Oak-gall

Guides

• Callirhytis piperoides

  Callirhytis piperoides is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces gall formation on oak hosts (Quercus species). The species was described by Bassett in 1900. As with many Cynipidae, it exhibits a complex life cycle involving alternating generations that may produce different gall types on different plant tissues.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallHymenopteraNorth-America

• Callirhytis pulchra

  Callirhytis pulchra is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Bassett in 1890. Like other members of its genus, this species induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the complex life cycles typical of Cynipidae, often involving alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce different gall types on different plant tissues. As an oak specialist, it contributes to the remarkable diversity of gall-forming insects associated with this tree genus in North America.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeparthenogenesisplant-manipulationNorth-America

• Callirhytis quercusagrifoliae

  bud gall wasp

  Callirhytis quercusagrifoliae, commonly known as the bud gall wasp, is a cynipid gall wasp that induces galls specifically on the flower buds of coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia) and interior live oaks (Quercus wislizeni). The species has been documented in California, North America. Like other cynipids, it manipulates plant tissue development through chemical secretions to create protective structures for its larvae.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallbud-gallCalifornia-endemic

• Callirhytis quercusbatatoides

  Southern Live Oak Stem Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis quercusbatatoides is a cynipid gall wasp that induces stem galls on Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) and related oak species. The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of many oak gall wasps, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce morphologically distinct galls. The specific epithet 'quercusbatatoides' references the gall's resemblance to a sweet potato (batata). The species is well-documented in the southeastern United States where its host oaks are native.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallstem-gallQuercusalternating-generationssoutheastern-USlive-oakparasitoid-hostplant-insect-interaction

• Callirhytis quercusfutilis

  Oak Wart Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis quercusfutilis is a cynipid gall wasp known for inducing distinctive wart-like galls on white oak group oaks. The species exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating generations: an asexual generation that develops in scurfy bark at the base of host tree trunks or roots, and a sexual generation that produces leaf galls. The species is restricted to central and eastern North America and is specifically associated with oaks in the Quercus section Quercus (white oaks).

  gall-waspoak-gallcynipidheterogonywhite-oakleaf-gallbark-gall

• Callirhytis quercusgemmaria

  Callirhytis quercusgemmaria is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on oak (Quercus) species. Like other members of the genus Callirhytis, this species has a complex life cycle involving alternating generations that produce different gall types on different parts of the host plant. The specific epithet 'quercusgemmaria' refers to its association with oak buds or gemmae. This species is part of the highly diverse oak gall wasp fauna of North America, where more than 1,300 cynipid species have been described, most with intimate host relationships with particular oak species.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallheterogonyparthenogenesisplant-insect-interaction

• Callirhytis quercusmodesta

  Callirhytis quercusmodesta is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species induces galls on oaks (Quercus spp.) as part of its life cycle. Like other members of the genus Callirhytis, it exhibits heterogony, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce morphologically distinct galls. The species is known from the central United States.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoak-gallheterogonymissouriprairiemidwesthymenopterainquilineparasitoid-host

• Callirhytis quercusoperator

  Woolly Catkin Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis quercusoperator is a cynipid gall wasp that induces galls on oak catkins. The species exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating generations, a common trait among Cynipidae. The galls produced by this species are characterized by a woolly or fuzzy appearance on catkins of oak trees. First described by Osten Sacken in 1862, it remains an active subject of observation with over 1,000 records on iNaturalist.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallheterogonycatkin-gallHymenoptera

• Callirhytis quercuspunctata

  Gouty Oak Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis quercuspunctata, commonly known as the Gouty Oak Gall Wasp, is a cynipid gall wasp that induces gouty oak galls on oak trees. Like other members of the genus Callirhytis, this species has a complex life cycle involving alternating generations that produce distinct gall types on different oak tissues. The wasp manipulates oak growth through chemical secretions to create protective structures housing developing larvae. The species is associated with oaks (Quercus spp.) and has been documented across eastern North America.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallgouty-gallparthenogenesisheterogony

• Callirhytis quercussuttoni

  Gouty Stem Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis quercussuttoni is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on stems of oaks in the red oak group (section Lobatae). The species is restricted to the west coast of North America, where it has been documented on coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and interior live oak (Q. wislizeni). Its common name refers to the swollen, irregular galls it produces on host stems.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallstem-gallPacific-coastQuercus

• Callirhytis quercusventricosa

  Callirhytis quercusventricosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, known for inducing galls on oaks (Quercus). The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of Cynipini, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce distinct gall morphologies on different oak tissues. It is one of numerous oak-galling species in the large genus Callirhytis.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeheterogonyNorth-America

• Callirhytis rugulosa

  Callirhytis rugulosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of this family, it induces the formation of galls on host plants, though specific gall morphology and host associations for this species are not well documented in available sources. The species belongs to a genus predominantly associated with oak galls.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallhymenopterainsectaarthropodaanimaliacynipidaecallirhytisparasitoidplant-parasitegall-former

• Callirhytis seminator

  Wool Sower, Wool Sower Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis seminator, commonly known as the wool sower, is a gall wasp that induces distinctive cotton-like galls on white oak trees. The species exhibits a complex alternating life cycle involving two different gall types, though the alternate gall form remains unidentified. Adults are small, dark brown wasps approximately 3 mm in length. The species poses no threat to humans or oak tree health.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallalternating-generationswhite-oakHymenoptera

• Callirhytis seminosa

  Callirhytis seminosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, this species induces galls on oak hosts (Quercus spp.). The genus Callirhytis is known for forming distinct galls on oaks, with different species typically associated with specific oak species or gall morphologies. The specific epithet "seminosa" suggests a possible association with seed or acorn-related structures, though this remains speculative without direct observation.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopterainquilineparasitoidgall-induceroakquercusnorth-america

• Callirhytis serricornis

  kernel flower gall wasp

  Callirhytis serricornis is a cynipid gall wasp endemic to California that induces distinct bottle- or vase-shaped galls on oak trees. The species exhibits alternating generations with different gall phenotypes: first-generation galls are brown, while second-generation galls are red and green. It is restricted to two host oak species in the western United States.

  gall-waspCynipidaeCalifornia-endemicoak-gallheterogonyQuercus-agrifoliaQuercus-wislizeni

• Callirhytis tubicola

  Callirhytis tubicola is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces galls on oak trees. The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of oak gall wasps, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce distinct gall morphologies on different oak tissues.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeHymenopteraCallirhytis

• Carmenta querci

  Carmenta querci is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, described by Henry Edwards in 1882. The species is known from the southwestern United States, specifically Colorado and Arizona. Larvae develop within galls on oaks, with documented associations to Quercus arizonica and Quercus oblongifolia. As a member of the Carmenta genus, it exhibits the transparent wings and wasp-mimicking appearance typical of sesiid moths.

  Sesiidaeclearwing-mothoak-gallQuercusArizonaColoradoNearctic

• Ceroptres

  Ceroptres is a genus of gall wasps in the tribe Ceroptresini (Cynipidae). The genus includes 43 described species, of which 40 are known from North America. Ceroptres species are inquilines: they do not induce their own galls but instead oviposit into galls formed by other organisms. Host galls are primarily those induced by other gall wasps (Cynipini), though some species use galls formed by gall midges (Cecidomyiidae). Species are host specialists, typically associated with a single host gall species or with several phylogenetically or ecologically related galls.

  gall-waspinquilineCynipidaeCeroptresiniNorth-Americahost-specialistcecidomyiidCynipinioak-gall

• Ceroptresini

  Ceroptresini is a tribe of inquiline gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, containing two genera: Ceroptres (with 43 species) and Buffingtonella (with one species). First established as a tribe in 2015, these wasps are predominantly found in North America, though some species occur in the Eastern Palearctic and Oriental regions. Members of this tribe do not induce their own galls but instead inhabit galls created by other cynipid wasps, primarily on oaks (Quercus spp.), with some species reared from cecidomyiid midge galls.

  gall-waspinquilineoak-gallCynipidaeHymenopteraNearcticagastoparasitism

• Contarinia undescribed-species-on-oak

  An undescribed species of gall midge in the genus Contarinia (family Cecidomyiidae) that induces galls on oak (Quercus). Members of this genus are small, delicate flies whose larvae develop within plant tissue, causing characteristic gall formations. This particular species awaits formal taxonomic description.

  undescribed-speciesgall-midgeoak-gallContariniaCecidomyiidae

• Cynipoidea

  Gall Wasps and Allies

  Cynipoidea is a superfamily of small wasps comprising approximately 3,000 described species across seven extant families, with many undescribed species estimated. The group exhibits diverse life histories: while the family Cynipidae (gall wasps) are phytophagous and induce plant galls, the majority of species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of other insects. The superfamily is taxonomically challenging, with family-level identification historically difficult until the publication of a comprehensive illustrated key in 2020.

  parasitoidgall-formerhyperparasitoidbiological-controloak-forestinquilinealternation-of-generationsundescribed-diversityreduced-wing-venationHymenopteraApocritaecosystem-engineerplant-manipulationforest-insectagricultural-pest-controlDrosophila-suzukiiaphid-hyperparasitoidwood-borer-parasitoiddung-breeding-fly-parasitoidtaxonomic-keygall-communitynutrient-cyclingphenologysexual-dimorphismparthenogenesiskoinobiontidiobiontPalaearctic-diversityNearctic-diversityMediterranean-hotspotoak-gallrosinweed-gallgoldenrod-gallintroduced-speciesadventive-faunaNew-Zealand-faunaTurkish-faunabroadleaf-forestprairie-habitatagricultural-systemsoft-fruit-pestintegrated-pest-managementbiocontrol-agentextension-entomologymicrohymenopteramorphological-keycouplet-identificationmetasomal-fusionpetiole-reductionglossy-integumentcompressed-bodyprognathous-headflagellomere-reductionnotauli-reductionpterostigma-presencehamuli-presenceovipositor-structurehypopygium-developmentlarval-chamberlocularity-formationhost-genome-exploitationroom-service-nutritiondefensive-immune-suppressionSWD-biocontroleucoiline-waspcharipine-hyperparasitoidanacharitine-parasitoidemarginine-parasitoidfigitine-parasitoidibaliine-parasitoidliopterine-parasitoiddiplolepidine-gall-formerpediaspine-gall-formeraulacideine-gall-formeraylacine-gall-formerceroptresine-inquilinecynipine-gall-formerdiastrophine-gall-formereschatocerine-gall-formerphanacidine-gall-formerqwaqwaiine-gall-formersynergine-inquilineBeringian-biogeographyEocene-forest-separationclimate-change-habitat-shiftphenological-form-associationearly-oak-phenoformlate-oak-phenoformQuercus-robur-gall-communityQuercus-cerris-gall-communityQuercus-ilex-gall-communityAsteraceae-gall-formerEucalyptus-gall-formerRosaceae-gall-formerFagaceae-gall-formerBrevicoryne-brassicae-hyperparasitoidAphidiinae-hyperparasitoidAphelinus-hyperparasitoidOphelimus-parasitoidMikeius-parasitoidAntistrophus-gall-formerNeuroterus-gall-formerAndricus-gall-formerCynips-gall-formerDiplolepis-gall-formerCallirhytis-gall-formerSaphonecrus-inquilineSynergus-inquilineLithosaphonecrus-inquilineCerroneuroterus-gall-formerParaganaspis-parasitoidTriplasta-parasitoidConeucoela-parasitoidAlloxysta-hyperparasitoidPhaenoglyphis-hyperparasitoidXyalaspis-adventiveGanaspis-adventiveThoreauella-adventiveAnacharis-nativeKleidotoma-nativeTrybliographa-groupKleidotoma-groupGronotoma-groupRhoptromeris-groupGanaspis-groupChrestosema-groupZaeucoila-groupAfrotropical-lineageNeotropical-lineageleaf-mining-agromyzid-parasitoidagromyzid-parasitoidcabbage-aphid-hyperparasitoidbovine-dung-dipteran-parasitoidcattle-dung-parasitoidpasture-ecosystem-serviceforest-biodiversity-indicatorcollection-based-taxonomymolecular-phylogeneticscladistic-analysisimplied-weights-parsimonyskeletal-character-codingdigital-image-databaseInternet-accessible-databasehigher-level-phylogenygeneric-classification-revisiongenus-group-systeminformal-genus-groupssynapomorphy-discussionhost-parasitoid-coevolutionevolutionary-radiationtropical-parasitoid-diversitybiodiversity-documentationscientific-nomenclatureetymological-analysishost-based-species-naminggeographic-namingmorphological-namingdedication-namingtaxonomic-communicationbiodiversity-informaticsfaunistic-surveynew-country-recordnew-provincial-recordnew-genus-recordnew-species-descriptionspecies-redescriptiondichotomous-key-constructioncharacter-coupletillustrated-identificationmicroscope-photographyspecimen-imagingstudent-tested-keyexpert-consultationproofed-keyextension-entomology-applicationstakeholder-educationforest-managementfarm-managementfield-managementecosystem-service-valuationfuture-policy-implementationmicrohymenopteran-collectiondiagnostic-indicator-applicationobjective-setting-for-conservationclimate-change-monitoringhabitat-fragmentation-responseoak-stand-compositionurban-oak-forestnursery-oak-cultivationgeomorphic-topographic-structure-influencespecies-richness-patterndistribution-mappinghost-plant-documentationgall-morphology-documentationseasonal-gall-collectionmulti-year-field-studyprovince-level-inventoryregional-fauna-characterizationcountry-level-checklistglobal-fauna-overviewadventive-species-dominancedeliberate-introduction-historybiological-control-introductionnative-species-rarityendemic-species-presencecollection-revisiontype-specimen-examinationreared-specimen-basisdiagnosis-illustrationdistribution-data-compilationhost-relation-discussionbiology-documentationnatural-history-summarytaxonomic-overview-provisionfaunal-knowledge-gap-identificationresearch-accessibility-improvemententry-barrier-reductioncool-thing-discovery-enablement

• Cynips conspicuus

  Fuzzy Gall Wasp

  Cynips conspicuus, commonly known as the Fuzzy Gall Wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species is known for inducing galls on oak trees. It has been documented in 1,259 iNaturalist observations, indicating it is relatively well-observed among gall wasp species.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeHymenopterainquiline

• Cynips mirabilis

  Speckled Gall Wasp

  Cynips mirabilis, commonly known as the speckled gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp native to western North America. The species induces distinctive galls on Oregon oak (Quercus garryana) leaves, with larvae developing inside detachable, speckled galls. It exhibits a complex life cycle involving multiple generations, a common trait among Cynipidae. The species was formerly placed in the genus Besbicus but has been reclassified under Cynips. It is one of the most frequently observed gall wasps in its range, with over 2,000 documented observations.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallQuercus-garryanaOregon-oakwestern-North-America

• Cynips multipunctata

  Gray Midrib Gall Wasp

  Cynips multipunctata is a cynipid gall wasp that induces galls on oak trees, primarily blue oak (Quercus douglasii), in western North America. The species was formerly classified under the genus Besbicus. It is most commonly encountered in California, where it produces distinctive detachable galls on leaf midribs. The galls are solid except for a central larval chamber.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallCaliforniablue-oakleaf-gall

• Disholandricus lasius

  Disholandricus lasius is a cynipid gall wasp species that induces galls on oak hosts. Formerly classified in the genus Andricus, this species was reassigned to Disholandricus based on phylogenetic and morphological studies. Like other members of the Cynipidae family, the wasp manipulates host plant tissue to form a protective structure that houses and nourishes its developing larvae. The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of oak gall wasps, involving both sexual and asexual generations that alternate between different plant structures or host species.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenopteraparasitoidplant-manipulationalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis

  Disholcaspis is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae containing more than 40 described species. Species in this genus induce characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), with gall morphology varying by species and generation. Some species produce galls that secrete honeydew, establishing facultative mutualisms with ants that defend the galls from parasitoids. The genus exhibits heterogony, with alternating sexual and parthenogenetic asexual generations that typically produce different gall forms.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeheterogonyant-mutualismhoneydew-secretionvenom-glandplant-manipulationparasitoid-defenseQuercusparthenogenesisalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis bassetti

  Disholcaspis bassetti is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae, a group known for inducing distinctive plant growths. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, this species induces galls on oak species (Quercus). The genus is characterized by alternation of generations between sexual and asexual (agamic) forms, with the latter producing the more conspicuous galls. Specific details about D. bassetti's host associations and gall morphology are not well-documented in available sources.

  gall-waspCynipidaeDisholcaspisoak-gallparthenogenesisagamic-generationHymenoptera

• Disholcaspis canescens

  Round Honeydew Gall Wasp

  Disholcaspis canescens is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, known for inducing distinctive galls on oak trees. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, this species produces round, detachable galls on oak twigs. The genus is notable for having eliminated males from the life cycle in all known species, with females reproducing parthenogenetically and producing only female offspring. The specific epithet 'canescens' refers to a grayish or hoary appearance, though the precise application to this species' galls or wasps is not detailed in available sources.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallparthenogenesisthelytokytwig-gallhymenopteraDisholcaspisRound-Honeydew-Gall-Wasp

• Disholcaspis cinerosa

  Mealy oak gall wasp

  Disholcaspis cinerosa, commonly known as the mealy oak gall wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), specifically known as "mealy oak galls." The species has been documented to possess exceptionally large venom glands relative to its body size—when unfolded, the venom gland is approximately 10 times longer than the abdomen—making it a notable subject in studies of gall induction mechanisms. Like other cynipid wasps, it exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and asexual (parthenogenetic) generations.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallmealy-oak-gallparthenogenesisalternation-of-generationsvenom-glandplant-manipulationQuercusHymenoptera

• Disholcaspis eldoradensis

  Honeydew Gall Wasp

  Disholcaspis eldoradensis is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive galls on valley oak (Quercus lobata). The species is notable for producing sucrose-secreting galls that attract ant mutualists, particularly invasive Argentine ants, which defend the galls against parasitoids. This mutualism creates a complex trophic community involving multiple ant species, parasitoids, and other associated insects. The species exhibits variable ecological outcomes depending on local conditions, with ant defense benefits varying across years and gall characteristics influencing parasitism rates.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallant-mutualismsucrose-secretionmultitrophic-interactionsQuercus-lobatainvasive-antsparasitoid-communityfacultative-mutualism

• Disholcaspis globosa

  Globular root gall

  A cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive globular galls on oak roots. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction in at least one generation, with females capable of producing offspring without mating. The species is one of approximately twelve described in the genus, all of which appear to have eliminated males from their life cycles. Root galls differ from the more commonly observed twig and leaf galls of related species, occurring below ground where they are rarely encountered unless excavated.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallroot-gallparthenogenesisHymenoptera

• Disholcaspis lacuna

  Disholcaspis lacuna is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces the formation of characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the typical cynipid life cycle involving alternation of generations, with separate sexual and parthenogenetic (agamic) generations that produce distinct gall forms. Its biology and gall morphology are less documented than those of congeners such as D. quercusmamma and D. quercusglobulus.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeparthenogenesisalternation-of-generationsQuercusoak-ecosysteminquiline-habitatparasitoid-host

• Disholcaspis pedunculoides

  Disholcaspis pedunculoides is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Weld in 1926. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it induces gall formation on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific host associations and gall morphology for this species remain poorly documented in published literature. The species follows the typical cynipid life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteragall-inductionparthenogenesisalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis perniciosa

  Disholcaspis perniciosa is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae, first described by Bassett in 1890. As a member of the genus Disholcaspis, it is part of a diverse group of oak-associated gall wasps found in North America. The genus is known for producing distinctive bullet-shaped or spherical galls on oak trees. Like other cynipids, this species likely exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and agamic (asexual) generations producing different gall types on their host plants.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallHymenopteraCynipidaeDisholcaspisparthenogenesisalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis prehensa

  clasping twig gall wasp

  Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.

  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• Disholcaspis quercusmamma

  oak rough bulletgall wasp

  Disholcaspis quercusmamma, the oak rough bulletgall wasp, is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive bullet-shaped galls on twigs of white oaks. The species exhibits an alternation of generations with sexual and asexual phases, each producing morphologically different galls. The fall bullet galls are large, conspicuous structures with a velvety surface and pointed apex, while spring galls are small and inconspicuous on leaf buds. This wasp possesses notably enlarged venom glands, with the venom reservoir occupying approximately one-third of abdominal volume, implicating venom compounds in gall induction.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallalternation-of-generationsparthenogenesisvenom-glandplant-manipulationparasitoid-hosthoneydew-productionsooty-mold-association

• Disholcaspis quercusomnivora

  Disholcaspis quercusomnivora is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Ashmead in 1885. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, this species induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific gall morphology and host associations for this particular species are not well documented in available sources. The genus is known for producing hard, bullet-shaped or spherical galls on oak twigs and branches. As with many cynipid wasps, D. quercusomnivora likely exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and asexual phases.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallDisholcaspisHymenopteraQuercusplant-manipulationparthenogenesisalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis quercusvirens

  Disholcaspis quercusvirens is a cynipid gall wasp that induces galls on live oak trees (Quercus virginiana). The species exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with distinct sexual and asexual phases. It is one of numerous oak-associated gall wasps in North America, with its biology and management studied in the context of ornamental and native live oak systems.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallalternation-of-generationslive-oakQuercus-virginiana

• Disholcaspis rubens

  Disholcaspis rubens is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Gillette in 1893. Like other members of its genus, it induces distinctive galls on oak host plants. Species in Disholcaspis are known for producing twig galls rather than leaf galls, and many exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction with all-female generations. The genus is characterized by enlarged venom glands, which are implicated in the chemical induction of gall formation.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallparthenogenesisDisholcaspisHymenopteratwig-gallvenom-glandinduced-plant-growth

• Disholcaspis simulata

  Dried Peach Gall Wasp

  Disholcaspis simulata is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Alfred C. Kinsey in 1922. Like other members of its genus, this species induces the formation of characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the complex alternation of generations typical of many cynipid wasps, with both sexual and agamic (parthenogenetic) generations. The specific epithet 'simulata' and common name 'Dried Peach Gall Wasp' suggest the gall's resemblance to a dried peach in appearance.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallalternation-of-generationsparthenogenesisKinsey

• Disholcaspis spissa

  Disholcaspis spissa is a gall-inducing wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Weld in 1957. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it induces galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific host associations for this species are not well documented in the provided sources. The species is part of a diverse radiation of cynipid wasps that manipulate plant growth to create protective structures for their developing larvae. Research on related Disholcaspis species indicates these wasps possess enlarged venom glands, implicating venom compounds in the induction of gall formation.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallHymenopteraCynipidaeplant-manipulationparthenogenesis

• Druon

  Druon is a genus of cynipid gall wasps re-established in 2021, containing 15 Nearctic species that induce galls on oak trees (Quercus). Most species are known only from asexual generations, though two species (D. ignotum and D. quercuslanigerum) have documented alternating sexual and asexual generations. The genus was previously synonymized under Andricus but restored based on morphological and molecular evidence. Species are characterized by woolly galls and specific metasomal sculpturing patterns.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallNearcticheterogonyQuercus

• Druon fullawayi

  yellow wig gall wasp

  Druon fullawayi, commonly called the yellow wig gall wasp, is a species of cynipid gall wasp native to western North America. The species was originally described by William Beutenmüller in 1913 under the genus Andricus and later transferred to Druon. It induces distinctive woolly, yellowish galls on oak trees, particularly valley oak (Quercus lobata). The species has been documented in California and Zacatecas, Mexico.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeQuercusCalifornia-endemic

• Druon ignotum

  Druon ignotum is a gall wasp that induces galls on white oaks in central and eastern North America. The species exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations, each producing morphologically distinct galls. First described as Cynips ignota in 1881, it has undergone several taxonomic revisions before its current placement in Druon.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeheterogonywhite-oakNorth-America

• Druon laceyi

  Druon laceyi is a cynipid gall wasp described in 2022 from Texas, USA. The species is placed in the genus Druon, which contains gall-forming wasps associated with oaks (Quercus). As a recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited. The species epithet honors botanist Robert Lacey.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallrecently-describedNearctic

• Druon pattoni

  Druon pattoni is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, found in the United States. It forms leaf galls on several oak species (Quercus chapmanii and Quercus stellata, with tentative records from Quercus margarettae and Quercus sinuata var. breviloba). Only the asexual generation is known; adults emerge from mature galls in October to November.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallasexual-reproductionleaf-gallQuercusHymenoptera

• Druon quercusflocci

  Druon quercusflocci is a Nearctic cynipid gall wasp that induces galls on oak trees (Quercus). The species was originally described by Walsh in 1864 as Cynips quercus flocci, later placed in Andricus, and transferred to the re-established genus Druon in 2022. It is known only from its asexual generation; no sexual generation has been documented.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallasexual-generation-onlyNearctic

• Druon quercuslanigerum

  Druon quercuslanigerum is a cynipid gall wasp that alternates between sexual and asexual generations on live oaks. The sexual generation forms small galls on catkins in spring, while the asexual generation produces distinctive woolly galls on leaf undersides. It is one of only two species in the genus Druon with documented alternating generations.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallheterogonylive-oakwoolly-gallalternating-generationsnearcticmexicointroduced-species

• Dryocosmus albidus

  Dryocosmus albidus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Weld in 1944. Members of this genus are known to induce galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species name 'albidus' (Latin for 'whitish') likely refers to some aspect of the adult's coloration or the gall structure. As with other cynipids, this species has a complex life cycle typically involving both sexual and asexual generations, with associated morphological and ecological differences between generations.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenopteraparasitoid-associated

• Dryocosmus cinereae

  Dryocosmus cinereae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Ashmead in 1887. The genus Dryocosmus comprises gall-forming wasps associated with oak trees (Quercus species). As a member of Cynipidae, this species likely induces gall formation on host plant tissue, though specific gall morphology and host associations for D. cinereae require verification from primary sources. The species has been documented in citizen science observations, suggesting established populations in regions where it occurs.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeHymenoptera