Soil-dwelling
Guides
Melanaethus subglaber
A burrowing bug in the family Cydnidae, first described by Walker in 1867. Records indicate presence across the Americas, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The genus Melanaethus contains species associated with soil-dwelling habits.
Melanoliarus bispinus
Melanoliarus bispinus is a planthopper species in the family Cixiidae, described by Caldwell in 1947. As a member of this family, it belongs to a group of sap-feeding insects commonly associated with plant roots and soil habitats. The specific epithet "bispinus" suggests a morphological feature involving two spines, though this requires verification from the original description.
Melanotus americanus
corn wireworm
Melanotus americanus is a click beetle (family Elateridae) commonly known as the corn wireworm, recognized as an agricultural pest of potatoes and other crops. The larval stage, referred to as wireworms, lives in soil and feeds on plant roots and tubers, causing significant damage to agricultural systems. The species has been recorded in Ontario, Canada, and is part of a genus containing multiple economically important wireworm species.
Melanotus clandestinus
Melanotus clandestinus is a click beetle species in the family Elateridae. It is one of several Melanotus species known as corn wireworms, with larvae that develop in soil and feed on crop roots. The genus includes significant agricultural pests, though specific information on this particular species is limited in available sources.
Melanotus communis
corn wireworm
Melanotus communis is a click beetle (Elateridae) whose larvae, known as corn wireworms, are significant agricultural pests in the eastern United States. Adults are reddish-brown and approximately 13 mm long. The species has been studied extensively for its pest status in sugarcane, potato, and other crops, with research focusing on entomopathogen susceptibility, pheromone-based monitoring, and soil habitat preferences.
Melanotus communis
corn wireworm
Melanotus communis is a click beetle species whose larvae, known as corn wireworms, are significant agricultural pests in North America. The species is currently treated as a species complex due to unresolved taxonomic boundaries with closely related forms. Larvae feed on germinating seeds and roots of corn, potatoes, and other crops, causing substantial economic damage. Research has focused on developing biological control methods using entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi, as well as pheromone-based monitoring systems.
Melanotus dietrichi
Melanotus dietrichi is a species of click beetle (Elateridae) described by Quate in 1967. The genus Melanotus includes several economically significant wireworm species whose larvae are agricultural pests. M. dietrichi belongs to a group of soil-dwelling beetles where larval stages feed on plant roots and subterranean plant parts.
Melanotus hyslopi
Melanotus hyslopi is a click beetle species (family Elateridae) described by Van Zwaluwenburg in 1921. The species is recorded from Ontario and Québec, Canada. Like other members of the genus Melanotus, the larvae are wireworms—soil-dwelling pests of agricultural crops. The species is poorly known compared to its congener Melanotus communis, which has been studied extensively as a corn wireworm pest.
Melanotus indistinctus
Melanotus indistinctus is a click beetle species in the family Elateridae, described by Quate in 1967. Like other members of the genus Melanotus, it is likely a soil-dwelling species with larvae that function as agricultural pests. The specific epithet "indistinctus" suggests it may be difficult to distinguish from related species. No iNaturalist observations are recorded for this species, indicating it is either rare, poorly surveyed, or taxonomically cryptic.
Melanotus insipiens
Melanotus insipiens is a small click beetle (Elateridae) native to the eastern United States. Its female-produced sex pheromone has been identified as decyl butanoate, enabling pheromone-based monitoring of this species. Adults are active above ground primarily in May and June, while immature stages are soil-dwelling. The species has been recorded as a pest of alsike clover and wheat in Georgia.
Melanotus longulus oregonensis
Oregon Wireworm
Melanotus longulus oregonensis is a subspecies of click beetle in the family Elateridae, commonly known as the Oregon Wireworm. As a wireworm, it represents the larval stage of development that is of agricultural significance. The species was described by LeConte in 1853. Wireworms in the genus Melanotus are soil-dwelling pests whose larvae feed on plant roots and underground plant parts, causing damage to various crops.
Melanotus opacicollis
Melanotus opacicollis is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae, described by LeConte in 1866. The genus Melanotus includes numerous wireworm species whose larvae are agricultural pests, though specific information about this species is limited. As with other members of the genus, the larval stage likely lives in soil and may feed on plant roots.
Melanotus parallelus
Melanotus parallelus is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae. The genus Melanotus contains numerous species of wireworms and click beetles, many of which are recognized as agricultural pests due to their soil-dwelling larval stages that feed on crop roots and tubers. This species is part of a taxonomically challenging genus where species identification often requires examination of fine morphological characters. Like other members of Elateridae, adults possess the distinctive clicking mechanism used to right themselves when overturned.
Melanotus prasinus
Melanotus prasinus is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae, described by Blatchley in 1910. The species belongs to the genus Melanotus, a group of soil-dwelling beetles whose larvae are commonly known as wireworms. As with other members of this genus, the larvae are likely subterranean and feed on plant roots, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented. The species has been recorded in Ontario, Canada.
Monocrepidius falli
southern potato wireworm
Monocrepidius falli, commonly known as the southern potato wireworm, is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae. The larval stage is referred to as a wireworm, a soil-dwelling pest known for damaging agricultural crops. The species has been documented in 411 iNaturalist observations, indicating it is moderately well-recorded. Specific details regarding its biology and ecology remain limited in available sources.
Monocrepidius vespertinus
tobacco wireworm
Monocrepidius vespertinus, commonly known as the tobacco wireworm, is a click beetle species in the family Elateridae. The common name refers to the larval stage, which is a soil-dwelling pest known for damaging agricultural crops. The species has been documented in agricultural systems where its larvae feed on plant roots and underground stems.
Myriapoda
myriapods
Myriapoda is a subphylum of terrestrial arthropods comprising approximately 13,000–16,000 described species across four extant classes: Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Pauropoda, and Symphyla. All myriapods are obligate terrestrial, characterized by elongated bodies with numerous segments bearing legs. The group represents one of the earliest arthropod lineages to colonize land, with fossil evidence dating to the Late Silurian–Early Devonian boundary. Myriapods exhibit diverse ecological roles: centipedes are primarily nocturnal predators using venomous forcipules, while millipedes, pauropods, and symphylans function predominantly as detritivores in soil and leaf litter ecosystems.
Myzinum frontalis
Myzinum frontalis is a species of thynnid wasp native to North America. Like other members of the genus, it is a parasitoid of scarab beetle grubs, particularly those in the genus Phyllophaga. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males being slender with long, straight antennae and a prominent pseudostinger, while females are larger-bodied with robust abdoments, stouter legs, and short, coiled antennae. Adults are active in late summer and autumn, visiting flowers such as goldenrod and thoroughwort.
Nannaria cingulata
Swamp-Dwelling Twisted-Claw Millipede
Nannaria cingulata is a species of twisted-claw millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, described in 2021 from the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States. The species belongs to a genus of small, soil-dwelling millipedes that are cryptic and difficult to collect. Like other members of its genus, it plays a role as a decomposer in forest ecosystems. The specific epithet refers to a banded or girdled appearance.
Nannaria ohionis
Ohio Twisted-Claw
Nannaria ohionis is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, first described by Loomis & Hoffman in 1948. It belongs to the genus Nannaria, commonly known as twisted-claw millipedes, characterized by modified male gonopods. The species is endemic to the Midwestern United States, with confirmed records from Ohio.
Nannaria terricola
Loam-dwelling Twisted-Claw
Nannaria terricola is a flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmida, characterized by its loam-dwelling habits and the distinctive twisted, flattened claws on the anterior legs of males. The species is found in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Like other members of the genus Nannaria, it plays a role as a decomposer in forest ecosystems. The species was originally described as Fontaria terricola by Williams & Hefner in 1928 before being transferred to Nannaria.
Neoantistea
dwarf sheet spiders
Neoantistea is a genus of dwarf sheet spiders in the family Hahniidae, established by Willis J. Gertsch in 1934. The genus contains approximately 25 species distributed across North America, Mexico, and parts of Asia. These spiders are characterized by their small size, with most adults under 4 mm in body length. Neoantistea is notable within the Hahniinae for being one of the few genera that constructs webs, unlike related genera such as Hahnia and Antistea.
Neogoveidae
Neogoveid Harvestmen
Neogoveidae is a family of small, eyeless harvestmen (Cyphophthalmi) distributed across tropical regions of West Africa and the Neotropics. Members range from 1 to 4.5 mm in body length and exhibit distinctive morphological features including a heavily granulated dorsal scutum, laterally projecting ozophores, and variable adenostyle morphology. The family shows substantial undescribed diversity, with many species awaiting formal description.
Neoscapteriscus vicinus
tawny mole cricket
Neoscapteriscus vicinus, the tawny mole cricket, is a burrowing orthopteran native to South America that has become established in the southeastern United States since its introduction around 1900. The species was reclassified from Scapteriscus to the new genus Neoscapteriscus in 2015 based on morphological differences. It is a significant agricultural and turf pest that damages plants through root feeding and tunneling activities.
Ochthephilus biimpressus
spiny-legged rove beetle
Ochthephilus biimpressus is a species of spiny-legged rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, first described by Mäklin in 1852. It is a small rove beetle with characteristic short elytra that leave most of the abdomen exposed, a defining trait of its family. The species is distributed across western North America from Alaska to California and eastward to Colorado and Montana.
Omalonomus
Omalonomus is a genus of blind, wingless, lightly pigmented subterranean rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae. The type species Omalonomus relictus was described in 1990 from the Cypress Hills of Alberta-Saskatchewan, Canada. Its highly modified morphology reflects adaptation to a hypogeous lifestyle. The genus is considered a preglacial relict, supporting evidence for ice-free refugia in the Cypress Hills during Pleistocene glaciation.
Opopaea deserticola
Goblin spider
Opopaea deserticola is a species of goblin spider in the family Oonopidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1892. Originally described from Southeast Asia, this species has demonstrated remarkable dispersal capabilities and is now recognized as having one of the widest distributions among oonopid spiders. It has been introduced to numerous regions worldwide including the Americas, Pacific islands, Atlantic islands, and Japan. The species is part of a diverse radiation of minute spiders that inhabit leaf litter and soil microhabitats, where their small size and cryptic coloration make them exceptionally difficult to detect.
Pangaeus
burrower bugs
Pangaeus is a genus of burrower bugs in the family Cydnidae (Hemiptera), comprising approximately 14 described species. Members are fossorial insects adapted for subterranean life, with species distributed across the Americas. The genus includes significant agricultural pests, most notably P. bilineatus, which damages peanut crops in the southeastern United States. Species exhibit morphological adaptations for burrowing, including stout, spiny forelegs.
Pangaeus bilineatus
peanut burrower bug, Two-lined Burrowing Bug
Pangaeus bilineatus, commonly known as the peanut burrower bug, is a soil-dwelling true bug in the family Cydnidae. It is a major agricultural pest of peanut crops in the southeastern United States, where it causes significant economic damage by feeding underground on developing peanut kernels. The species exhibits a single generation per year in most regions, with adults entering diapause in soil during winter months. Its subterranean lifestyle renders conventional foliar pesticide applications ineffective, necessitating specialized integrated pest management approaches.
Pangaeus tuberculipes
Pangaeus tuberculipes is a burrowing bug in the family Cydnidae, described by Froeschner in 1960. Like other members of its genus, it is a soil-associated true bug with fossorial (burrowing) habits. The species is known from limited observations in North and Middle America.
Paranura anops
Paranura anops is a species of springtail in the family Neanuridae, described in 1980 from western North America. The genus Paranura belongs to the tribe Neanurini, a group of euedaphic (deep soil-dwelling) springtails. This species is rarely encountered, with only three observations recorded on iNaturalist as of the knowledge cutoff.
Parasitoidea
Parasitoidea is a superfamily of predatory mites in the order Mesostigmata, containing the single family Parasitidae. These relatively large mites are found worldwide in soil, humus, and forest floor litter. They prey on microarthropods and nematodes, with individual species typically specializing on a narrower range of prey. The group contains approximately 400 species across 29 genera and two subfamilies.
Patrobus cinctus
Patrobus cinctus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America including Alaska and Canada. Like other ground beetles, it is a ground-dwelling predator sensitive to soil disturbance, making it a useful bioindicator of agricultural practices.
Pelecinidae
pelecinid wasps
Pelecinidae is a family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Proctotrupoidea, containing only one living genus, Pelecinus, with three extant species restricted to the Americas. The family was highly diverse during the Cretaceous, with fossils from 43 species in a dozen genera found across North America, Europe, and Asia dating back to the early Cretaceous (121–124 mya). Today, the family is represented by a single genus with three species: Pelecinus polyturator (widespread from southern Canada through South America), P. thoracicus (Mexico), and P. dichrous (South America). All species are parasitoids of scarab beetle larvae.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
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flavipes
Pherocera flavipes is a species of stiletto fly in the family Therevidae, described by Cole in 1923. It belongs to the subfamily Phycusinae. The species epithet 'flavipes' refers to yellow legs. Stiletto flies are predatory as larvae and typically associated with sandy or loose soil habitats where their larvae hunt other invertebrates.
Phyllophaga amplicornis
Phyllophaga amplicornis is a species of May beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. The species was described by Gahan. As a member of the genus Phyllophaga, it is one of over 400 species in North America, making this genus one of the most speciose scarab groups in the region. Species in this genus are commonly known as May beetles or June beetles. The larvae are soil-dwelling white grubs that feed on plant roots, while adults feed on foliage and flowers.
Phyllophaga apicata
Phyllophaga apicata is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described by Reinhard in 1939. It belongs to the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or June beetles, which contains over 400 species in North America. Like other members of this genus, it is likely a root-feeding beetle with subterranean larval development, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented in available literature.
Phyllophaga blanda
May beetle, June beetle
Phyllophaga blanda is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by Sanderson in 1958. It belongs to the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or June beetles, a diverse group of soil-dwelling scarabs whose larvae feed on plant roots. The species is known from the Nearctic region, with records from Arizona, USA. Like other members of its genus, it likely exhibits the typical Phyllophaga life cycle with subterranean larval stages and adult emergence in spring or early summer.
Phyllophaga congrua
May beetle, June beetle
Phyllophaga congrua is a scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, distributed across the central and eastern United States. Like other members of the genus Phyllophaga, the larvae are soil-dwelling white grubs that feed on plant roots. The species contributes to soil ecosystem processes through burrowing activity, though this can result in agricultural damage when larval densities are high.
Phyllophaga curialis
May beetle, June beetle
Phyllophaga curialis is a species of scarab beetle in the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or June beetles. The species was described by Reinhard in 1939 and is known from Texas in the southern United States. Like other members of this large genus, the larvae are soil-dwelling root feeders while adults feed on foliage and flowers. The genus Phyllophaga contains over 400 species in North America, many of which are economically significant agricultural pests.
Phyllophaga epigaea
Phyllophaga epigaea is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is one of over 400 species in the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or June beetles. The species is found in North America, with records from Texas in the United States and Nuevo León in Mexico. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and associated with soil habitats.
Phyllophaga latifrons
May beetle, junebug
Phyllophaga latifrons is a species of scarab beetle in the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or junebugs. The species was originally described by LeConte in 1856 under the name Lachnosterna latifrons. It is found in the eastern and southeastern United States, with records from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.
Phyllophaga longitarsa
May beetle, Junebug
Phyllophaga longitarsa is a species of scarab beetle in the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or Junebugs. The species was described by Thomas Say in 1824 and is native to North America. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits a subterranean larval stage feeding on plant roots and an adult stage that emerges in spring or early summer. The genus Phyllophaga is one of the most species-rich scarab genera in North America, with over 400 species, and species-level identification often requires examination of genitalia.
Phyllophaga rossi
Phyllophaga rossi is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described by Saylor in 1939. It belongs to the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May or June beetles, a large group of soil-dwelling scarabs whose larvae feed on plant roots. The species is recorded from Arizona, USA, within the Nearctic region. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to have a subterranean larval stage and aerial adult stage, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Phyllophaga subtonsa
May beetle, June beetle
Phyllophaga subtonsa is a species of May beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. Like other members of the genus, it is characterized by nocturnal adult activity and larval development as white grubs in soil, feeding on plant roots. The species is found in the eastern and central United States. Adults are attracted to lights and are most active during late spring and early summer. The genus Phyllophaga is one of the most species-rich in North America, with over 400 species, making species-level identification often difficult without examination of genitalia.
Pinodytes
Pinodytes is a genus of small, eyeless beetles in the family Leiodidae, containing at least 40 described species. These beetles are exclusively subterranean, inhabiting soil habitats where they feed on fungal material. The genus was established by Horn in 1880 and belongs to the tribe Catopocerini within the subfamily Catopocerinae. Their eyeless condition reflects complete adaptation to life in darkness.
Pinodytes newelli
Pinodytes newelli is a small, eyeless beetle in the family Leiodidae. It inhabits soil environments and has been observed in Oregon and Washington. The species belongs to a genus specialized for subterranean life, with reduced visual structures.
Pinodytes newtoni
Pinodytes newtoni is an eyeless, soil-dwelling beetle in the family Leiodidae. It is a fungivore, feeding on fungal material in subterranean habitats. The species was described in 2011 and is known from North America.
Pleocoma puncticollis
Black Rain Beetle
Pleocoma puncticollis, commonly known as the black rain beetle, is a species of rain beetle in the family Pleocomidae. It is endemic to California. Adults are known to emerge and fly during rainy conditions, a trait characteristic of the genus.