Cynipid
Guides
Callirhytis quercusagrifoliae
bud gall wasp
Callirhytis quercusagrifoliae, commonly known as the bud gall wasp, is a cynipid gall wasp that induces galls specifically on the flower buds of coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia) and interior live oaks (Quercus wislizeni). The species has been documented in California, North America. Like other cynipids, it manipulates plant tissue development through chemical secretions to create protective structures for its larvae.
Callirhytis quercuscornigera
Horned Oak Gall Wasp
Callirhytis quercuscornigera, the horned oak gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp that forms distinctive woody galls on oak twigs. The species exhibits complex heterogony—a cyclical parthenogenesis with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce different gall types on different oak tissues. The horned twig galls are large, woody structures with conspicuous horn-like projections through which adult wasps emerge. Heavy infestations have been documented to contribute to decline and mortality of pin oaks, particularly in urban and suburban settings.
Callirhytis quercusfutilis
Oak Wart Gall Wasp
Callirhytis quercusfutilis is a cynipid gall wasp known for inducing distinctive wart-like galls on white oak group oaks. The species exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating generations: an asexual generation that develops in scurfy bark at the base of host tree trunks or roots, and a sexual generation that produces leaf galls. The species is restricted to central and eastern North America and is specifically associated with oaks in the Quercus section Quercus (white oaks).
Callirhytis quercusgemmaria
Callirhytis quercusgemmaria is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on oak (Quercus) species. Like other members of the genus Callirhytis, this species has a complex life cycle involving alternating generations that produce different gall types on different parts of the host plant. The specific epithet 'quercusgemmaria' refers to its association with oak buds or gemmae. This species is part of the highly diverse oak gall wasp fauna of North America, where more than 1,300 cynipid species have been described, most with intimate host relationships with particular oak species.
Callirhytis quercusoperator
Woolly Catkin Gall Wasp
Callirhytis quercusoperator is a cynipid gall wasp that induces galls on oak catkins. The species exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating generations, a common trait among Cynipidae. The galls produced by this species are characterized by a woolly or fuzzy appearance on catkins of oak trees. First described by Osten Sacken in 1862, it remains an active subject of observation with over 1,000 records on iNaturalist.
Callirhytis quercuspunctata
Gouty Oak Gall Wasp
Callirhytis quercuspunctata, commonly known as the Gouty Oak Gall Wasp, is a cynipid gall wasp that induces gouty oak galls on oak trees. Like other members of the genus Callirhytis, this species has a complex life cycle involving alternating generations that produce distinct gall types on different oak tissues. The wasp manipulates oak growth through chemical secretions to create protective structures housing developing larvae. The species is associated with oaks (Quercus spp.) and has been documented across eastern North America.
Callirhytis rugulosa
Callirhytis rugulosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of this family, it induces the formation of galls on host plants, though specific gall morphology and host associations for this species are not well documented in available sources. The species belongs to a genus predominantly associated with oak galls.
Cynips mirabilis
Speckled Gall Wasp
Cynips mirabilis, commonly known as the speckled gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp native to western North America. The species induces distinctive galls on Oregon oak (Quercus garryana) leaves, with larvae developing inside detachable, speckled galls. It exhibits a complex life cycle involving multiple generations, a common trait among Cynipidae. The species was formerly placed in the genus Besbicus but has been reclassified under Cynips. It is one of the most frequently observed gall wasps in its range, with over 2,000 documented observations.
Cynips multipunctata
Gray Midrib Gall Wasp
Cynips multipunctata is a cynipid gall wasp that induces galls on oak trees, primarily blue oak (Quercus douglasii), in western North America. The species was formerly classified under the genus Besbicus. It is most commonly encountered in California, where it produces distinctive detachable galls on leaf midribs. The galls are solid except for a central larval chamber.
Diastrophus cuscutaeformis
blackberry seed gall wasp
Diastrophus cuscutaeformis is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces seed galls on Rubus species, particularly blackberries. The species is well-documented through iNaturalist observations, with 867 records contributing to its known distribution and phenology. As a cynipid wasp, it has a complex life cycle involving alternation between sexual and asexual generations, though specific details for this species remain incompletely described in published literature.
Diastrophus kincaidii
thimbleberry gallmaker wasp, thimbleberry gall wasp
Diastrophus kincaidii is a cynipid wasp that induces integral stem galls on thimbleberry plants (Rubus parviflorus). The galls form the basis of a complex derivative ecosystem, supporting a weevil and at least nine species of parasitic wasps. Females are flightless and exhibit communal oviposition behavior, with multiple females often ovipositing at the same site. Gall shape and size influence parasitism rates, with large, round, multilocular galls showing lower parasite frequency than small or narrow galls.
Diastrophus nebulosus
Blackberry Knot Gall Wasp
Diastrophus nebulosus is a cynipid gall wasp that induces compound stem galls on Rubus flagellaris. It exhibits arrhenotoky, the first reported instance of this reproductive mode for a Nearctic species in the genus Diastrophus. The species supports a complex community of parasitoids and inquilines, with heavy infestation reducing primary host populations to near zero in some colonies over 1-2 seasons.
Diastrophus turgidus
Diastrophus turgidus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Bassett in 1870. It is known to induce galls on brambles (Rubus species), particularly affecting the stems or fruits of raspberry and blackberry plants. The species is recorded from multiple provinces across central and eastern Canada. Like other members of the genus Diastrophus, it has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual generations, though specific details for this species remain poorly documented.
Diplolepis bicolor
spiny rose gall wasp, spiny bud gall wasp
Diplolepis bicolor is a cynipid gall wasp that induces bud galls on wild roses (Rosa spp.) across North America. The species produces distinctive spiny galls measuring 10–12 mm in diameter on rose buds. It exhibits the typical cynipid life cycle with alternating sexual and parthenogenetic generations. The galls superficially resemble those of Diplolepis polita but can be distinguished by their location on buds rather than leaves.
Diplolepis californica
leafy bract gall wasp
Diplolepis californica is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive club-shaped bud galls on wild roses (Rosa species) along the Pacific coast of North America. The species was originally described as Rhodites californicus by Beutenmüller in 1914 and later transferred to Diplolepis. Its galls are characterized by flat, leafy lobes projecting from the main gall body—structures that resemble aborted leaflets and distinguish this species from other rose gall wasps. Each gall contains multiple larval chambers, indicating communal development within a single gall structure.
Diplolepis rosae
Mossy Rose Gall Wasp, Rose Bedeguar Gall Wasp, Robin's Pincushion Gall Wasp
A gall-inducing wasp in the family Diplolepididae that forms distinctive mossy, pincushion-like galls on wild roses, primarily Rosa canina and Rosa arvensis. The species is notable for its predominantly parthenogenetic reproduction, with fewer than 5% males in most populations. Females lay up to 60 eggs in developing rose buds, inducing chemically-driven plant tissue distortion that creates the characteristic bedeguar gall. The wasp has been introduced to North America alongside cultivated roses.
Diplolepis spinosa
many-spined twig gall wasp
Diplolepis spinosa is a cynipid gall wasp native to North America that induces large, conspicuous, multichambered stem galls on wild and domestic roses. The species has been documented on Rosa blanda, Rosa acicularis, and Rosa rugosa, and has recently become established on domestic roses in central Canada. Its galls are among the most visible in grassland habitats across the continent. The wasp exhibits complex gall development involving eggs deposited in slits between leaf primordia near bud tips, with larvae inducing separate chambers within spherical stem galls.
Disholandricus truckeensis
Disholandricus truckeensis is a species of oak cynipid gall wasp in the tribe Cynipini. The species was originally described by Ashmead in 1896 as Holcaspis truckeensis and was transferred to the new genus Disholandricus in 2021. It is one of four species in the genus, which was established based on morphological and molecular data. As a member of Cynipini, it induces galls on oak species (Quercus).
Disholcaspis perniciosa
Disholcaspis perniciosa is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae, first described by Bassett in 1890. As a member of the genus Disholcaspis, it is part of a diverse group of oak-associated gall wasps found in North America. The genus is known for producing distinctive bullet-shaped or spherical galls on oak trees. Like other cynipids, this species likely exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and agamic (asexual) generations producing different gall types on their host plants.
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
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quercusglobulus
Round Bullet Gall Wasp
Disholcaspis quercusglobulus, commonly known as the round bullet gall wasp, is a species of cynipid gall wasp that forms distinctive round, detachable galls on oak twigs. Unlike many gall wasps that affect leaves, this species targets twigs of white oak and related species. The species exhibits an unusual reproductive strategy: all galls produce only female wasps, which emerge in fall and immediately lay eggs in twigs to produce the next generation without males. This parthenogenetic life cycle has been documented across multiple Disholcaspis species.
Disholcaspis quercusmamma
oak rough bulletgall wasp
Disholcaspis quercusmamma, the oak rough bulletgall wasp, is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive bullet-shaped galls on twigs of white oaks. The species exhibits an alternation of generations with sexual and asexual phases, each producing morphologically different galls. The fall bullet galls are large, conspicuous structures with a velvety surface and pointed apex, while spring galls are small and inconspicuous on leaf buds. This wasp possesses notably enlarged venom glands, with the venom reservoir occupying approximately one-third of abdominal volume, implicating venom compounds in gall induction.
Disholcaspis quercusvirens
Disholcaspis quercusvirens is a cynipid gall wasp that induces galls on live oak trees (Quercus virginiana). The species exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with distinct sexual and asexual phases. It is one of numerous oak-associated gall wasps in North America, with its biology and management studied in the context of ornamental and native live oak systems.
Disholcaspis spissa
Disholcaspis spissa is a gall-inducing wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Weld in 1957. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it induces galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific host associations for this species are not well documented in the provided sources. The species is part of a diverse radiation of cynipid wasps that manipulate plant growth to create protective structures for their developing larvae. Research on related Disholcaspis species indicates these wasps possess enlarged venom glands, implicating venom compounds in the induction of gall formation.
Druon laceyi
Druon laceyi is a cynipid gall wasp described in 2022 from Texas, USA. The species is placed in the genus Druon, which contains gall-forming wasps associated with oaks (Quercus). As a recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited. The species epithet honors botanist Robert Lacey.
Druon pattoni
Druon pattoni is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, found in the United States. It forms leaf galls on several oak species (Quercus chapmanii and Quercus stellata, with tentative records from Quercus margarettae and Quercus sinuata var. breviloba). Only the asexual generation is known; adults emerge from mature galls in October to November.
Druon quercusflocci
Druon quercusflocci is a Nearctic cynipid gall wasp that induces galls on oak trees (Quercus). The species was originally described by Walsh in 1864 as Cynips quercus flocci, later placed in Andricus, and transferred to the re-established genus Druon in 2022. It is known only from its asexual generation; no sexual generation has been documented.
Dryocosmus dubiosus
Two-horned Gall Wasp
Dryocosmus dubiosus is a cynipid gall wasp endemic to California, North America. It is an abundant species that induces distinctive galls on oak trees, specifically on leaves and catkins of coast live oaks and interior live oaks. The species is notable for the horn-like projections on its galls, which give rise to its common name.
Dryocosmus floridensis
A cynipid gall wasp native to Florida that induces galls on oaks. First described by Beutenmüller in 1917, this species belongs to a genus known for causing spherical or irregular galls on oak twigs and leaves. The species name reflects its geographic association with Florida.
Dryocosmus minusculus
Pumpkin Gall Wasp
Dryocosmus minusculus is an abundant cynipid wasp endemic to California. The species induces small, round galls on oak leaves, commonly called pumpkin galls. Adults emerge in spring after overwintering as larvae within galls. The species is strictly associated with three oak species in the region.
Dryocosmus quercusnotha
Furry Oak Leaf Gall Wasp
Dryocosmus quercusnotha is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Osten Sacken in 1870. It is commonly known as the Furry Oak Leaf Gall Wasp. The species induces characteristic galls on oak leaves. It belongs to a genus whose members are primarily associated with oak (Quercus) hosts.
Feron
oak gall wasps
Feron is a genus of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, established by Alfred Kinsey in 1937 and re-established in 2023. These wasps induce galls on oak trees (Quercus species) and are primarily distributed in the Nearctic region. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with some species previously placed in Feron now classified under Andricus. Members of this genus are part of the diverse community of gall-forming insects associated with oaks.
Feron amphorus
Feron amphorus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Weld in 1926. Like other members of this genus, it induces the formation of galls on oak species (Quercus). The species is part of a diverse radiation of cynipid wasps associated with North American oaks.
Feron atrimentum
Striped Volcano Gall Wasp
Feron atrimentum is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive galls on blue oak (Quercus douglasii) leaves. The species exhibits cyclical parthenogenesis with alternating sexual and parthenogenic generations, each producing morphologically distinct gall types. The common name refers to the volcano-shaped galls with red stripes produced by the parthenogenic generation.
Feron gigas
Saucer Gall Wasp
Feron gigas, the saucer gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp that induces distinct galls on oak leaves. It exhibits an alternating generation life cycle with morphologically different galls produced by all-female (agamic) and bisexual generations. The species is associated with several oak species in western North America and has been widely documented through citizen science observations.
Feron kingi
Red Cone Gall Wasp
Feron kingi is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive red, cone-shaped galls on white oak species (Quercus sect. Quercus). The detachable galls, approximately 5 mm tall, house parthenogenetic females and typically form in clusters on both leaf surfaces. Adults emerge from the tip of the cone in winter, an unusual seasonal pattern among cynipid wasps. The species was originally described as Andricus kingi by Bassett in 1900 before transfer to Feron.
Feron parmula
Disc Gall Wasp
Feron parmula, the disc gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp that induces distinctive disc-shaped galls on oak species, particularly white oaks and their hybrids. The galls are small, pale structures with red streaking, reaching up to 3 mm in diameter. Adult females emerge in April. The species has been documented on the Pacific coast of North America.
Feron pattersonae
Plate Gall Wasp
Feron pattersonae, the plate gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp that induces distinct galls on white oaks, particularly blue oak (Quercus douglasii). The species exhibits cyclical parthenogenesis with two alternating generations per year: an all-female parthenogenetic generation and a bisexual generation. Each generation produces morphologically different galls—flat, circular, plate-like galls in summer, and pointed capsule galls on hair-like stems later in the year. The bisexual generation's galls were originally described as a separate species, Andricus pedicellatus, by Alfred Kinsey in 1922.
Feron stellare
Sunburst Gall Wasp
Feron stellare is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus species). The species was originally described as Andricus stellaris by Weld in 1926 before being transferred to the genus Feron. It is known for producing sunburst-patterned galls that serve as both shelter and food source for developing larvae. The wasp exhibits the typical complex life cycle of many Cynipidae, often involving alternating sexual and asexual generations on different oak hosts or plant parts.
Feron tetyanae
Feron tetyanae is a cynipid gall wasp species described in 2023 by Melika. As a member of the family Cynipidae, it belongs to a group of wasps known for inducing plant galls during their reproductive cycle. The species is placed in the genus Feron, which contains gall wasps associated with oak hosts. The specific epithet honors Tetyana, likely recognizing a contributor to cynipid research.
Heteroecus sanctaeclarae
Mushroom Gall Wasp, Steeple Gall Wasp
Heteroecus sanctaeclarae is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive bud galls on oaks. The galls are bilobed, with the larval chamber located at the seam between the two sections. This species was first described by David T. Fullaway in 1911 under the name Callirhytis sanctae-clarae. It is primarily known from the Pacific coast of North America.
Holocynips badia
Holocynips badia is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, originally described by Bassett in 1900. It belongs to a genus of cynipid wasps that induce galls on oak plants. Like other members of Cynipidae, it is likely associated with oak hosts (Quercus spp.), though specific host records for this species are not well documented in available sources. The species is known from limited observations, with 15 records on iNaturalist suggesting it is rarely encountered or underreported.
Melikaiella fructuosa
Melikaiella fructuosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, a group known for inducing plant galls. The genus Melikaiella was established relatively recently and contains species associated with oak galls. This species has been documented through a small number of observations, suggesting it may be uncommon or underreported. As with other cynipids, its biology is intimately tied to specific host plants.
Neuroterus alexandrae
Neuroterus alexandrae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Nicholls and Melika in 2021. As a member of the genus Neuroterus, it induces distinctive galls on oak leaves. The genus Neuroterus is known for producing some of the most recognizable oak galls, including spangle galls and jumping galls.
Neuroterus aliceae
Neuroterus aliceae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described in 2021. Like other members of the genus Neuroterus, this species induces gall formation on oak leaves. The genus Neuroterus is known for creating distinctive leaf galls, including the jumping oak galls where larval movement can cause detached galls to move. This species is part of the diverse radiation of oak-associated cynipid wasps, with over 800 species of oak gall wasps documented in North America.
Neuroterus anthracinus
Oyster Gall Wasp
Neuroterus anthracinus is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that forms chemically induced leaf galls on oak trees. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and agamic (parthenogenetic) generations that produce two distinct gall types: the oyster gall and the April-bud gall. This wasp has been widely distributed across Europe and has been introduced to North America.
Neuroterus lamellae
Neuroterus lamellae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, a group renowned for inducing distinctive growths on oak plants. As a member of the genus Neuroterus, this species participates in the complex life cycles typical of cynipid wasps, often involving alternating generations between sexual and asexual forms on different oak tissues. The specific epithet "lamellae" suggests a structural feature, possibly referring to lamellate or plate-like elements of the gall or wasp morphology. Like other Neuroterus species, it is intimately associated with oak hosts (Quercus spp.) and contributes to the remarkable diversity of gall-forming insects in North America.
Neuroterus quercusbatatus
Oak potato gall, Potato gall wasp
Neuroterus quercusbatatus is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive potato-shaped galls on oak leaves. The species exhibits a complex life cycle involving alternating generations between leaf galls and other oak tissues. As a member of the diverse Neuroterus genus, it contributes to the remarkable gall-forming diversity associated with North American oaks. The species has been documented through hundreds of observations, indicating it is relatively common and widespread in suitable habitat.
Neuroterus quercusverrucarum
oak flake gall wasp
Neuroterus quercusverrucarum is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive galls on oak leaves. First described by Osten Sacken in 1861, this species is part of the diverse Neuroterus genus, which includes many oak-associated gall wasps with complex life cycles often involving alternating sexual and asexual generations. The species creates characteristic leaf galls that serve as both food source and protective nursery for developing larvae. Like other cynipid wasps, N. quercusverrucarum exhibits intricate ecological relationships with its oak hosts and associated parasitoid communities.
Neuroterus rileyi
Neuroterus rileyi is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, genus Neuroterus. Like other Neuroterus species, it induces characteristic galls on oak (Quercus) hosts. The genus Neuroterus is known for producing small, often disc-shaped or spangle galls on oak leaves, with some species exhibiting complex life cycles involving alternate generations on different oak tissues. Specific details about N. rileyi's gall morphology and biology remain limited in available sources.