Parasitoid
Guides
Dolichomitus pterelas
A parasitoid wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, characterized by an exceptionally long ovipositor used to reach host larvae concealed deep within wood. The species exhibits aposematic coloration with metallic blue-black body and golden-yellow wings. It is a solitary parasitoid of wood-boring insect larvae.
Dolichomitus pygmaeus
A small parasitoid wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. The species is known from limited records in California. As a member of the genus Dolichomitus, it likely possesses an elongated ovipositor adapted for reaching wood-boring insect larvae deep within tree trunks, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Dolichurus greenei
cockroach wasp
Dolichurus greenei is a species of cockroach wasp in the family Ampulicidae. It is a solitary hunting wasp that preys on cockroaches. The species was described by Rohwer in 1916 and is known from North America.
Doryctinae
doryctine wasps
Doryctinae is a large, diverse subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Braconidae, comprising over 2000 species in 198 genera. Members range from 1 to 25 mm and exhibit remarkable morphological diversity, including many flightless or wingless species. The subfamily is characterized by distinctive structural features including a cyclostome mouth and spines on the foreleg tibia. Most species are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae, though host associations vary considerably across the group.
Doryctinus
Doryctinus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Doryctinae. These wasps are part of a diverse group of koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack concealed hosts, particularly wood-boring beetle larvae. The genus was established by Roman in 1910 and remains poorly known, with limited species-level documentation and few observational records.
Dorylomorpha
Dorylomorpha is a genus of big-headed flies (family Pipunculidae) established by Aczél in 1939. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution across Eurasia and the Americas, with notable absence from the Afrotropics. It contains approximately 80 described species, with significant taxonomic work conducted on South American fauna. Two subgenera—Monticola and Paramuna—were recently described from the Neotropics alongside 11 new species.
Drepanoglossa
Drepanoglossa is a genus of tachinid flies established by Townsend in 1891. The genus contains at least three described species, all parasitoid flies that develop within other insects. These bristle flies are part of the diverse Tachinidae family, one of the largest families of Diptera. The genus name derives from Greek roots suggesting a hooked or sickle-shaped tongue or mouthpart structure.
Drino
Drino is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising parasitoid species that attack lepidopteran and other arthropod hosts. Species are primarily endoparasitoids, with larvae developing within host haemocoels. Several species exhibit distinctive biological traits including ovolarviparity (larviparity), gregarious development, and sophisticated immune evasion mechanisms. The genus has been recorded across Europe, Asia, and North America, with individual species showing varying degrees of host specificity from generalist to specialist parasitoids.
Dryinidae
Pincer Wasps
Dryinidae is a cosmopolitan family of solitary wasps comprising over 1900 described species across 11-15 subfamilies and 50-57 genera. The family name derives from the Greek 'drys' (oak), as the first species was collected on an oak tree in Spain. Adults are small to medium-sized wasps (0.9-13 mm) with distinctive morphological features including a constricted 'wasp waist,' 10-segmented antennae, and often pronounced sexual dimorphism. The larvae are obligate parasitoids of nymphs and adults of Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers, planthoppers, and cicadas).
Dryinus
pincer wasps
Dryinus is a cosmopolitan genus of dryinid parasitic wasps comprising over 340 fossil and extant species, making it the most diverse genus in the subfamily Dryininae. Species are distributed worldwide, with 103 species reported from the Neotropics alone. These wasps are ectoparasitoids of Hemiptera, particularly planthoppers and related groups. Females exhibit sexual dimorphism with a distinctive chelate (pincer-like) protarsus used in host capture.
Dryocosmus quercuslaurifoliae
Dryocosmus quercuslaurifoliae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Species in this genus are associated with oak trees (Quercus), inducing the formation of galls on various plant tissues. The specific epithet "quercuslaurifoliae" indicates an association with Quercus laurifolia, the laurel oak.
Dufouriini
Dufouriini is a tribe of tachinid flies comprising approximately 51 species across 13 genera, with worldwide distribution. Members are small, dark-colored parasitoids specializing in adult beetles (Coleoptera), particularly Chrysomelidae. Females possess highly modified terminalia adapted for introducing larvae directly into host beetles. The tribe's systematic position has been historically contentious, having been placed in Phasiinae, Voriinae, and as a subfamily before current placement in Dexiinae; recent phylogenetic analyses support its monophyly and distinct tribal status.
Dusona
Dusona is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Campopleginae, with 442 described species. It is the most species-rich genus in its subfamily and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Members are morphologically distinctive within Campopleginae and primarily parasitize Lepidopteran larvae.
Dusona wyomingensis
Dusona wyomingensis is a species of ichneumonid wasp described by Viereck in 1906. The genus Dusona comprises parasitoid wasps, with most species targeting Lepidoptera larvae as hosts. This species is known from scattered records in western Canada, including Alberta and Saskatchewan. Published biological information specific to this species is limited.
Duta
Duta is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Scelionidae, first described by Nixon in 1933. Members of this genus belong to the superfamily Platygastroidea, a group of small wasps that primarily parasitize insect eggs. The genus is part of the subfamily Scelioninae, which contains numerous genera of egg parasitoids with significant ecological importance in biological control.
Duta virginiensis
A species of parasitoid wasp in the family Scelionidae, order Hymenoptera. Members of this family are typically egg parasitoids of various insects, though specific biological details for this species remain undocumented in available sources. The genus Duta belongs to the superfamily Platygastroidea, a group of small wasps characterized by reduced wing venation and often associated with concealed host habitats.
Ecclitura
Ecclitura is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described by Kokujev in 1902. Members of this genus belong to the large and diverse subfamily Microgastrinae or related groups within Braconidae. The genus is poorly documented in modern literature, with extremely limited observational records—only one observation has been recorded on iNaturalist. As with other braconid genera, species likely function as koinobiont or idiobiont parasitoids of larval insects.
Ecliminae
Ecliminae is a subfamily of Bombyliidae (bee flies) containing genera distributed across the New World and Australasian/Oceanian regions. The genus Lepidophora is restricted to the New World with eight species, while Marmasoma is endemic to Australia. At least some species exhibit parasitic life histories, with immature stages developing in hymenopteran hosts.
Ectromatopsis americana
Ectromatopsis americana is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Encyrtidae, a large and diverse family within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The species was described by Howard in 1898. As with other encyrtid wasps, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations and biological details remain poorly documented in published literature. The genus Ectromatopsis is relatively obscure, with limited species-level information available.
Eiphosoma
Eiphosoma is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Cremastinae, established by Cresson in 1865. Species in this genus are larval endoparasitoids primarily associated with noctuid moth larvae, particularly the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for agricultural pests, with E. vitticolle and E. laphygmae receiving particular attention for their potential in integrated pest management. The genus exhibits a New World distribution centered in the Neotropics, with documented species from Cuba, Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, and Costa Rica.
Elachertus
Elachertus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species within this genus are primarily larval ectoparasitoids of Lepidoptera, with documented associations on hosts including tortricid, geometrid, syntomid, and gelechiid moths. Several species have been studied for their potential in biological control of forest and agricultural pests. The genus exhibits variation in life history strategies, with most species being idiobiont ectoparasitoids, though at least one species (E. scutellatus) has been reported as koinobiont.
Elampus nitidus
Elampus nitidus is a species of cuckoo wasp in the family Chrysididae, a group of parasitoid wasps known for their metallic coloration and kleptoparasitic lifestyle. The species belongs to the genus Elampus, which contains approximately 18 species distributed across North America. Members of this genus are known to parasitize the nests of other solitary wasps, particularly those in the family Crabronidae.
Elasmosoma
Elasmosoma is a small genus of ant-parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Euphorinae, tribe Neoneurini. Species are minute, typically under 2.0 mm in length, and are specialized endoparasites of adult Formicidae ants. Females attack host workers in flight, alighting briefly to oviposit into the abdomen. The genus comprises approximately 13 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from Europe, Asia, and North America. The host-parasite association represents a well-balanced system that has persisted for at least 40 million years.
Elasmosoma michaeli
Elasmosoma michaeli is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, described by Shaw in 2007. It belongs to a genus of small wasps that attack ants. The genus Elasmosoma is part of the subfamily Euphorinae, tribe Neoneurini, which are specialized ant parasitoids.
Elasmosoma schwarzi
Elasmosoma schwarzi is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, subfamily Euphorinae, described by Ashmead in 1895. The genus Elasmosoma comprises ant parasitoids, with females depositing eggs inside adult ant workers. E. schwarzi is native to the southwestern United States, where it has been documented in Texas. Like other members of the genus, it exhibits specialized adaptations for attacking ants, which are highly defensive hosts.
Elasmus
Elasmus is a genus of chalcid wasps containing over 200 species worldwide. It is the sole member of the subfamily Elasminae (formerly family Elasmidae), though some authorities now place it within Eulophinae. Species are primarily parasitoids or hyperparasitoids, with documented hosts including lepidopteran larvae and larvae of Polistes paper wasps.
Elasmus polistis
Elasmus polistis is a minute parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Burks in 1971. It is an ectoparasitoid specializing on the brood of paper wasps in the genus Polistes. The species has been documented attacking prepupae and pupae inside host nests, entering despite defensive behaviors by adult wasps. It has been recorded from the United States and Brazil, with confirmed host associations including multiple Polistes species.
Elenchus
Planthopper Twistwing Parasites
Elenchus is a genus of parasitic insects in the family Elenchidae, order Strepsiptera. These insects are commonly known as planthopper twistwing parasites, reflecting their host associations and their membership in the twisted-wing parasite group. The genus was established by Curtis in 1831. Strepsipterans in this genus exhibit the extreme sexual dimorphism characteristic of the order: adult males are free-living with reduced wings and halteres, while females are endoparasitic and remain within their hosts.
Elenchus koebelei
Elenchus koebelei is a species of twisted-wing parasite in the family Elenchidae. It is a parasitoid of Prokelisia, a genus of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. The species has been documented in Florida salt marshes. As a member of Strepsiptera, it exhibits the extreme sexual dimorphism and endoparasitic lifestyle characteristic of this order.
Eloceria nigra
Eloceria nigra is a species of tachinid fly in the family Tachinidae. The species was described by Coquillett in 1902 and is classified within the tribe Loewiini, subfamily Tachininae. Tachinid flies are parasitoids, with larvae typically developing inside other insects. The specific biology and host associations of E. nigra remain poorly documented in available literature.
Embolemidae
Embolemidae is a small family of solitary parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea, comprising approximately 70 extant species in 2 genera (Embolemus and Ampulicomorpha, the latter sometimes treated as a junior synonym). The family exhibits striking sexual dimorphism: females are wingless and ant-mimicking, while males possess wings. Known biology is limited, but documented hosts include planthopper nymphs in the families Achilidae and Cixiidae. The family has a global distribution with fossil records extending to the Early Cretaceous.
Embolemus
Embolemus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Embolemidae, first described by Westwood in 1833. The genus contains approximately 32 extant species and numerous fossil species preserved in amber deposits from the Cretaceous and Eocene periods. Taxonomic debate persists regarding the status of Ampulicomorpha, which most authorities now treat as a junior synonym of Embolemus. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with records from Europe, Asia, and other regions.
Embolemus nearcticus
Embolemus nearcticus is a small parasitoid wasp in the family Embolemidae, a group of rarely encountered insects with distinctive wing reduction in females. The species is known from very few observations in North America, reflecting both its cryptic habits and the general scarcity of its family. Embolemidae are understudied, and most species are known from scattered records. E. nearcticus contributes to the limited documented diversity of this family in the Nearctic region.
Enarmonia formosana
cherry-bark moth, cherry bark tortrix, cherrybark tortrix
A small tortricid moth native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, with introduced populations in North America. Adults are active from May to October in temperate regions. Larvae tunnel beneath bark of mature Rosaceae trees, producing reddish frass at tunnel entrances. The species serves as host for multiple hymenopterous parasitoids in Europe and is managed using synthetic sex pheromones in North America.
Encarsia
Encarsia is a large genus of minute parasitic wasps in the family Aphelinidae, comprising approximately 400–473 described species with worldwide distribution. The genus exhibits complex morphological variation that complicates species-level identification. Many species are economically important biological control agents used in greenhouse and agricultural settings against whiteflies and scale insects.
Encarsia citrina
Encarsia citrina is a minute parasitoid wasp in the family Aphelinidae that serves as an important biological control agent of armored scale insects. The species attacks multiple scale hosts including euonymus scale (Unaspis euonymi), greedy scale (Hemiberlesia rapax), and Fiorinia externa. Research has demonstrated that pesticide applications can significantly reduce parasitoid populations and disrupt biological control services. The species exhibits temperature-dependent searching efficiency and host age preference in its foraging behavior.
Encarsia nigricephala
Encarsia nigricephala is a parasitoid wasp species in the family Aphelinidae, described by Dozier in 1937. The species name refers to its dark (black) head. Like other members of the genus Encarsia, it is likely a parasitoid of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), though specific host records for this species are not well documented in the available literature. The species has been recorded from the southeastern United States (Florida, Georgia, Maryland), the Caribbean (Martinique), and South America (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
Encyrtidae
Encyrtidae is a large family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea, comprising approximately 3,710 described species in about 455 genera. The family is distinguished by distinctive wing venation patterns, forward-migrated cerci on the metasoma with accompanying tergite distortion, and an enlarged mesopleuron with anteriorly positioned mesocoxae. Most species are primary parasitoids of Hemiptera, particularly scale insects, mealybugs, and psyllids, though host associations span multiple insect orders and even include ticks. Encyrtidae are globally distributed across virtually all terrestrial habitats and are among the most important biological control agents used in agriculture.
Encyrtinae
Encyrtinae is a large subfamily of parasitoid wasps within the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Members are primarily endoparasitoids of insect eggs and immature stages, with documented hosts including hemipterans (pentatomoid bugs, whiteflies, scale insects), lepidopterans, cockroaches, and even ticks (genus Ixodiphagus). The subfamily contains over 300 genera and is distributed worldwide. Several species have been deployed or have arrived adventively as biological control agents of agricultural and urban pests.
Encyrtus
Encyrtus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, containing approximately 96 described species. These small chalcidoid wasps are specialized parasitoids of soft scale insects (Coccidae), playing important roles in regulating scale populations in both natural and urban ecosystems. Several species have been studied for their potential use in biological control of scale insect pests.
Encyrtus aurantii
Encyrtus aurantii is a parasitoid wasp in the family Encyrtidae, first described by Geoffroy in 1785. It belongs to a genus of chalcidoid wasps known for attacking scale insects and other homopteran pests. The species is documented in museum collections and taxonomic databases, with records from multiple continents. Like other encyrtids, it likely functions as a biological control agent of scale insect populations, though specific host associations require further verification.
Enicospilus
Enicospilus is a megadiverse genus of large ichneumonid wasps comprising over 700 described species worldwide. Members exhibit 'ophionoid facies' with orange-brown bodies, extremely large ocelli arranged in a triangle, and long antennae. These wasps are unusual among Hymenoptera for their nocturnal or crepuscular activity and strong attraction to artificial lights. They are koinobiont endoparasitoids of moderately large lepidopteran larvae, including families such as Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, and Saturniidae. Species delimitation is notoriously difficult due to limited diagnostic morphological characters, resulting in frequent taxonomic confusion including synonyms and misidentifications.
Enicospilus americanus
A member of the Enicospilus americanus species complex in the family Ichneumonidae. This parasitoid wasp is one of seven species in the complex recognized from eastern North America. The species was originally described by Christ in 1791 and remains taxonomically valid.
Enicospilus cubensis
A species of ichneumon wasp in the genus Enicospilus, described from Cuba in 1863. Belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, a diverse group of parasitoid wasps. The genus Enicospilus contains numerous species distributed across various regions, with E. cubensis being one of the few species with a documented Caribbean distribution. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to be a koinobiont parasitoid, though specific host relationships for this species remain undocumented.
Enicospilus flavostigma
Enicospilus flavostigma is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae, first described by Hooker in 1912. Like other members of its genus, it is a nocturnal parasitoid wasp with a uniformly orange or reddish-orange coloration. The species belongs to a group of large, gangly ichneumon wasps characterized by long antennae, prominent ocelli arranged in a triangle on the head, and reduced or very short ovipositors. Enicospilus species are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae.
Enicospilus guatemalensis
Enicospilus guatemalensis is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, originally described from Guatemala. The genus Enicospilus belongs to the subfamily Ophioninae, characterized by large, gangly wasps that are often uniformly orange in color with long antennae, large ocelli arranged in a triangle on the head, and very short or nearly absent ovipositors. Species in this genus are nocturnal and frequently attracted to artificial lights.
Enicospilus peigleri
Enicospilus peigleri is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae, described by Gauld in 1988. It belongs to a genus of nocturnal parasitoid wasps characterized by large ocelli, long antennae, and typically uniform orange coloration. Like other Enicospilus species, it is attracted to artificial light sources at night. The species is part of a diverse genus with wide geographic distribution, though specific details about E. peigleri remain limited in published literature.
Enicospilus purgatus
Ophionine ichneumon wasp
Enicospilus purgatus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae. It is a large, gangly wasp typically orange in coloration with long antennae and large ocelli arranged in a triangle on the head. Unlike the related genus Netelia, E. purgatus has a very short ovipositor that is often not readily visible. The species is nocturnal and frequently attracted to artificial lights. It is a solitary parasitoid wasp with females capable of stinging when handled.
Enizemum
Enizemum is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, established by Förster in 1869. Species are distributed across Europe and North America, with at least five described species including the type species Enizemum ornatum (Gravenhorst, 1829). Like other ichneumonids, these wasps are parasitoids that develop by feeding on host insects.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
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