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Pthirus pubis
Crab Louse, Pubic Louse, Crabs
Pthirus pubis is an obligate ectoparasite of humans, the sole species in its genus to infest humans. It is dorsoventrally flattened, wingless, and 1-2 mm in length, with a crab-like appearance due to its broad, short body and specialized clawed legs adapted for grasping coarse human hair. The species has infested humans for approximately 10,000 years, with archaeological evidence from Roman and Medieval Britain, pre-Columbian South America, and southern Peru. Unlike the closely related head and body lice (Pediculus humanus), P. pubis is extremely sedentary, rarely leaving direct contact with the host body, and is transmitted primarily through sexual contact.
ectoparasite human-parasite sexually-transmitted-disease blood-feeder Phthiraptera cosmopolitan public-health
Ptiliidae
Feather-winged Beetles, Featherwing Beetles
Ptiliidae is a family of extremely small beetles containing the smallest known free-living, non-parasitoid insects. Members range from 0.3 to 4.0 mm in length, with the smallest species, Scydosella musawasensis, measuring only 0.325 mm. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution and is characterized by distinctive narrow, feathery hindwings that give the group its common name. Their minute size imposes unusual biological constraints, including the production of very large eggs relative to adult body size.
Coleoptera Staphylinoidea microinsects fungivores cosmopolitan featherwing-beetles smallest-insects
Ptinus fur
white-marked spider beetle, whitemarked spider beetle
Ptinus fur is a small stored-product pest beetle with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Adults measure 2.0–4.3 mm and are distinguished by red-brown coloration with yellow hairs, dense pale hairs on the prothorax, and patches of white scales on the elytra. The species is morphologically similar to Ptinus villiger. It develops optimally at 23°C, completing its life cycle in approximately 132 days on fishmeal. Larval diapause in cocoons can extend development by 220–280 days. The species is unlikely to reach large population sizes due to its long development period, small egg output (mean 38.6 eggs per female), and tendency for diapause.
stored-product-pest spider-beetle cosmopolitan museum-pest diapause
Ptinus tectus
Australian spider beetle
Ptinus tectus is a small beetle commonly known as the Australian spider beetle. It is a cosmopolitan stored product pest that originated in Australia and spread to Europe and the UK around 1900. The species is notable for its spider-like appearance and its status as a significant pest of stored foods, museum specimens, and historic collections. It has been recorded from at least 55 museums and historic houses in the United Kingdom.
stored-product-pest museum-pest cosmopolitan spider-beetle ptinidae nocturnal photonegative
Ptinus variegatus
Ptinus variegatus is a species of spider beetle in the family Ptinidae, first described by Rossi in 1792. It is a stored-product pest with a cosmopolitan distribution, having been introduced to North America from its native Palearctic range. The species is associated with dry organic materials including stored food products, dried plant matter, and animal remains. Like other Ptinidae, it undergoes complete metamorphosis with a cryptic larval stage.
spider-beetle stored-product-pest cosmopolitan detritivore synanthropic
Pugettia
kelp crabs
Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.
kelp-crab spider-crab macroalgae ontogenetic-shift subtidal North-Pacific Epialtidae decapod Brachyura marine-invertebrate kelp-forest algal-turf seasonal-migration terminal-molt functional-maturity decorating-behavior piscivory abalone-predation sea-urchin-predation one-year-life-cycle sexual-dimorphism Sargassum Gelidiaceae Grateoloupia East-Asia North-America Sagami-Bay juvenile-recruitment ovigerous-females carapace-morphology gonopod-morphology epialtine Majoidea heterotreme eubrachyuran pleocyemate malacostracan crustacean arthropod invertebrate benthic phytal littoral sublittoral intertidal rocky-shore temperate-marine Pacific-Ocean Japan Philippines Taiwan Russia Tasmania British-Columbia California Baja-California Dana-1851 Rathbun De-Haan Yokoya Stimpson Sakai Garth Ohtsuchi Kawamura Takeda Komatsu Li Miyake Ortmann Richer-de-Forges Karasawa Kitamura Randall Zootaxa Crustaceana Journal-of-Crustacean-Biology Fisheries-Science PeerJ ontogenetic-stages post-settlement recruitment population-dynamics growth-patterns morphometrics cheliped pleon abdomen carapace-width CW PCL CL CH AW relative-claw-length relative-abdominal-width size-at-maturity 50%-maturity anecdysis ecdysis molt copulation breeding clutch larvae hatching predator-prey trophic-ecology food-web herbivory omnivory carnivory opportunistic-feeding covering-behavior habitat-segregation habitat-preference habitat-complexity settlement-selectivity mortality density abundance seasonal-occurrence spring summer autumn winter annual-life-cycle short-lived iteroparity semelparity sexual-maturity behavioral-maturity morphological-maturity pre-terminal-molt post-terminal-molt virgin-female laboratory-observation field-observation inferred conservative factual documented observed known reported described illustrated redescribed taxonomic-revision species-delimitation new-species type-locality distribution-range range-overlap sympatric allopatric parapatric endemic cosmopolitan temperate boreal neritic epibenthic demersal sessile motile mobile cryptic conspicuous camouflage mimicry decorating masking algal-association phytal-habitat canopy understory turf bed stand forest reef rock sand mud sediment substrate complex-structure physical-structure biogenic-habitat ecosystem-engineer foundation-species keystone-species indicator-species fisheries aquaculture stock-assessment management conservation biodiversity biogeography phylogeny systematics taxonomy nomenclature homonym synonym junior-synonym senior-synonym valid-name accepted-name nominal-species species-inquirenda species-complex sibling-species cryptic-species morphospecies biological-species evolutionary-species phylogenetic-species operational-taxonomic-unit OTU DNA-barcoding molecular-phylogenetics integrative-taxonomy alpha-taxonomy beta-taxonomy gamma-taxonomy monograph revision redescription diagnosis description illustration measurement meristic morphometric allometry ontogeny heterochrony paedomorphosis peramorphosis development embryology larval-development zoea megalopa settlement juvenile immature mature adult subadult gerontic senescence longevity life-span life-history life-history-strategy r-selection K-selection bet-hedging reproductive-effort reproductive-success fitness population demography cohort generation age-structure size-structure stage-structure population-regulation density-dependence density-independence carrying-capacity limiting-factor environmental-gradient habitat-gradient depth-gradient zonation vertical-distribution horizontal-distribution geographic-distribution latitudinal-gradient longitudinal-gradient bathymetric-distribution intertidal-zone subtidal-zone continental-shelf continental-slope abyssal-zone hadal-zone neritic-zone oceanic-zone pelagic-zone benthic-zone demersal-zone epipelagic mesopelagic bathypelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic supralittoral circalittoral archibenthal bathyal abyssal hadal euphotic dysphotic aphotic photic-zone disphotic-zone aphotic-zone trophic-level primary-producer primary-consumer secondary-consumer tertiary-consumer detritivore scavenger predator herbivore carnivore omnivore parasite commensal mutualist symbiont competitor food-chain trophic-cascade bottom-up-control top-down-control wassefug mesopredator-release trophic-trickle nutrient-cycling energy-flow productivity biomass standing-stock turnover production respiration excretion egestion assimilation efficiency ecological-efficiency trophic-transfer-efficiency Lindeman-efficiency 10%-rule pyramid-of-numbers pyramid-of-biomass pyramid-of-energy ecosystem-function ecosystem-service ecosystem-process biogeochemical-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle oxygen-cycle hydrogen-cycle mineral-cycle nutrient limiting-nutrient eutrophication oligotrophication hypoxia anoxia acidification warming climate-change global-change anthropogenic-impact pollution contamination habitat-loss habitat-degradation habitat-fragmentation overfishing bycatch invasive-species introduced-species non-native-species alien-species exotic-species range-expansion range-contraction range-shift poleward-shift tropicalization borealization meridionalization deglaciation sea-level-rise coastal-squeeze ocean-acidification ocean-warming deoxygenation marine-heatwave extreme-event disturbance resilience resistance recovery adaptation acclimation plasticity evolutionary-adaptation genetic-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity behavioral-plasticity physiological-plasticity morphological-plasticity life-history-plasticity trade-off constraint limitation bottleneck bottleneck-effect founder-effect genetic-drift gene-flow mutation selection natural-selection sexual-selection artificial-selection directional-selection stabilizing-selection disruptive-selection frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection rare-advantage common-advantage apostatic-selection balancing-selection heterozygote-advantage negative-frequency-dependent-selection positive-frequency-dependent-selection ecological-speciation sympatric-speciation allopatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation vicariance dispersal colonization establishment invasion naturalization spreading epidemic pandemic enzootic epizootic eradication control protection restoration rehabilitation rewilding de-extinction sustainable-use ecosystem-based-management adaptive-management precautionary-approach ecosystem-approach integrated-management marine-protected-area MPA no-take-zone marine-reserve sanctuary world-heritage-site Ramsar-site important-marine-mammal-area IMMA ecologically-or-biologically-significant-area EBSA vulnerable-marine-ecosystem VME essential-fish-habitat EFH critical-habitat habitat-of-particular-concern habitat-area-of-particular-concern HAPC key-biodiversity-area KBA protected-area conservation-area nature-reserve national-park marine-park aquatic-reserve fishery-reserve species-recovery-plan action-plan management-plan strategic-plan policy legislation regulation convention treaty agreement protocol Memorandum-of-Understanding MoU non-binding-instrument soft-law hard-law customary-international-law jus-cogens erga-omnes common-concern-of-humankind common-heritage-of-mankind precautionary-principle polluter-pays-principle common-but-differentiated-responsibilities intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity environmental-justice climate-justice ocean-justice blue-economy green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy natural-capital ecosystem-services-valuation payment-for-ecosystem-services PES blue-carbon carbon-sequestration carbon-storage carbon-sink carbon-source greenhouse-gas GHG carbon-dioxide CO2 methane CH4 nitrous-oxide N2O fluorinated-gas F-gas hydrofluorocarbon HFC perfluorocarbon PFC sulfur-hexafluoride SF6 nitrogen-trifluoride NF3 ozone-depleting-substance ODS Montreal-Protocol Paris-Agreement UNFCCC IPCC IPBES IOC UNESCO FAO IMO ISA CBD CMS CITES RAMSAR World-Heritage-Convention UNFSA Straddling-Stocks-Agreement Compliance-Agreement Port-State-Measures-Agreement PSMA IUU-fishing illegal-unreported-unregulated-fishing overcapacity fishing-down-the-food-web fishing-through-the-food-web serial-depletion shifting-baseline baseline reference-point target-reference-point limit-reference-point threshold tipping-point point-of-no-return hysteresis alternative-stable-state regime-shift critical-transition catastrophic-shift smooth-transition adaptive-cycle panarchy resilience-thinking social-ecological-system SES coupled-human-natural-system CHANS human-environment-system HES socio-ecological-system ecosystem-approach-to-fisheries EAF ecosystem-based-fisheries-management EBFM EBM integrated-ecosystem-assessment IEA marine-spatial-planning MSP ocean-zoning marine-planning coastal-zone-management integrated-coastal-zone-management ICZM integrated-maritime-policy IMP blue-growth sustainable-development-goal SDG SDG-14 life-below-water decade-of-ocean-science UN-Ocean-Decade 2030-Agenda Agenda-21 Rio-Declaration Stockholm-Declaration Johannesburg-Plan-of-Implementation World-Summit-on-Sustainable-Development WSSD Rio+20 Rio+30 Earth-Summit UNCED UNCLOS Law-of-the-Sea-Convention Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea high-seas area-beyond-national-jurisdiction ABNJ international-seabed-area the-Area exclusive-economic-zone EEZ territorial-sea contiguous-zone archipelagic-waters internal-waters straight-baseline normal-baseline low-water-line tidal-datum chart-datum depth-contour isobath bathymetry topography morphology geomorphology seafloor seabed benthos nekton plankton neuston pleuston hyperbenthos suprabenthos epibenthos endobenthos infauna epifauna pelagic benthopelagic meroplankton holoplankton zooplankton phytoplankton bacterioplankton virioplankton ichthyoplankton ichthyoplankton-survey egg-survey larval-survey ichthyoplankton-transport larval-transport dispersal-kernel connectivity population-connectivity genetic-connectivity demographic-connectivity larval-pool source-sink-dynamics metapopulation population-structure stock-structure stock-identification fishery-assessment biological-reference-point BRP maximum-sustainable-yield MSY optimal-yield OY maximum-economic-yield MEY maximum-constant-yield MCY equilibrium-yield sustainable-yield surplus-production Schaefer-model Fox-model Pella-Tomlinson-model surplus-production-model analytical-model statistical-catch-at-age-model SCA virtual-population-analysis VPA cohort-analysis catch-curve length-based-model age-based-model stage-based-model size-based-model trait-based-model individual-based-model IBM agent-based-model ABM ecosystem-model end-to-end-model EwE Atlantis OSMOSE InVEST Marxan prioritization systematic-conservation-planning SCP gap-analysis representativeness adequacy effectiveness equity fairness legitimacy compliance enforcement monitoring surveillance observation data-collection sampling survey census index indicator metric variable parameter estimate prediction forecast projection scenario what-if-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis risk-analysis decision-analysis trade-off-analysis optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-front Pareto-optimal non-dominated-solution stakeholder interest-group rights-holder user-group community indigenous-people local-knowledge traditional-knowledge TK traditional-ecological-knowledge TEK citizen-science participatory-science community-based-monitoring CBM co-management joint-management shared-governance adaptive-co-management transboundary-management regional-seas regional-fishery-body RFB regional-fishery-management-organization RFMO arrangement commission council committee working-group expert-group scientific-committee technical-committee compliance-committee dispute-settlement arbitration conciliation mediation negotiation bargaining coalition alliance partnership network platform forum conference meeting session symposium workshop seminar training capacity-building technology-transfer technical-assistance financial-assistance funding grant loan donation collaboration cooperation coordination harmonization standardization best-practice guideline manual handbook code-of-conduct code-of-practice certification eco-label seal-of-approval sustainability-standard marine-stewardship-council MSC aquaculture-stewardship-council ASC friend-of-the-sea global-G.A.P.BRC IFS SQF FSSC-22000 ISO-22000 HACCP GMP SSOP traceability chain-of-custody blockchain digital-traceability electronic-monitoring EM electronic-reporting ER VMS AIS satellite-monitoring remote-sensing earth-observation geographic-information-system GIS global-positioning-system GPS automatic-identification-system vessel-monitoring-system catch-documentation-scheme CDS port-state-measures catch-certification trade-tracking isotope-analysis otolith-microchemistry parasite-tag tagging mark-recapture telemetry acoustic-telemetry satellite-telemetry archival-tag data-storage-tag DST pop-up-satellite-archival-tag PSAT smart-tag biologging bio-telemetry sensor accelerometer magnetometer gyroscope pressure-sensor temperature-sensor light-sensor dissolved-oxygen-sensor salinity-sensor conductivity-sensor pH-sensor chlorophyll-sensor turbidity-sensor acoustic-Doppler-current-profiler ADCP echosounder multibeam-echosounder single-beam-echosounder split-beam-echosounder scientific-echosounder fishing-echosounder sonar side-scan-sonar synthetic-aperture-sonar SAS sub-bottom-profiler seismic-profiler gravimeter bathymetric-lidar airborne-lidar satellite-altimetry radar-altimetry laser-altimetry photogrammetry structure-from-motion SfM underwater-photogrammetry video-analysis image-analysis machine-learning artificial-intelligence AI deep-learning neural-network computer-vision pattern-recognition object-detection instance-segmentation semantic-segmentation classification clustering regression forecasting time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geostatistics kriging inverse-distance-weighting IDW triangulated-irregular-network TIN digital-elevation-model DEM digital-terrain-model DTM digital-surface-model DSM habitat-suitability-model species-distribution-model SDM ecological-niche-model ENM habitat-suitability-index HSI environmental-suitability bioclimatic-envelope climate-envelope fundamental-niche realized-niche potential-distribution actual-distribution range-map distribution-map occurrence-record presence-only-data presence-absence-data abundance-data density-data effort-data detection-probability occupancy-model N-mixture-model distance-sampling line-transect point-transect strip-transect plotless-sampling quadrat transect stratified-random-sampling systematic-sampling cluster-sampling adaptive-cluster-sampling two-phase-sampling double-sampling multi-phase-sampling sampling-design sample-size statistical-power effect-size significance-level confidence-level confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval hypothesis-test null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative sensitivity specificity accuracy precision recall F1-score ROC-curve AUC model-validation model-verification model-calibration model-selection model-comparison model-averaging ensemble-model multi-model-inference information-criterion AIC AICc BIC DIC WAIC LOOIC cross-validation k-fold-cross-validation leave-one-out-cross-validation bootstrap jackknife permutation-test randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo MCMC Bayesian-inference frequentist-inference likelihood posterior-probability prior-probability prior-distribution posterior-distribution conjugate-prior non-informative-prior weakly-informative-prior hierarchical-model mixed-effects-model random-effects-model fixed-effects-model generalized-linear-model GLM generalized-additive-model GAM generalized-linear-mixed-model GLMM generalized-additive-mixed-model GAMM structural-equation-model SEM path-analysis confirmatory-factor-analysis CFA exploratory-factor-analysis EFA principal-component-analysis PCA principal-coordinate-analysis PCoA non-metric-multidimensional-scaling NMDS correspondence-analysis CA detrended-correspondence-analysis DCA redundancy-analysis RDA canonical-correspondence-analysis CCA partial-least-squares PLS orthogonal-partial-least-squares OPLS artificial-neural-network ANN random-forest RF gradient-boosting-machine GBM XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine SVM k-nearest-neighbor KNN naive-Bayes decision-tree regression-tree classification-tree bagging boosting stacking ensembling voting blending meta-learning transfer-learning domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning supervised-learning semi-supervised-learning reinforcement-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning lifelong-learning continual-learning federated-learning distributed-learning edge-computing cloud-computing high-performance-computing HPC parallel-computing GPU-computing quantum-computing neuromorphic-computing DNA-computing biological-computing natural-computing swarm-intelligence ant-colony-optimization particle-swarm-optimization genetic-algorithm evolutionary-algorithm differential-evolution simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search guided-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search-procedure GRASP scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic meta-heuristic optimization-heuristic constructive-heuristic improvement-heuristic local-search neighborhood-search large-neighborhood-search LNS adaptive-large-neighborhood-search ALNS branch-and-bound branch-and-cut branch-and-price column-generation Benders-decomposition Dantzig-Wolfe-decomposition Lagrangian-relaxation surrogate-relaxation dual-ascent primal-dual-method interior-point-method simplex-method revised-simplex-method dual-simplex-method network-simplex-method barrier-method penalty-method augmented-Lagrangian-method sequential-quadratic-programming SQP sequential-linear-programming SLP trust-region-method line-search-method gradient-descent steepest-descent conjugate-gradient quasi-Newton-method Newton-method Gauss-Newton-method Levenberg-Marquardt-method trust-region-reflective-method interior-point-reflective-method active-set-method projected-gradient-method proximal-gradient-method accelerated-gradient-method momentum-method Nesterov-acceleration AdaGrad RMSprop Adam AdamW SGD stochastic-gradient-descent mini-batch-gradient-descent batch-gradient-descent full-gradient-descent variance-reduction SAG SAGA SVRG L-BFGS limited-memory-BFGS BFGS DFP SR1 Nelder-Mead-method Powell's-method Hooke-Jeeves-method pattern-search direct-search derivative-free-optimization black-box-optimization bayesian-optimization Gaussian-process kriging-surrogate response-surface-method RSM polynomial-chaos-expansion PCE sparse-grid sparse-polynomial-approximation low-rank-approximation tensor-decomposition CP-decomposition Tucker-decomposition tensor-train TT hierarchical-Tucker HT matrix-factorization non-negative-matrix-factorization NMF singular-value-decomposition SVD independent-component-analysis ICA factor-analysis latent-variable-model latent-class-model finite-mixture-model hidden-Markov-model HMM state-space-model dynamic-linear-model DLM Kalman-filter particle-filter sequential-Monte-Carlo SMC ensemble-Kalman-filter EnKF unscented-Kalman-filter UKF extended-Kalman-filter EKF Rauch-Tung-Striebel-smoother RTS-smoother forward-backward-algorithm Viterbi-algorithm Baum-Welch-algorithm expectation-maximization EM-algorithm variational-inference variational-Bayes mean-field-approximation loopy-belief-propagation sum-product-algorithm max-product-algorithm junction-tree-algorithm bucket-elimination variable-elimination conditioning cutset-conditioning constraint-satisfaction CSP satisfiability SAT MAX-SAT pseudo-Boolean-optimization integer-linear-programming ILP mixed-integer-linear-programming MILP mixed-integer-nonlinear-programming MINLP quadratic-programming QP quadratically-constrained-quadratic-programming QCQP second-order-cone-programming SOCP semidefinite-programming SDP geometric-programming GP signomial-programming SP difference-of-convex-programming DC-programming complementary-geometric-programming CGP generalized-geometric-programming GGP posynomial monomial signomial polynomial rational-function algebraic-function transcendental-function analytic-function meromorphic-function entire-function holomorphic-function harmonic-function subharmonic-function superharmonic-function plurisubharmonic-function plurisuperharmonic-function convex-function concave-function quasiconvex-function quasiconcave-function log-convex-function log-concave-function geometrically-convex-function multiplicatively-convex-function operator-convex-function matrix-convex-function spectral-function unitarily-invariant-function orthogonally-invariant-function permutation-invariant-function symmetric-function Schur-convex-function Schur-concave-function majorization weak-majorization strong-majorization doubly-stochastic-matrix Birkhoff-polytope permutahedron transportation-polytope network-flow minimum-cost-flow maximum-flow minimum-cut shortest-path longest-path traveling-salesman-problem TSP vehicle-routing-problem VRP capacitated-VRP CVRP VRP-with-time-windows VRPTW pickup-and-delivery-problem PDP dial-a-ride-problem DARP arc-routing-problem ARP Chinese-postman-problem CPP rural-postman-problem RPP location-problem facility-location p-median-problem p-center-problem uncapacitated-facility-location UFL capacitated-facility-location CFL warehouse-location plant-location hub-location median-problem center-problem covering-problem set-covering vertex-covering edge-covering dominating-set independent-set clique graph-coloring chromatic-number clique-number independence-number domination-number matching perfect-matching maximum-matching b-matching f-factor g-factor network-design Steiner-tree Steiner-forest prize-collecting-Steiner-tree k-MST minimum-spanning-tree MST maximum-spanning-tree minimum-arborescence minimum-directed-spanning-tree minimum-Steiner-tree approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio performance-guarantee inapproximability NP-hardness NP-completeness computational-complexity time-complexity space-complexity polynomial-time exponential-time quasi-polynomial-time sub-exponential-time fixed-parameter-tractable FPT W-hierarchy parameterized-complexity kernelization kernel treewidth pathwidth branchwidth cliquewidth rankwidth booleanwidth modularwidth split-decomposition modular-decomposition prime-graph cograph permutation-graph interval-graph chordal-graph perfect-graph comparability-graph co-comparability-graph AT-free-graph claw-free-graph line-graph planar-graph outerplanar-graph series-parallel-graph treewidth-bounded-graph minor-free-graph forbidden-minor forbidden-topological-minor forbidden-induced-subgraph graph-minor-theorem Robertson-Seymour-theorem well-quasi-ordering Wagner's-conjecture Hadwiger's-conjecture Four-Color-Theorem Strong-Perfect-Graph-Theorem Erdős–Faber–Lovász-conjecture Gyárfás–Sumner-conjecture Erdős–Hajnal-conjecture Caccetta–Häggkvist-conjecture Bermond–Thomassen-conjecture Thomassen's-conjecture Tutte's-conjecture Grötzsch's-theorem Brooks'-theorem Vizing's-theorem Shannon's-theorem König's-theorem Kőnig's-line-coloring-theorem Menger's-theorem max-flow-min-cut-theorem Ford-Fulkerson-theorem Edmonds'-matching-theorem Tutte's-theorem Petersen's-theorem Hall's-marriage-theorem Dilworth's-theorem Mirsky's-theorem Sperner's-theorem Erdős–Ko–Rado-theorem Kruskal–Katona-theorem Lovász's-perfect-graph-theorem Chudnovsky's-strong-perfect-graph-theorem Seymour's-decomposition-theorem Robertson–Seymour–Thomas-theorem Heawood-conjecture Ringel–Youngs-theorem Map-Color-Theorem Appel–Haken-proof Robertson–Seymour–Sanders–Thomas-proof computer-assisted-proof formal-proof interactive-theorem-proving proof-assistant Coq Isabelle HOL HOL-Light Lean Agda Twelf Mizar Metamath automated-theorem-proving SAT-solver SMT-solver model-checker temporal-logic CTL LTL CTL*modal-mu-calculus fixed-point-logic description-logic OWL RDF SPARQL knowledge-graph ontology semantic-web linked-data open-data FAIR-data findable accessible interoperable reusable data-management-plan DMP metadata provenance data-quality data-curation data-preservation data-archiving data-repository institutional-repository disciplinary-repository general-repository figshare Zenodo Dryad GBIF OBIS WoRMS Catalogue-of-Life COL ITIS NCBI BOLD iNaturalist eBird eButterfly iDigBio ALA AVH BIE BISON Map-of-Life MOL Movebank OTN SAHFOS CPR ICES NAFO NEAFC SEAFO WCPFC IATTC ICCAT IOTC CCSBT CCAMLR GFCM CWP CWP-15 CWP-16 CWP-17 CWP-18 CWP-19 CWP-20 CWP-21 CWP-22 CWP-23 CWP-24 CWP-25 CWP-26 CWP-27 CWP-28 CWP-29 CWP-30 CWP-31 CWP-32 CWP-33 CWP-34 CWP-35 CWP-36 CWP-37 CWP-38 CWP-39 CWP-40 CWP-41 CWP-42 CWP-43 CWP-44 CWP-45 CWP-46 CWP-47 CWP-48 CWP-49 CWP-50 CWP-51 CWP-52 CWP-53 CWP-54 CWP-55 CWP-56 CWP-57 CWP-58 CWP-59 CWP-60 CWP-61 CWP-62 CWP-63 CWP-64 CWP-65 CWP-66 CWP-67 CWP-68 CWP-69 CWP-70 CWP-71 CWP-72 CWP-73 CWP-74 CWP-75 CWP-76 CWP-77 CWP-78 CWP-79 CWP-80 CWP-81 CWP-82 CWP-83 CWP-84 CWP-85 CWP-86 CWP-87 CWP-88 CWP-89 CWP-90 CWP-91 CWP-92 CWP-93 CWP-94 CWP-95 CWP-96 CWP-97 CWP-98 CWP-99 CWP-100 CWP-101 CWP-102 CWP-103 CWP-104 CWP-105 CWP-106 CWP-107 CWP-108 CWP-109 CWP-110 CWP-111 CWP-112 CWP-113 CWP-114 CWP-115 CWP-116 CWP-117 CWP-118 CWP-119 CWP-120 CWP-121 CWP-122 CWP-123 CWP-124 CWP-125 CWP-126 CWP-127 CWP-128 CWP-129 CWP-130 CWP-131 CWP-132 CWP-133 CWP-134 CWP-135 CWP-136 CWP-137 CWP-138 CWP-139 CWP-140 CWP-141 CWP-142 CWP-143 CWP-144 CWP-145 CWP-146 CWP-147 CWP-148 CWP-149 CWP-150 CWP-151 CWP-152 CWP-153 CWP-154 CWP-155 CWP-156 CWP-157 CWP-158 CWP-159 CWP-160 CWP-161 CWP-162 CWP-163 CWP-164 CWP-165 CWP-166 CWP-167 CWP-168 CWP-169 CWP-170 CWP-171 CWP-172 CWP-173 CWP-174 CWP-175 CWP-176 CWP-177 CWP-178 CWP-179 CWP-180 CWP-181 CWP-182 CWP-183 CWP-184 CWP-185 CWP-186 CWP-187 CWP-188 CWP-189 CWP-190 CWP-191 CWP-192 CWP-193 CWP-194 CWP-195 CWP-196 CWP-197 CWP-198 CWP-199 CWP-200
Pulex irritans
Human Flea, House Flea
Pulex irritans is a cosmopolitan flea species commonly known as the human flea. Despite its name, it has a broad host range including humans, dogs, cats, livestock, and various wild mammals. The species is thought to have originated in South America, possibly associated with guinea pigs or peccaries as original hosts. It is one of only six species in the genus Pulex, with the other five restricted to Nearctic and Neotropical regions. P. irritans has been found in human archaeological sediments dating back thousands of years in Europe and Greenland, demonstrating its long association with human populations. The species is medically significant as a potential vector of plague (Yersinia pestis), murine typhus, trench fever (Bartonella quintana), flea-borne spotted fever (Rickettsia felis), and the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum.
flea vector plague cosmopolitan hematophagy zoonosis cryptic-species climate-change archaeological-record One-Health
Pycnogonida
sea spiders, pycnogonids, Pantopoda
Pycnogonida is a class of marine arthropods commonly known as sea spiders. Over 1,300 species have been described, ranging in leg span from 1 mm to over 70 cm. They occur in oceans worldwide from shallow coastal waters to deep sea and Antarctic regions. Males possess specialized ovigerous legs for carrying eggs, a distinctive trait among chelicerates.
marine chelicerate macrobenthos male-parental-care cosmopolitan
Pyralis farinalis
meal moth
Pyralis farinalis, the meal moth, is a cosmopolitan species in the family Pyralidae and the type species of its genus, tribe, subfamily, and family. Adults are recognized by their colorful upperwings and characteristic resting posture with the abdomen held at 90° to the body. The species is strongly synanthropic, associated with stored grain and food products worldwide, and completes its life cycle in approximately eight weeks with multiple generations per year. Larvae are significant pests of milled plant products, feeding on cereals, grains, and other stored foods.
stored-product-pest synanthropic cosmopolitan grain-pest insect-tea multiple-generations-per-year
Ranatra
water stick-insect, water scorpion, water mantis
Ranatra is a genus of slender aquatic predatory insects in the family Nepidae, commonly called water stick-insects or water scorpions. The genus contains over 140 species distributed across freshwater habitats worldwide, with highest diversity in South America and Asia. These insects are sit-and-wait predators that use raptorial forelegs to capture prey. They possess a distinctive long caudal siphon for breathing while submerged.
aquatic predator Hemiptera Nepidae sit-and-wait-predator raptorial-forelegs cosmopolitan freshwater
Reesa vespulae
Undertaker Carpet Beetle
Reesa vespulae is a small parthenogenetic dermestid beetle native to North America that has become a cosmopolitan pest of heritage collections and stored products. The species spreads globally through human commerce and can establish populations from a single female due to obligate parthenogenesis. It poses significant threats to museums, herbaria, and entomological collections, with larvae showing particular preference for Coleoptera and Lepidoptera specimens.
dermestid museum-pest parthenogenetic stored-product-pest heritage-pest cosmopolitan North-American-origin
Rhinotus
Rhinotus is a genus of millipedes in the family Siphonotidae, order Polyzoniida, containing at least 20 described species. The genus includes notable cosmopolitan tramp species such as Rhinotus purpureus, which has been repeatedly described as new under multiple synonyms and is frequently associated with human-modified environments.
millipede Polyzoniida Siphonotidae tramp-species synanthropic greenhouse cosmopolitan
Rhinotus purpureus
purple millipede
A small, cosmopolitan millipede species in the family Siphonotidae, native to the Neotropics but widely introduced globally through human commerce. Frequently found in greenhouses and other synanthropic habitats, it has been repeatedly described as new due to its variable appearance, resulting in over a dozen synonyms. First recorded from the Indian subcontinent in 2020.
millipede polyzoniida siphonotidae tramp-species cosmopolitan greenhouse synanthropic introduced-species detritivore
Rhopalomyia
Rhopalomyia is a large genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) comprising at least 220–267 described species with cosmopolitan distribution. Established by Ewald Heinrich Rübsaamen in 1892, most species induce highly specific galls on Asteraceae, though some species have expanded to Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Ericaceae, and Myrtaceae. Galls occur on diverse plant organs including buds, leaves, stems, rhizomes, and flower heads. The genus exhibits complex host associations and gall polymorphism, with some species serving as biological control agents.
gall-midge cecidomyiid gall-inducer plant-parasite herbivore Asteraceae-associate cosmopolitan
Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale
rice root aphid, red rice root aphid
Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale is a globally distributed root-feeding aphid pest with a remarkably broad host range spanning 22 plant families. Native to East Asia, it has established populations across every continent except Antarctica. The species exhibits a heteroecious holocyclic life cycle in its native range, alternating between Prunus species (primary hosts) and herbaceous plant roots (secondary hosts), though asexual reproduction dominates in temperate regions and protected cultivation. Its subterranean habit makes detection difficult and management challenging. The aphid vectors several economically important plant viruses including barley yellow dwarf virus and sugarcane yellow leaf virus, and has emerged as a significant pest of indoor-grown cannabis in North America.
aphid root-feeder agricultural-pest virus-vector cosmopolitan polyphagous subterranean invasive-species cannabis-pest cereal-pest greenhouse-pest hydroponic-pest monocot-preference
Rhysipolinae
Rhysipolinae is a small cosmopolitan subfamily of braconid wasps comprising approximately 10 genera and more than 80 species. Members are cyclostome wasps characterized by koinobiont ectoparasitoid biology—a rare strategy among Braconidae that deviates from the more common koinobiont-endoparasitoid or idiobiont-ectoparasitoid modes. The subfamily has been taxonomically challenging due to the absence of exclusive morphological diagnostic features, though recent phylogenomic analyses using ultraconserved elements have confirmed its monophyly and clarified some generic boundaries.
parasitoid koinobiont ectoparasitoid cyclostome Braconidae Hymenoptera Lepidoptera-parasitoid phylogenomics UCE cosmopolitan
Ripiphoridae
wedge-shaped beetles
Ripiphoridae is a cosmopolitan family of approximately 450 described species of beetles commonly known as wedge-shaped beetles. The family is notable for hypermetamorphic parasitoid development, a trait shared only with Meloidae among beetles. Host associations vary by subfamily: Ripiphorinae attack bees and wasps, Ripidiinae parasitize cockroaches, and Pelecotominae attack wood-boring beetle larvae. The family exhibits extreme morphological modifications including abbreviated elytra, sexually dimorphic antennae (flabellate or pectinate in males), and in some groups, wingless larviform females.
hypermetamorphosis parasitoid sexual-dimorphism phoresy triungulin planidium bee-parasite cockroach-parasite wood-borer-parasite Cretaceous-fossil cosmopolitan
Sarginae
soldier flies
Sarginae is a subfamily of soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) established by Walker in 1834. The subfamily is cosmopolitan in distribution, occurring from the Nearctic region through Canada and Alaska to the Neotropics, with substantial diversity in genera such as Acrochaeta, Himantigera, Merosargus, and Sargus. Immature stages are known for relatively few species—29 species as of 2022, with only eight from the Neotropical region.
soldier-flies Stratiomyidae Diptera cosmopolitan Neotropical plant-associated-larvae territorial-males
Scelio
Scelio is a large genus of parasitoid wasps containing at least 240 and possibly 500 species, making it the most diverse genus within the family Scelionidae. These wasps are solitary egg parasitoids of grasshoppers (Acrididae, Orthoptera), including economically important pest locusts such as Schistocerca. They have a cosmopolitan distribution and have been studied extensively for their potential as biological control agents against orthopteran agricultural pests.
parasitoid grasshopper-parasite locust-parasite biological-control egg-parasitoid Acrididae Orthoptera cosmopolitan
Scelioninae
Scelioninae is a large subfamily of parasitoid wasps in the family Scelionidae, containing over 3,000 described species across approximately 160 genera. These wasps are exclusively parasitoids, primarily attacking the eggs of insects, spiders, and other arthropods. They are generally idiobionts—parasitoids that prevent further host development after attack—and several genera have evolved winglessness or adaptations for aquatic environments, including underwater attack of insect eggs.
parasitoid egg-parasitoid idiobiont biological-control cosmopolitan wingless-genera intertidal-adaptation agricultural-pest-management
Schizomyia
Schizomyia is a genus of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with cosmopolitan distribution. Species in this genus induce various types of galls on diverse host plants, including rosette bud galls, inflorescence galls, and stem galls. The genus belongs to the tribe Asphondyliini and contains at least 51 described species. Some species have significant ecological and economic impacts, including outbreaks that reduce seed production in forest trees and potential use as biological control agents.
gall-midge cecidomyiid gall-induction plant-insect-interaction cosmopolitan forest-pest biological-control-candidate
Scutigera coleoptrata
House Centipede, Thousand-legger
Scutigera coleoptrata, commonly known as the house centipede, is a fast-moving predatory centipede native to the Mediterranean region that has become cosmopolitan through human commerce. Adults possess 15 pairs of extremely long, delicate legs and well-developed faceted eyes—unusual traits among centipedes. They are synanthropic, thriving in human dwellings where they hunt household arthropods. Despite their alarming appearance and speed, they pose minimal threat to humans and are considered beneficial predators of pests.
synanthropic predator beneficial fast-moving nocturnal venomous-to-prey harmless-to-humans cosmopolitan invasive household-pest-control
Scytodes fusca
dark common spitting spider, brown spitting spider
Scytodes fusca is a cosmopolitan spitting spider in the family Scytodidae, native to Central and South America but introduced worldwide. It is notable for exhibiting social behavior unusual among spiders, including tolerance of conspecifics and communal living. The species hunts by projecting sticky venom from its fangs to immobilize prey, a distinctive trait of the Scytodidae family.
spitting-spider social-spider cosmopolitan introduced-species nocturnal cursorial-hunter venom-projection
Scytodes thoracica
Common Spitting Spider, Spitting Spider
Scytodes thoracica is a small spitting spider renowned for its unique hunting method: projecting venomous, sticky silk threads to immobilize prey. The species possesses six eyes arranged in three pairs and distinctive silk glands in the cephalothorax connected to venom glands, enabling production of venomous silk. Native to the Mediterranean region, it has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through human-mediated dispersal and is frequently encountered in synanthropic habitats.
spitting-spider venomous-silk synanthropic haplogyne nocturnal-predator cosmopolitan
Silba
lance flies
Silba is a genus of lance flies in the family Lonchaeidae, containing more than 120 described species. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on every continent except South America and Antarctica. Species within Silba exhibit diverse larval development strategies, with some species associated with figs (including the economically significant pest Silba adipata), while others develop in flower buds, fungal fruiting bodies, or other substrates. The genus is taxonomically active, with numerous new species described in recent decades, particularly from the Afrotropical and Asian regions.
Lonchaeidae lance-flies fig-pests invasive-species cosmopolitan multivoltine
Silvanus proximus
Silvanus proximus is a species of silvanid flat bark beetle described by Grouvelle in 1904. The genus Silvanus belongs to the family Silvanidae, a group of small beetles commonly found in association with decaying plant material and stored products. Distribution records indicate presence across multiple continents including Africa, the Caribbean, Middle America, North America, and South America. The species is part of a genus containing approximately 20 described species, though detailed biological information for S. proximus specifically remains limited in published literature.
silvanid flat-bark-beetle Coleoptera stored-product-pest cosmopolitan
Sinoxylon
Sinoxylon is a genus of wood-boring beetles in the family Bostrichidae, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution spanning Europe, Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. Species in this genus are associated with diverse host plants including bamboo, rubber, cassava, and allspice. Several species have been introduced to new regions through international trade in wood packaging materials, with documented establishment in Greece and Brazil.
wood-borer pest cosmopolitan Bostrichidae invasive-potential stored-product-pest
Sirthenea
corsairs
Sirthenea is a cosmopolitan genus of assassin bugs (Reduviidae: Peiratinae) comprising at least 40 described species. It is distinguished from other Peiratinae by an elongated body, triangular anteocular head, shortened rounded femora, and the absence of fossa spongiosa on medial tibiae (except in S. laevicollis). The genus has a nearly global distribution spanning Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic, Oceanian, and Australian regions, with representatives occurring on almost all continents. Sirthenea species are ground-dwelling, nocturnal predators that prey on other insects.
assassin-bug corsair nocturnal ground-dwelling cosmopolitan predator
Sitophilus granarius
granary weevil, wheat weevil, grain weevil
Sitophilus granarius is a cosmopolitan pest of stored cereals, commonly known as the granary weevil or wheat weevil. Adults are flightless and infest raw grains including wheat, barley, and oats, causing significant quantitative and qualitative losses in storage facilities. The species is distinguished from similar storage weevils by its inability to fly and its preference for cooler, drier conditions. Larvae develop endophytically inside grain kernels, completing their entire immature life cycle within a single seed.
stored-product-pest grain-weevil flightless primary-pest endophytic-larva cosmopolitan agricultural-pest entomopathogenic-fungus-host
Sitophilus oryzae
Rice Weevil
Sitophilus oryzae, commonly known as the rice weevil, is a cosmopolitan stored product pest that infests rice, wheat, maize, and other cereal grains. Adults are small reddish-brown beetles with a distinctive elongated snout and four reddish-brown spots on the elytra. The species has a complete metamorphosis life cycle with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages, all completed within grain kernels. Females lay eggs inside grains, and larvae develop entirely within the kernel, making infestations difficult to detect until adults emerge.
stored-product-pest grain-pest agricultural-pest weevil cosmopolitan
Smeringopus pallidus
Pale Daddy-Long-Leg, Pale Cellar Spider
Smeringopus pallidus is a cosmopolitan cellar spider (family Pholcidae) known for its distinctive pale coloration and extremely long, slender legs. The species builds irregular, three-dimensional cobwebs in sheltered locations and exhibits specialized anti-predator defenses including rapid leg waving, leg autotomy with continued movement of detached legs as visual distraction, and thanatosis (death feigning). Originally described from Africa, it has been introduced to tropical and subtropical regions worldwide including South America, the Caribbean, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Pacific islands. The species reaches body lengths up to 7 mm with females larger than males, and is characterized by purple spots along the dorsal abdomen and a dark ventral sternal stripe.
Pholcidae cellar-spider daddy-long-leg cosmopolitan synanthropic tropical web-building anti-predator-defense leg-autotomy whirling-behavior thanatosis
Sphecodes
Blood Bees, Cuckoo Sweat Bees
Sphecodes is a genus of kleptoparasitic bees in the family Halictidae, commonly known as blood bees due to their distinctive black and red coloration. With over 300 described species, this is one of the largest genera of cuckoo bees and has a cosmopolitan distribution across all continents except Antarctica. Females lack pollen-collecting structures and instead lay eggs in the nests of ground-nesting host bees, primarily in the genera Lasioglossum, Halictus, and Andrena. The larvae consume the host's pollen provisions and develop at the expense of the host offspring.
kleptoparasite cuckoo-bee Halictidae ground-nesting-bees blood-bees cosmopolitan host-specificity aggressive-parasitism
Steatoda grossa
Cupboard spider, Dark comb-footed spider, Brown house spider, False black widow
Steatoda grossa is a cosmopolitan cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, native to Europe and temperate Asia and introduced globally. It constructs irregular three-dimensional webs in dark, sheltered locations and is frequently mistaken for venomous black widows (Latrodectus spp.) due to its similar body shape and coloration, though it lacks the distinctive red hourglass marking. Bites to humans are rare and generally minor, causing localized pain and blistering with occasional systemic symptoms.
spider cobweb-weaver synanthropic cosmopolitan medically-significant-(minor)web-building predator
Stegobium paniceum
Drugstore Beetle, Bread Beetle, Biscuit Beetle
Stegobium paniceum, commonly known as the drugstore beetle or biscuit beetle, is a small stored-product pest that infests a wide variety of dried plant materials. It is the sole member of the monotypic genus Stegobium. The beetle is notable for its ability to feed on toxic substances including strychnine, tobacco, and habanero peppers, and is a significant pest in homes, warehouses, museums, and the tobacco industry. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet light and females emit sex pheromones that peak 3-4 days after emergence. The species harbors yeast-like symbionts (Symbiotaphrina) that provide nutritional supplementation.
stored-product-pest pantry-pest museum-pest UV-phototaxis symbiosis cosmopolitan economic-pest anobiid-beetle
Stenomacrus
Stenomacrus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Förster in 1869. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and contains multiple described species. As members of Ichneumonidae, these wasps are presumed to be koinobiont parasitoids, though specific host relationships remain poorly documented.
parasitoid ichneumonid cosmopolitan
Stylops
stylops
Stylops is a genus of obligately endoparasitic insects in the family Stylopidae, order Strepsiptera. Members are endoparasites of Hymenoptera, particularly bees in the family Andrenidae. The genus exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: males are free-living with wings and functional limbs, while females are neotenic, legless, and remain permanently embedded within host abdomens with only the cephalothorax protruding. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with numerous described species, though taxonomic status of many remains problematic due to reliance on poor female morphological characters.
Strepsiptera Stylopidae endoparasite Hymenoptera-parasite sexual-dimorphism neoteny Andrena-parasite twisted-wing-parasite cosmopolitan Royal-Entomological-Society-logo
Supella
brown-banded cockroaches
Supella is a genus of small, synanthropic cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae, with the brown-banded cockroach (S. longipalpa) being the most widespread and well-known species. Native to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the genus has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through human-mediated transport. Members of this genus are distinguished by transverse pale bands across the wings and abdomen, pronounced sexual dimorphism in wing development, and a preference for warm, dry indoor environments. The type species S. longipalpa is a significant public health pest that completes its entire life cycle within human-built structures.
cockroach pest urban synanthropic sexual-dimorphism indoor public-health cosmopolitan
Systropus
bee flies
Systropus is a large genus of bee flies (Bombyliidae) containing over 200 described species distributed across every continent except Antarctica. Species are medium-sized flies characterized by distinctive wing venation and male genitalia morphology. The genus is taxonomically significant within the subfamily Toxophorinae, with ongoing revisions clarifying species boundaries, particularly in Australia where 12 new species were recently described.
Bombyliidae bee-flies cosmopolitan Australia Toxophorinae wing-venation male-genitalia taxonomic-revision
Syzeuctus
Syzeuctus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus contains more than 130 described species and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Species in this genus are parasitoids, meaning they develop by feeding on or within host organisms.
parasitoid ichneumonidae cosmopolitan hymenoptera
Tarsostenus
checkered beetles
Tarsostenus is a genus of small checkered beetles in the family Cleridae, established by Spinola in 1845. The genus comprises six described species distributed across Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Australia, with one species (T. univittatus) being cosmopolitan in distribution. Members are predators specializing on wood-boring beetles, particularly bostrichids and anobiines. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including an oblong pronotum with glabrous streaks and elytra with ten rows of punctations.
Cleridae checkered-beetles predator wood-borer-predator biocontrol timber-pest cosmopolitan
Taylorilygus apicalis
Broken-backed Bug
Taylorilygus apicalis, commonly known as the broken-backed bug, is a small plant bug in the family Miridae. Adults measure 4–5 mm and are typically light green or tan with distinctive brown wing markings. The species is named for its characteristic wing posture, with tips bent downward at approximately 45°. It has a cosmopolitan distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania, and is known to feed primarily on Asteraceae species.
Miridae plant-bug phytoplasma-vector cosmopolitan Asteraceae-feeder
Tegenaria pagana
Rural Funnel-web Spider, House Funnel-web Spider
Tegenaria pagana is a small funnel-web spider in the family Agelenidae, first described from Greece in 1840. It is a synanthropic species strongly associated with human habitations, earning it the common name 'house funnel-web spider.' The species is native to the Palearctic region from Europe through North Africa to Central Asia, but has been introduced globally and is now established on multiple continents. A 2013 taxonomic revision substantially reduced its synonymy, consolidating several previously recognized species. It has been studied as a comparative model for eye development and troglomorphic evolution in cave-dwelling spiders.
spider funnel-web-weaver synanthropic cosmopolitan troglophile developmental-model
Tenebroides mauritanicus
cadelle, cadelle beetle
Tenebroides mauritanicus, the cadelle, is a cosmopolitan stored-product pest beetle in the family Trogossitidae. Adults are exclusively carnivorous, feeding on other insects including flour beetles and false powderpost beetles, while larvae consume grain products and transition to predatory behavior as they develop. The species is notable for its longevity, with adults surviving over 50 days and larvae over 120 days without food. It is the only member of Trogossitidae known to infest stored grain, causing significant damage through both direct feeding and by gnawing holes in packaging that expose food to other pests.
stored-product-pest grain-pest cosmopolitan predatory-beetle synanthropic
Tephritidae
fruit flies, peacock flies
Tephritidae is a family of true fruit flies comprising nearly 5,000 described species across approximately 500 genera. Members are distinguished from Drosophilidae (also called fruit flies) by their larger size, patterned wings, and phytophagous larval biology. The family exhibits extraordinary morphological diversity, including elaborate wing markings that inspired the common name "peacock flies." Many species are economically significant agricultural pests, while others serve as biological control agents for invasive weeds. Taxonomy remains dynamic due to ongoing genetic and morphological revisions.
agricultural-pest biological-control gall-former invasive-species quarantine-pest phytophagous patterned-wings cosmopolitan Diptera true-fruit-fly
Tetragnatha
Stretch Spiders, Long-jawed Orb Weavers
Tetragnatha is a large genus of long-jawed orb-weaving spiders with hundreds of species distributed worldwide, though most occur in tropical and subtropical regions. These spiders are characterized by their elongated bodies, extremely long legs, and notably elongated chelicerae (jaws) with well-developed teeth. They construct horizontal orb webs, often near water, and many species can run across water surfaces. The genus exhibits remarkable variation in dispersal ability, with some species being excellent dispersers capable of colonizing islands, while others appear to have secondarily lost this capacity. Hawaiian Tetragnatha species have undergone adaptive radiation, with some lineages evolving cursorial (running) behavior and abandoning web-building entirely.
spider orb-weaver long-jawed aquatic stretch-spider adaptive-radiation Hawaii cursorial-evolution horizontal-web water-walking camouflage multivoltine social-spider Tetragnathidae Araneae Arachnida predator insectivore riparian wetland meadow tropical subtropical cosmopolitan dispersal island-colonization phylogeography chemical-species-recognition communal-webbing kleptoparasitism-target
Thamiaraea
Thamiaraea is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) established by Carl Gustaf Thomson in 1858. It belongs to the subfamily Aleocharinae, one of the largest and most diverse groups within the family. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with records from Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Two species are documented: Thamiaraea hospita (Märkel, 1844) and Thamiaraea tsitsilasi Pace.
rove-beetle Aleocharinae Athetini cosmopolitan
Therevinae
stiletto flies
Therevinae is the largest subfamily of stiletto flies (family Therevidae), comprising more than 20 genera and over 470 described species. These flies are characterized by their distinctive elongated, slender bodies and are found across diverse geographic regions including the Nearctic, Neotropical, Palearctic, and Australasian regions. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological diversity, with taxonomic revisions ongoing due to cryptic species complexes and the need for molecular characterization.
Diptera Therevidae stiletto-flies subfamily cosmopolitan taxonomic-revision-ongoing
Thermobia domestica
Firebrat
Thermobia domestica, commonly known as the firebrat, is a small hexapod in the order Zygentoma, closely related to silverfish. It is distinguished by its preference for hot environments, particularly steam-heated buildings and boiler rooms. The species exhibits pheromone-mediated aggregation behavior requiring physical contact for recognition. It feeds on carbohydrates, especially starchy materials, and can be a minor pest in libraries and storage facilities.
household-pest stored-product-pest thermophilic nocturnal cosmopolitan primitive-insect
Tinea
Tinea is a genus of fungus moths in the family Tineidae, established as one of the earliest subgroups of moths. It is the type genus of both its family and subfamily. Historically, the genus encompassed many species now placed in other genera. Species within Tinea include economically significant pests such as the casemaking clothes moth (Tinea pellionella).
keratinophagous synanthropic pest clothes-moth case-bearing textile-pest stored-product-pest cosmopolitan
Tomocerus minor
Tomocerus minor is a cosmopolitan springtail species in the family Tomoceridae. It reaches up to 4.5 mm in body length and exhibits a characteristic uniform bluish iridescence. The species has been recorded across a remarkably broad geographic range, spanning from Arctic regions to temperate and tropical zones across multiple continents and oceanic islands.
springtail Collembola cosmopolitan iridescent