Gall-former
Guides
Cynipoidea
Gall Wasps and Allies
Cynipoidea is a superfamily of small wasps comprising approximately 3,000 described species across seven extant families, with many undescribed species estimated. The group exhibits diverse life histories: while the family Cynipidae (gall wasps) are phytophagous and induce plant galls, the majority of species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of other insects. The superfamily is taxonomically challenging, with family-level identification historically difficult until the publication of a comprehensive illustrated key in 2020.
parasitoidgall-formerhyperparasitoidbiological-controloak-forestinquilinealternation-of-generationsundescribed-diversityreduced-wing-venationHymenopteraApocritaecosystem-engineerplant-manipulationforest-insectagricultural-pest-controlDrosophila-suzukiiaphid-hyperparasitoidwood-borer-parasitoiddung-breeding-fly-parasitoidtaxonomic-keygall-communitynutrient-cyclingphenologysexual-dimorphismparthenogenesiskoinobiontidiobiontPalaearctic-diversityNearctic-diversityMediterranean-hotspotoak-gallrosinweed-gallgoldenrod-gallintroduced-speciesadventive-faunaNew-Zealand-faunaTurkish-faunabroadleaf-forestprairie-habitatagricultural-systemsoft-fruit-pestintegrated-pest-managementbiocontrol-agentextension-entomologymicrohymenopteramorphological-keycouplet-identificationmetasomal-fusionpetiole-reductionglossy-integumentcompressed-bodyprognathous-headflagellomere-reductionnotauli-reductionpterostigma-presencehamuli-presenceovipositor-structurehypopygium-developmentlarval-chamberlocularity-formationhost-genome-exploitationroom-service-nutritiondefensive-immune-suppressionSWD-biocontroleucoiline-waspcharipine-hyperparasitoidanacharitine-parasitoidemarginine-parasitoidfigitine-parasitoidibaliine-parasitoidliopterine-parasitoiddiplolepidine-gall-formerpediaspine-gall-formeraulacideine-gall-formeraylacine-gall-formerceroptresine-inquilinecynipine-gall-formerdiastrophine-gall-formereschatocerine-gall-formerphanacidine-gall-formerqwaqwaiine-gall-formersynergine-inquilineBeringian-biogeographyEocene-forest-separationclimate-change-habitat-shiftphenological-form-associationearly-oak-phenoformlate-oak-phenoformQuercus-robur-gall-communityQuercus-cerris-gall-communityQuercus-ilex-gall-communityAsteraceae-gall-formerEucalyptus-gall-formerRosaceae-gall-formerFagaceae-gall-formerBrevicoryne-brassicae-hyperparasitoidAphidiinae-hyperparasitoidAphelinus-hyperparasitoidOphelimus-parasitoidMikeius-parasitoidAntistrophus-gall-formerNeuroterus-gall-formerAndricus-gall-formerCynips-gall-formerDiplolepis-gall-formerCallirhytis-gall-formerSaphonecrus-inquilineSynergus-inquilineLithosaphonecrus-inquilineCerroneuroterus-gall-formerParaganaspis-parasitoidTriplasta-parasitoidConeucoela-parasitoidAlloxysta-hyperparasitoidPhaenoglyphis-hyperparasitoidXyalaspis-adventiveGanaspis-adventiveThoreauella-adventiveAnacharis-nativeKleidotoma-nativeTrybliographa-groupKleidotoma-groupGronotoma-groupRhoptromeris-groupGanaspis-groupChrestosema-groupZaeucoila-groupAfrotropical-lineageNeotropical-lineageleaf-mining-agromyzid-parasitoidagromyzid-parasitoidcabbage-aphid-hyperparasitoidbovine-dung-dipteran-parasitoidcattle-dung-parasitoidpasture-ecosystem-serviceforest-biodiversity-indicatorcollection-based-taxonomymolecular-phylogeneticscladistic-analysisimplied-weights-parsimonyskeletal-character-codingdigital-image-databaseInternet-accessible-databasehigher-level-phylogenygeneric-classification-revisiongenus-group-systeminformal-genus-groupssynapomorphy-discussionhost-parasitoid-coevolutionevolutionary-radiationtropical-parasitoid-diversitybiodiversity-documentationscientific-nomenclatureetymological-analysishost-based-species-naminggeographic-namingmorphological-namingdedication-namingtaxonomic-communicationbiodiversity-informaticsfaunistic-surveynew-country-recordnew-provincial-recordnew-genus-recordnew-species-descriptionspecies-redescriptiondichotomous-key-constructioncharacter-coupletillustrated-identificationmicroscope-photographyspecimen-imagingstudent-tested-keyexpert-consultationproofed-keyextension-entomology-applicationstakeholder-educationforest-managementfarm-managementfield-managementecosystem-service-valuationfuture-policy-implementationmicrohymenopteran-collectiondiagnostic-indicator-applicationobjective-setting-for-conservationclimate-change-monitoringhabitat-fragmentation-responseoak-stand-compositionurban-oak-forestnursery-oak-cultivationgeomorphic-topographic-structure-influencespecies-richness-patterndistribution-mappinghost-plant-documentationgall-morphology-documentationseasonal-gall-collectionmulti-year-field-studyprovince-level-inventoryregional-fauna-characterizationcountry-level-checklistglobal-fauna-overviewadventive-species-dominancedeliberate-introduction-historybiological-control-introductionnative-species-rarityendemic-species-presencecollection-revisiontype-specimen-examinationreared-specimen-basisdiagnosis-illustrationdistribution-data-compilationhost-relation-discussionbiology-documentationnatural-history-summarytaxonomic-overview-provisionfaunal-knowledge-gap-identificationresearch-accessibility-improvemententry-barrier-reductioncool-thing-discovery-enablementCystiphora
Cystiphora is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae, established by Kieffer in 1892. The genus contains seven described species distributed across the Palearctic region and introduced to other areas for biological control. Species in this genus are specialized gall-formers on plants in the Asteraceae family, particularly genera Chondrilla, Taraxacum, and Sonchus. Several species have been investigated and deployed as biological control agents against agricultural weeds.
Daktulosphaira
grape phylloxera
Daktulosphaira is a genus of phylloxerid insects within Hemiptera, containing the economically devastating grape phylloxera D. vitifoliae. Members are small, aphid-like insects that induce distinctive galls on grapevines (Vitis spp.) and are obligate specialists on this host genus. The genus is notable for extremely high transcriptional plasticity when transferred between host genotypes, with over one-third of expressed genes showing differential expression. D. vitifoliae exhibits both root-feeding and leaf-galling forms, with complex life cycles involving parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction. The genus is native to eastern North America but has become a global pest of commercial viticulture.
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
Grape Phylloxera
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, commonly known as grape phylloxera, is a minute aphid-like insect in the family Phylloxeridae that is the most destructive pest of commercial grapevines worldwide. Native to eastern North America, it was accidentally introduced to Europe in the 1860s, where it devastated Vitis vinifera vineyards and nearly destroyed the wine industry. The insect has a complex life cycle involving both root-feeding and leaf-galling forms, with high transcriptional plasticity enabling rapid adaptation to different host grapevine genotypes. It reproduces parthenogenetically for most generations but can produce sexual forms and overwintering eggs under certain conditions.
Dasineura carbonaria
Dasineura carbonaria is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It forms galls on Euthamia graminifolia (grass-leaved goldenrod), a perennial herb native to North America. The species was described by Felt in 1907. Like other members of the genus Dasineura, this species induces plant tissue to form protective structures that house and nourish its developing larvae.
Dasineura investita
Wood Nettle Gall Midge
Dasineura investita is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive galls on wood nettle (Laportea canadensis). First described in 2016, this species produces oval to globose galls measuring 4–5 mm by 8–12 mm on various plant parts including petioles, leaves, leaf midribs, leaf veins, flowers, and stems. The galls exhibit variable coloration ranging from pale and white to red and green translucent. The species has two generations annually, with autumn-generation larvae overwintering inside the gall's central chamber.
Dasineura parthenocissi
Dasineura parthenocissi is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces galls on Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper). The species was described by Stebbins in 1910. Its galls are known to host the parasitic wasp Platygaster munita. The midge has been documented in the northeastern United States, with observations concentrated in Vermont.
Dasineura salicifoliae
Dasineura salicifoliae is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. As with other members of its genus, this species is associated with inducing gall formation on host plants. The specific epithet "salicifoliae" suggests an association with willow-like leaves (Salix-like foliage), though the precise host plant relationships and gall morphology require further documentation. The species was described by Osten Sacken in 1866.
Dasineura undescribed-symphoricarpos
An undescribed species of gall midge in the genus Dasineura, known to induce galls on Symphoricarpos (snowberry/coralberry). As a member of the family Cecidomyiidae, it represents part of a large radiation of specialized gall-forming flies, though formal species description remains pending.
Diplolepis gracilis
Diplolepis gracilis is a species of gall wasp in the family Diplolepididae, first described by Ashmead in 1897. Like other members of its genus, it induces the formation of galls on host plants, likely within the rose family (Rosaceae) given the genus's strong association with this plant group. The species is recorded from multiple provinces across Canada including Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Ontario. As with most Diplolepis species, it exhibits a complex life cycle involving an alternation between sexual and parthenogenetic generations.
Doryctinae
doryctine wasps
Doryctinae is a large, diverse subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Braconidae, comprising over 2000 species in 198 genera. Members range from 1 to 25 mm and exhibit remarkable morphological diversity, including many flightless or wingless species. The subfamily is characterized by distinctive structural features including a cyclostome mouth and spines on the foreleg tibia. Most species are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae, though host associations vary considerably across the group.
Epiblema
Epiblema is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Eucosmini, with approximately 100 described species distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. Several species have been extensively studied for their ecological interactions, including parasitoid relationships and cryoprotective adaptations for overwintering. Some species, notably E. strenuana (ragweed borer) and E. minutana, have been investigated as biological control agents for invasive Asteraceae weeds, though taxonomic revisions have clarified their distinct status. The genus exhibits diverse larval feeding habits, with some species boring into plant stems or forming galls.
Epiblema scudderiana
goldenrod gall moth
Epiblema scudderiana, commonly known as the goldenrod gall moth, is a tortricid moth whose larvae form elliptical galls on goldenrod stems. The species is freeze-avoiding, surviving winter through deep supercooling of body fluids and accumulation of glycerol as a cryoprotectant. Larvae overwinter in diapause within silk-lined galls, exhibiting dramatic metabolic suppression and epigenetic regulation of gene expression during cold stress. This moth has been extensively studied as a model for insect cold hardiness physiology, contrasting with the freeze-tolerant strategy of the sympatric gall fly Eurosta solidaginis.
Eteobalea sexnotella
Eteobalea sexnotella is a small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae, native to North America. Adults are active from January and March through September, with a wingspan of approximately 17 mm. The species is notable for its larval association with two Trichostema plant species, where larvae develop within stem galls.
Euhexomyza schineri
Poplar Twiggall Fly
Euhexomyza schineri, commonly known as the poplar twiggall fly, is a small gall-forming fly in the family Agromyzidae. The species induces smooth, circular galls on poplar twigs, with larvae developing inside before pupating in late winter to early spring. It has been recorded across North America, with additional reports from Europe and Asia. The species is associated with multiple Populus species, with quaking aspen (P. tremuloides) as the primary host.
Eurhinus magnificus
Jewel Weevil, Iridescent Weevil
Eurhinus magnificus, commonly known as the jewel weevil, is a brilliantly colored weevil native to Central America. Adults are small (5–6 mm long, 3–4 mm wide) with striking metallic blue-green bodies accented by metallic red-copper on the humeri, elytra apex, pronotum, rostrum, and legs. The species was first described by Leonard Gyllenhaal in 1836 and has been introduced to southern Florida, where it was first detected in 2002. It is a gall-forming herbivore whose larvae develop within stem galls on its primary host plant, Cissus verticillata.
Eurosta
goldenrod gall flies
Eurosta is a genus of seven North American gall-forming flies in the family Tephritidae. All species induce galls on goldenrod (Solidago) stems. The best-studied species, Eurosta solidaginis, creates spherical stem galls and has served as a model organism for research on freeze tolerance, host-race formation, and plant-insect coevolution. Research has demonstrated that Eurosta galls accumulate environmental contaminants at higher concentrations than surrounding plant tissues, suggesting potential use as pollution biosensors.
Eutreta caliptera
Eutreta caliptera is a species of fruit fly in the family Tephritidae, a group commonly known as true fruit flies or peacock flies. The species was first described by Thomas Say in 1830 under the basionym Trypeta caliptera. It belongs to the genus Eutreta, which includes gall-forming species associated with plants in the Asteraceae family. Relatively few detailed studies have focused specifically on this species compared to other tephritids.
Eutreta diana
Eutreta diana is a gall-forming tephritid fly native to western North America. Females oviposit in vegetative buds of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and larvae induce woody galls where they feed internally. The species has one generation per year, with gall growth synchronized to spring seasonal growth of host plants. Adults display distinctive coloration: pale green eyes, white-dotted black wings, and bright red abdomens.
Euura californica
Willow Apple Gall Sawfly
Euura californica, the willow apple gall sawfly, is a tenthredinid sawfly that induces distinctive galls on arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis). Females oviposit into leaf tissue, triggering the formation of rounded, apple-like galls that enclose developing larvae. The species exhibits multivoltine breeding with up to six generations annually in favorable climates. Adults emerge through exit holes chewed in mature galls.
Euura hispidae
Euura hispidae is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is one of many species within the large and taxonomically complex genus Euura, which comprises gall-forming sawflies associated with willows (Salix). The species was described by Benson in 1953 and is part of a group of Euura species that induce galls on their host plants.
Euura robusta
Euura robusta is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Nematinae. Sawflies in this genus are typically associated with willow (Salix) species, on which larvae feed and induce gall formation. The genus Euura contains numerous species that are morphologically similar and often require specialist examination for accurate identification. As with other Nematinae, this species lacks the narrow waist characteristic of wasps and bees, instead showing a broad connection between thorax and abdomen.
Gnorimoschema baccharisella
Coyote Brush Stem Gall Moth
Gnorimoschema baccharisella is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, first described by August Busck in 1903. It is found in California, where its larvae induce hard stem galls on Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush). The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in forewing size, with females being slightly larger than males.
Gnorimoschema coquillettella
A small gelechiid moth described by August Busck in 1902, recorded from California and Colorado. Adults have a wingspan of 11.5–14 mm with distinctive forewing patterning combining yellowish-brown basal areas, pale bluish-white ground color with black-tipped scales, and dark fuscous costal markings. Larvae form false galls on terminal twigs of Ericameria pinifolia.
Gnorimoschema gallaeasterella
Gnorimoschema gallaeasterella is a small gelechiid moth described by D.S. Kellicott in 1878. The species is known for forming spindle-shaped galls on its host plants. It occurs across a broad geographic range in North America, with records spanning from Quebec and Alberta in Canada south to California and Tennessee. Adults are active from summer through early autumn.
Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis
Goldenrod Elliptical-Gall Moth, Goldenrod Gall Moth, Solidago Gall Moth, Goldenrod Gallmaker
Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae that induces distinctive elliptical galls on goldenrod (Solidago) stems. The species exhibits host-associated genetic differentiation, with populations on different Solidago species showing significant genetic divergence even when geographically proximate. Research has demonstrated that the galls formed by this moth accumulate soil contaminants at higher concentrations than surrounding plant tissues, making them potentially useful as environmental pollution detectors. The moth is widely distributed across North America and is one of several gall-forming insects associated with goldenrod.
Gnorimoschema octomaculella
Rabbitbrush stem gall moth
A small gelechiid moth described by Vactor Tousey Chambers in 1875. The larvae are gall-formers on rabbitbrush (Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus). Known from California and Washington.
Gnorimoschema powelli
Desert Broom Stem Gall Moth
Gnorimoschema powelli is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, described by Povolný in 1998. It occurs in the southwestern United States, specifically California and Arizona. The species is notable for its larval biology: the caterpillars induce stem galls on Baccharis sarothroides, a shrub commonly known as desert broom.
Gnorimoschema salinaris
Gnorimoschema salinaris is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, described by August Busck in 1911. It is found in eastern and central North America, with records from Florida to Maine and west to Illinois and Michigan. The species is closely related to Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis, sharing similar wing patterns but differing in specific markings. Its larvae form galls on the stalks of seaside goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens).
Gnorimoschema septentrionella
A small gelechiid moth described by Fyles in 1911. The species is known from northern and north-central North America, with records spanning Canada and the northern United States. Larvae are gall-formers on Aster junceus. Wingspan approximately 20 mm.
Gnorimoschema subterranea
Gnorimoschema subterranea is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, described by August Busck in 1911. The species is notable for its larval habit of forming stem galls at or beneath ground level on Aster species. It is distributed across North America from Massachusetts to California and north into Alberta and British Columbia.
Gynaikothrips ficorum
Cuban laurel thrips, fig leaf-rolling thrips
Gynaikothrips ficorum is a tube-tailed thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, commonly known as the Cuban laurel thrips or fig leaf-rolling thrips. It is a gall-forming pest of Ficus species, inducing characteristic curled and folded leaf galls where it feeds, reproduces, and shelters. The species has achieved near-cosmopolitan distribution through human transport of its host plants. It was first described by Paul Marchal in 1908 as Phloeothrips ficorum.
Hamamelistes
Spiny Witch-Hazel Gall Aphid (for H. spinosus), Birch Blister Aphid (for H. betulinus)
Hamamelistes is a genus of gall-forming aphids in the tribe Hormaphidini, distributed disjunctly in eastern North America and Eurasia. Species in this genus induce pouch galls on host plants in the family Hamamelidaceae, particularly witch-hazel (Hamamelis spp.). Most species have host-alternating life cycles involving Hamamelis and birch (Betula spp.), though at least one species is presumed monoecious. The genus includes three described species: H. betulinus, H. cristafoliae, and H. spinosus, plus the recently described H. blackmani.
Haplochrois bipunctella
Haplochrois bipunctella is a small moth in the family Elachistidae. It occurs in the southwestern and south-central United States, where its larvae are specialized gall-formers on Croton engelmannii. The species has a single documented host plant and exhibits distinctive larval behaviors including petiole gall formation and seed mining. Adults are active during the warm season from late spring through early autumn.
Harmandiola
Harmandiola is a genus of gall midges (family Cecidomyiidae) comprising 14 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. These small flies are notable for inducing galls on woody host plants, specifically species of poplar (Populus), chestnut (Castanea), and hickory (Carya). The genus was established by Skuhravá in 1997. Species-level taxonomy has been revised multiple times, with several species transferred from related genera.
Kaltenbachiella
Kaltenbachiella is a genus of gall-forming aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Eriosomatinae. The genus was established by Schouteden in 1906 and contains at least three described species. Members of this genus are known for inducing closed galls on host plants and exhibit fine-scale genetic adaptation to individual host tree phenologies. The best-studied species, Kaltenbachiella japonica, demonstrates specialized coevolution with elm trees.
Klambothrips myopori
Naio Thrips
Klambothrips myopori is a gall-forming thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, described by Mound and Morris in 2007. Native to Australia and New Zealand, it invaded California in 2005 and has since become established in Hawaii and the contiguous United States. The species is obligately associated with Myoporum host plants, inducing galls on foliage. It has emerged as a significant pest of ornamental plantings in California, with documented variation in host plant suitability across different Myoporum cultivars.
Lasioptera ephedrae
Mormon Tea Stem Gall Midge
Lasioptera ephedrae is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is known for inducing stem galls on Ephedra trifurca, a desert shrub commonly called Mormon tea. The species was described by Cockerell in 1898 and is found in arid regions of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Like other gall midges, it has a complex life cycle involving intimate association with its host plant.
Lasioptera solani
gall midge
A small gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. Adults display distinctive black, gray, and white coloration. The genus Lasioptera is known for inducing galls on host plants, though specific details for this species remain limited. The species epithet 'solani' suggests an association with Solanaceae plants.
Lasioptera vitis
Grapevine Tomato Gall Fly
Lasioptera vitis is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae, commonly known as the Grapevine Tomato Gall Fly. The species is associated with grapevines (Vitis spp.), as indicated by its specific epithet. Like other members of the genus Lasioptera, it likely induces gall formation on host plants, though specific details about the morphology of its galls remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
Lauritrioza
bay sucker
Lauritrioza is a monotypic genus of psyllids (Hemiptera: Triozidae) containing the single species L. alacris. The genus is defined by its obligate association with Laurus species, on which it induces distinctive leaf-edge galls. Adults and nymphs inhabit these galls, with nymphs producing white waxy secretions. The genus has expanded from its native European range through human-mediated introduction to western North America, Brazil, and Jordan.
Lauritrioza alacris
Bay Sucker
Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.
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Lipara is a genus of frit flies (family Chloropidae) established by Meigen in 1830. Species in this genus are notable for inducing galls on the stems of common reed (Phragmites australis). The galls created by Lipara species, particularly L. lucens, serve as nesting sites for a specialized community of aculeate hymenopterans including solitary bees and digger wasps. This genus represents a well-documented example of ecological interactions between gall-inducing insects and cavity-nesting invertebrates.
Lipara lucens
Cigar Gall
Lipara lucens is a gall-forming frit fly (Diptera: Chloropidae) that induces characteristic cigar-shaped galls on common reed (Phragmites australis). The species is monophagous, completing its entire larval development within reed stems. Males produce species-specific acoustic signals through wing vibration and abdominal movement to locate females, who respond with answering vibrations. This substrate-borne communication reduces mate-searching time by allowing males to rapidly assess reed stems for receptive females.
Livia
Livia is a genus of plant lice (psyllids) in the family Liviidae, distributed across the Palaearctic and Nearctic realms. The genus serves as the type genus for its family. Nymphs are known to form galls in the developing shoots of rushes and sedges.
Macrodiplosis erubescens
Marginal Leaf Fold Gall Midge
Macrodiplosis erubescens is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae, commonly known as the Marginal Leaf Fold Gall Midge. The species induces distinctive galls on oak leaves, specifically causing the leaf margins to fold or roll inward. It has been documented primarily in eastern North America. The specific epithet 'erubescens' refers to a reddish or blushing coloration, likely describing the gall or larval appearance.
Macrodiplosis majalis
Macrodiplosis majalis is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. The species is known to induce galls on plants. It has been recorded in the United States, with distribution records from Vermont. The species was first described by Osten Sacken in 1870.
Mecinini
Mecinini is a tribe of true weevils (Curculionidae: Curculioninae) comprising six genera: Cleopomiarus, Gymnetron, Mecinus, Miarus, Rhinumiarus, and Rhinusa. The tribe is distributed across the Palaearctic, Afrotropical, and Neotropical regions, with most diversity in the Palaearctic. Species are specialized herbivores, primarily associated with Campanulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Plantaginaceae. Several species have been introduced to North America as biological control agents for invasive toadflax (Linaria spp.).
Melaphis
staghorn sumac aphid
Melaphis is a genus of woolly aphids in the family Aphididae, subtribe Melaphidina. The genus contains at least three cryptic species in North America: Melaphis rhois (the staghorn sumac aphid), Melaphis asafitchi, and Melaphis minuta. These aphids are notable for inducing galls on sumac and exhibiting ovoviviparity in sexual females.
Metallus rohweri
Metallus rohweri is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, first described by MacGillivray in 1909. It belongs to the subfamily Blennocampinae and is one of approximately five species in the genus Metallus. The genus is characterized by metallic coloration and association with Rubus host plants. This species is known from northeastern North America.