalcidoidea. The genus contains approximately 10 described species. Fairyflies are among the smallest known insects, and members of this genus are egg parasitoids. The genus was established by Curtis in 1837 and has been subject to taxonomic revision, with nomenclatural changes published by Donev and Triapitsyn in 2010.
Neomymar
Neomymar is a genus of fairyflies (Mymaridae), among the smallest known insects. The genus was established by Crawford in 1913. Species within this genus are egg parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented compared to related genera such as Anagrus and Gonatocerus. The Nearctic species were revised by Triapitsyn, Berezovskiy and Huber in 2006, with three species described: N. komar, N. korsar, and N. zuparkoi. These species are known from California and Mexico.
Neorileya
Neorileya is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eurytomidae, subfamily Rileyinae. These micro-Hymenoptera are egg parasitoids of true bugs (Hemiptera), with documented hosts in Coreidae, Pentatomidae, and Reduviidae. The genus contains at least seven described species distributed across the New World from central California to Argentina. Neorileya species develop as endoparasitoids within host eggs, with some species causing significant mortality in agricultural pest populations.
Odontofroggatia
Odontofroggatia is a genus of non-pollinating fig wasps in the family Epichrysomallidae. The genus is associated with a narrow range of host fig species, specifically Ficus microcarpa and Ficus prasinicarpa. Members develop within fig fruits as parasitoids or inquilines. The genus was established by Ishii in 1934.
Oligositinae
Oligositinae is a subfamily of minute parasitoid wasps within the family Trichogrammatidae. Members are among the smallest known insects, with body lengths often under 0.5 mm. The subfamily was established by Viggiani in 1971, though with authorship dating to 1904. These wasps are characterized by reduced wing venation and simplified morphological features compared to other trichogrammatids. They are known primarily from preserved specimens, with limited biological data available.
Oligositini
Oligositini is a tribe of minute parasitoid wasps within the family Trichogrammatidae, established by Viggiani in 1971. Members of this tribe are classified in the subfamily Oligositinae. These chalcid wasps are among the smallest known insects, with most species measuring less than 1 mm in length. The tribe is distinguished by specific wing venation patterns and antennal structures that separate it from related trichogrammatid tribes.
Omphale
Omphale is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Alexander Henry Haliday in 1833. These tiny chalcidoid wasps are part of the diverse Entedoninae subfamily, which contains numerous species that parasitize other insects. The genus has a wide geographic distribution including Europe and Asia, with recent taxonomic work documenting multiple species from China. Like other eulophids, Omphale species are likely associated with vegetation where their hosts occur, though specific host relationships remain poorly documented for most species.
Oobius
Oobius is a genus of parasitic non-stinging wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Species are specialized egg parasitoids of wood-boring beetles, particularly in the family Buprestidae (jewel beetles) and Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles). The genus has gained significant attention due to the use of O. agrili as a biological control agent against the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) in North America. Oobius species are small, morphologically cryptic wasps that are often distinguished by subtle differences in antennal structure and tarsomere count. Several species exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction and undergo diapause to synchronize their life cycles with host availability.
Ooderidae
Ooderidae is a monotypic family of chalcidoid wasps containing the single genus Oodera. These wasps are parasitoids of wood-boring beetles, primarily in the families Buprestidae and Curculionidae. They are rarely collected using standard entomological methods and remain poorly known biologically.
Orasema
Orasema is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Eucharitidae containing at least 50 described species. These wasps are specialized parasitoids of myrmicine ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae), with documented hosts including Pheidole, Wasmannia, and Solenopsis. The genus is widespread in the New World, ranging from northern Argentina to southern Canada. Several species groups have been established based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, with the stramineipes group being the most diverse. Some species have been associated with minor agricultural damage when ovipositing into crop plant leaves.
Orasema castilloae
Orasema castilloae is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eucharitidae, described in 2020. It belongs to the Orasema tolteca species group, one of several species groups within the widespread New World genus Orasema. Members of this genus are specialized parasitoids of myrmicine ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). The species is known from the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
Orasema costaricensis
Orasema costaricensis is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Eucharitidae, first described by Wheeler & Wheeler in 1937. Like other members of the genus Orasema, it is likely a parasitoid of ant larvae, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented. The species name indicates its Costa Rican origin. Records from the Galápagos Islands suggest some dispersal capacity or potential human-mediated introduction.
Ormocerus
Ormocerus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae, subfamily Ormocerinae. The genus was established by Francis Walker in 1834. Species in this genus are known or suspected to be parasitoids of gall-forming insects, particularly cynipid gall wasps on oaks. At least one species, Ormocerus dirigoius, has been documented from Maine, United States.
Ormyridae
Ormyridae is a small family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Members are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of gall-forming insects, primarily cynipid wasps and tephritid flies. The family comprises approximately 153 species across three subfamilies (Asparagobiinae, Hemadinae, Ormyrinae) and several genera, with the majority in the genus Ormyrus. Ormyridae has a cosmopolitan distribution but is almost entirely absent from South America. Adults of many species exhibit iridescent coloration and distinctive metasomal sculpturing.
Ormyrus venustus
Ormyrus venustus is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Ormyridae, described by Hanson in 1992. Like other members of the genus Ormyrus, it is a parasitoid of gall-forming insects. The genus Ormyrus has been the subject of recent research revealing extensive cryptic species diversity, with morphologically identical populations often representing multiple genetically distinct species. O. venustus is known from scattered records across the United States including Arizona, California, Colorado, Maryland, and Massachusetts.
Oxysychus
Oxysychus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae, first described by Delucchi in 1956. Members belong to the tribe Pteromalini within the subfamily Pteromalinae. As with other pteromalids, these are likely small parasitoid wasps, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Palaeoneura
Palaeoneura is a genus of fairyflies (family Mymaridae) comprising eight described species. These minute parasitoid wasps are found in Northern America and Australia. The genus was established by Waterhouse in 1915, with Palaeoneura evanescens as the type species. Species have been described from 1915 to 2021, with recent taxonomic revisions by Triapitsyn.
Pentelicus
Pentelicus is a genus of parasitic wasps in the family Encyrtidae, subfamily Encyrtinae. The genus was established by Howard in 1895. Species in this genus are parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented in available literature. The genus is represented in museum collections including the UCR Encyrtidae collection, which holds specimens of Pentelicus aldrichi and additional undetermined Pentelicus species.
Perilampidae
perilampid wasps
Perilampidae is a family of small chalcidoid wasps comprising approximately 270 described species across 15 genera. Most species are hyperparasitoids, parasitizing other parasitoid larvae within host insects, though some function as primary parasitoids. The family is characterized by brilliant metallic coloration, robust body form, and a unique life history involving mobile first-instar larvae called planidia. Perilampidae is closely related to Eucharitidae, with which it shares the planidial larval stage and multidigitate labrum.
Perilampus
Perilampus is a genus of minute parasitic wasps in the family Perilampidae, ranging from 1.3–5.5 mm in length. Many species exhibit brilliant metallic green or blue coloration, though some are entirely black. The genus is notable for its complex hyperparasitic life cycle, involving a mobile planidium larva that actively seeks hosts. Approximately 260–277 species are recognized worldwide, with 36 species recorded from North America north of Mexico.
Perilampus auratus
Perilampus auratus is a minute parasitic wasp in the family Perilampidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), measuring 1.3–5.5 millimeters in length. The species exhibits brilliant metallic coloration typical of the genus. As a member of Perilampidae, it is a hyperparasitoid, with larvae that parasitize other parasitic insects. New country records have been documented in Romania and Turkey, expanding its known Palaearctic distribution.
Perilampus fulvicornis
Perilampus fulvicornis is a small parasitoid wasp in the family Perilampidae, first described by Ashmead in 1886. The species exhibits the characteristic perilampid biology of hyperparasitism, with larvae developing as parasites of other parasitic insects. Adults are known for their compact size and often brilliant metallic coloration typical of the family. The species has been recorded across a broad geographic range in North America.
Perilampus platigaster
A minute parasitic wasp in the family Perilampidae, measuring 1.3–5.5 mm in length. Many individuals display brilliant metallic green or blue coloration, though some are entirely black. The species is a hyperparasitoid, with larvae that parasitize other parasitic insects, typically tachinid flies, ichneumon wasps, or braconid wasps living inside caterpillars or other insect larvae. Females broadcast eggs on vegetation and bark; hatched planidium larvae actively seek hosts by attaching to moving objects.
Perilampus prothoracicus
Perilampus prothoracicus is a small parasitoid wasp in the family Perilampidae, measuring 1.3–5.5 mm in length. The species exhibits the family's characteristic hyperparasitic lifestyle, with larvae typically parasitizing other parasitoid insects. Females broadcast eggs on vegetation, and the resulting mobile planidium larvae actively seek hosts by attaching to moving objects.
Perilampus stygicus
Perilampus stygicus is a small parasitic wasp in the family Perilampidae, measuring 1.3–5.5 mm in length. It is a hyperparasitoid, with larvae that parasitize other parasitic insects such as tachinid flies, ichneumon wasps, or braconid wasps living inside caterpillars or other insect larvae. The species exhibits a distinctive triangular or inverted pyramid-shaped abdomen and short, strongly elbowed antennae that help distinguish it from similar-looking cuckoo wasps (Chrysididae).
Pnigalio
Pnigalio is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eulophidae containing nearly 100 described species, of which approximately half are considered valid. Species within this genus are parasitoids of other insects, with documented hosts including beetles, flies, hymenopterans, and lepidopterans. The genus exhibits considerable biological diversity: some species are ectoparasites, others are parasitoids, and some function as hyperparasitoids. Several species have been studied as biological control agents for agricultural pests, particularly leaf-mining insects.
Pnigalio minio
Pnigalio minio is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Walker in 1847. It is a small parasitoid wasp belonging to a genus known for attacking leaf-mining insects. The species has been recorded across multiple Canadian provinces. Like other eulophids, it likely plays a role in biological control of herbivorous insects.
Podagrion
Podagrion is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Torymidae that exclusively parasitize mantid egg cases (oothecae). Adults measure 2–3 mm and possess distinctive raptorial hind legs that mimic their mantis hosts, along with elongated ovipositors for penetrating oothecae. The genus exhibits a near-cosmopolitan distribution with strongest representation in Afrotropical, Neotropical, and Australasian regions. Podagrion demonstrates complex reproductive adaptations including multivoltine life cycles, phoretic oviposition behavior, and frequent sib-mating facilitated by limited dispersal.
Prochiloneurus
Prochiloneurus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, established by Silvestri in 1915. Species in this genus are primarily known as hyperparasitoids, attacking other parasitoids that develop within mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been documented from multiple continents including Africa, Asia, and the Americas, with recent new country records from China. Some species have been studied for their role in biological control systems, particularly in cassava mealybug management where they act as secondary parasitoids of primary parasitoids like Anagyrus lopezi.
Pseudanidorus bicolor
Pseudanidorus bicolor is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Encyrtidae. The genus Pseudanidorus belongs to the diverse chalcidoid wasp family Encyrtidae, which contains numerous species used in biological control programs. This species is represented in the University of California, Riverside (UCR) Encyrtidae collection, one of the largest and most important collections of this family worldwide.
Pseudochalcura
Pseudochalcura is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Eucharitidae, containing approximately 14 described species. All species are specialized parasitoids of ants (Formicidae). The genus is widespread in the New World, ranging from the Yukon and Alaska to northern Chile and Argentina.
Psilepyris californicus
Psilepyris californicus is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). The genus Psilepyris is a small group within the Encyrtidae, a family known for their role as biological control agents of scale insects and other hemipteran pests. The specific epithet 'californicus' indicates this species was described from California. Encyrtid wasps are typically minute, with most species under 5 mm in length, and are characterized by reduced wing venation and geniculate (elbowed) antennae. Like other members of its family, P. californicus likely functions as a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain undocumented in the provided sources.
Psyllaephagus
Psyllaephagus is a large genus of chalcid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, containing approximately 245–246 described species as of 2019, with greatest diversity in Australia (~100 described species, possibly ~1,000 total). The genus was established by William Harris Ashmead in 1900. Most species are primary parasitoids of psylloids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), with some secondary parasitoids. Three Australian species—P. pilosus, P. bliteus, and P. yaseeni—have been successfully deployed as biological control agents against invasive psylloids in California, Europe, Hawaii, and southeast Asia.
Pteromalini
Pteromalini is a tribe of chalcid wasps within the subfamily Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae). Members are small parasitoid wasps, part of the hyperdiverse superfamily Chalcidoidea. The tribe includes genera such as Miristhma, which contains rare and poorly collected species. Most biological details of the tribe remain undocumented.
Rhinusa neta
Rhinusa neta is a seed-feeding weevil in the family Curculionidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America as a biological control agent for invasive toadflax species. Adults are active from May to August. Larvae develop inside seed capsules of host plants, feeding on immature seeds. The complete development cycle from egg to adult averages approximately 60 days under standard laboratory conditions.
Rhytidothorax
Rhytidothorax is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, first described by Ashmead in 1900. The genus is part of the subfamily Encyrtinae within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Like other encyrtids, members of this genus are presumed to be parasitoids, though specific host associations and biological details remain poorly documented in available literature.
Rileyinae
Rileyinae is a subfamily of small wasps within Eurytomidae (Chalcidoidea), comprising parasitoids primarily associated with insect eggs and gall-formers. Members include the genus Neorileya, known as endoparasitoids of eggs from diverse Hemipteran families (Coreidae, Pentatomidae, Reduviidae) and even Tettigoniidae. The subfamily also includes Gatesina, a genus that parasitizes Eurytominae gall-formers in fruits of Myrtaceae. Rileyinae species are typically minute (2-3 mm), solitary, and part of the 'micro-Hymenoptera' fauna.
Signiphora merceti
Signiphora merceti is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Signiphoridae, a group of small parasitoid wasps. The species was described by Malenotti in 1917. Like other signiphorids, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host records for this species are not well documented. The genus Signiphora contains species associated with scale insects and other homopteran hosts.
Signiphoridae
Signiphoridae is a small family of parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea, containing approximately 80-88 extant species distributed across four genera: Chartocerus, Signiphora, Thysanus, and Clytina. These minute wasps function as both primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids, primarily associated with scale insects (Diaspididae), mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), and predatory insects that feed on these hemipteran pests. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution with species recorded across multiple continents including Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Recent taxonomic work has described new species from rainforest canopy habitats and documented new distributional records for previously known species.
Spalangia
Spalangia is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Spalangiidae (sometimes placed in Pteromalidae), comprising pupal parasitoids of filth flies. Species such as S. endius, S. cameroni, and S. nigroaenea are widely used as biological control agents against house flies (Musca domestica) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) in livestock and poultry operations. Females locate buried host pupae by burrowing through manure and decaying organic matter, while males remain near the surface to mate with emerging females.
Stemmatosteres
Stemmatosteres is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, established by Timberlake in 1918. The genus is characterized by reduced or absent wings in some species, as indicated by the species epithet *apterus* (wingless) in the type species *Stemmatosteres apterus*. The genus belongs to the subfamily Encyrtinae, a diverse group of chalcid wasps primarily known as parasitoids of scale insects and other Hemiptera. Records from the UCR Encyrtidae collection indicate at least two species are recognized, with specimens preserved both on points and on slides.
Tanaostigmatidae
Tanaostigmatidae is a small family of chalcidoid wasps comprising approximately 90 species in 9 genera. Unlike most chalcidoids, they are almost exclusively phytophagous rather than parasitoid, inducing galls in plant stems, leaves, or seeds. The family is primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Members are typically short, squat wasps with distinctive morphological features including a protruding prepectus and a strongly arched mesonotum that renders the pronotum nearly vertical.
Tanaostigmodes
Tanaostigmodes is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Tanaostigmatidae, established by Ashmead in 1896. Species in this genus exhibit diverse host associations with Fabaceae, including fruit-feeding and gall-inducing behaviors. Some species have reached pest status on cultivated legumes, while others induce distinct gall morphotypes on native plants. The genus is distributed across multiple continents including Asia and the Americas.
Tenuipetiolus ruber
Tenuipetiolus ruber is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eurytomidae, first described by Bugbee in 1951. The species is characterized by its slender petiole, as indicated by the genus name. It is known from multiple Canadian provinces including British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. Like other eurytomids, it is likely associated with plant tissues or other insects, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Tetracampidae
Tetracampidae is a small family of parasitic wasps within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, comprising approximately 44 species in 15 genera. These wasps are parasitoids of phytophagous insects, with most known hosts being flies (Diptera), particularly those that mine in plants. Some species also parasitize eggs of sawflies (Diprionidae) and beetles (Chrysomelidae, Cassididae). The family is predominantly distributed in the Old World, with species almost entirely absent from the New World. The biology of most species remains poorly studied.
Tetracnemoidea
Tetracnemoidea is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, subfamily Tetracneminae. Species in this genus are known primarily from association with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). The genus was established by Howard in 1898. Specimens have been collected from Australia, Brazil, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and other regions.
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
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Tetrastichinae is one of the largest subfamilies of Eulophidae, containing over 100 genera and nearly 3,000 species of minute chalcid wasps. Members exhibit exceptionally diverse biology: most are parasitoids attacking hosts across 10 insect orders and over 100 families, including nematodes, mites, and spider eggs. Some species are phytophagous (typically as inquilines in galls), gall formers, or inquilines. Endoparasitism predominates over ectoparasitism, with both solitary and gregarious forms known; gregarious species may produce over 2,000 individuals from a single host. Reproduction is often by thelytokous parthenogenesis, though arrhenotoky occurs in some taxa.
Torymus
Torymus is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Torymidae, established by Dalman in 1820. The genus contains over 400 species worldwide. Most species are ectoparasitoids of gall-forming insects, particularly gall wasps (Cynipidae) and gall midges (Cecidomyiidae). Several species have been studied for their role in biological control of agricultural pests.
Torymus atriplicis
Torymus atriplicis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Torymidae, described by Huber in 1927. The genus Torymus contains numerous species that parasitize insects developing within plant galls, including psyllids and gall wasps. Specific details regarding the biology and host associations of T. atriplicis remain poorly documented in available literature.