Neotropical
Guides
Paradidyma
Paradidyma is a genus of tachinid flies established in 1891. The genus contains approximately 35 described species distributed primarily in the Americas, from the United States through Central America and into South America. Species have been described by multiple dipterists including Reinhard, Townsend, and Curran. As members of the Tachinidae, these flies are parasitoids, though specific host associations for most Paradidyma species remain undocumented.
Paradryomyza setosa
Paradryomyza setosa is a species of true fly in the family Dryomyzidae, a group commonly known as marsh flies or snail-killing flies. The species was described by Bigot in 1886. Like other members of Dryomyzidae, it belongs to a family whose larvae are known to develop in terrestrial snails and slugs, making them predators of mollusks. The genus Paradryomyza contains relatively few described species, and P. setosa is among the better-documented members of this genus.
Paraheraeus
Paraheraeus is a genus of seed bugs in the family Rhyparochromidae, established in 2016. It belongs to the tribe Myodochini, a diverse group of ground-dwelling true bugs. The genus was erected to accommodate species previously placed in related genera, reflecting refined understanding of relationships within the Rhyparochrominae. As a recently described genus, its species-level taxonomy and biology remain incompletely documented.
Paraheraeus eximius
Paraheraeus eximius is a seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae, first described by Distant in 1882. It belongs to the tribe Myodochini, a group of ground-dwelling true bugs commonly associated with seeds and plant debris. The species has been recorded from the United States and Guatemala. As a member of the Lygaeoidea superfamily, it shares the typical rhyparochromid habit of feeding on seeds, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited.
Paralabella curvicauda
Curve-tailed earwig
Paralabella curvicauda is a species of earwig in the family Spongiphoridae, characterized by its distinctive curved forceps (cerci) that give the species its name. The species has a broad distribution across the Neotropics, with extensive records throughout Brazil and presence in Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, and Middle America. Like other earwigs, it possesses the typical forceps-like cerci at the abdomen tip and exhibits hemimetabolous development.
Paramacera xicaque
Pine Satyr
Paramacera xicaque, commonly known as the Pine Satyr, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. The species was originally described as Neonympha xicaque by Reakirt in 1867 and later transferred to the genus Paramacera. It is a member of the satyr group of butterflies, characterized by their association with forested habitats and generally subdued coloration.
Paramacronychiinae
Paramacronychiinae is a subfamily of flesh flies within the family Sarcophagidae. The subfamily contains 23 genera and at least 32 species in China alone. Members include necrophagous species and some that cause myiasis in mammals. The group has been studied for forensic entomology applications due to carrion associations.
Paranapiacaba
Paranapiacaba is a genus of skeletonizing leaf beetles and flea beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. The genus contains at least two described species. The name is derived from Tupi-Guarani, meaning 'where you will find the sea' or 'a place to view the sea,' and is also the name of a historic railway town and forested mountain region in southeastern Brazil.
Parandrinae
Parandrinae is a morphologically distinctive subfamily of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) comprising approximately 14 genera and over 120 described species worldwide. The group is notable for its atypical features among cerambycids: short, equal-segmented antennae rather than the elongated antennae characteristic of most longhorn beetles, and distinctly pentamerous tarsi with five visible segments. These traits produce a remarkable superficial resemblance to stag beetles (Lucanidae), leading to frequent misidentification. The subfamily has a disjunct global distribution with centers of diversity in South America and Africa, while North America contains only four taxa. Two tribes are recognized: Erichsoniini and Parandrini.
Paranovelsis varicolor
Paranovelsis varicolor is a flower chafer beetle in the subfamily Cetoniinae, distinguished by its variable coloration. The species belongs to a small genus of scarabs found in the Neotropical region. It exhibits the typical compact, convex body form characteristic of many flower chafers.
Parantonae
Parantonae is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, tribe Ceresini. Members of this genus are characterized by distinctive pronotal modifications typical of the Smiliinae subfamily. The genus was established by Fowler in 1895 and is currently accepted as valid. Species within Parantonae are found in the Neotropical region.
Paraolinx
Paraolinx is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Ashmead in 1894. The genus belongs to the subfamily Eulophinae and is part of the diverse parasitoid wasp fauna associated with various insect hosts. Records indicate presence in Brazil (Minas Gerais). The genus is included in phylogenetic analyses of the tribe Cirrospilini, a group of eulophine wasps that includes many parasitoids of leaf-mining and other concealed-feeding insects.
Paraphaenocladius
non-biting midges
Paraphaenocladius is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae. Originally described from Europe, the genus has since been documented in the Neotropical region, with records from Costa Rica, Brazil, and other Central and South American localities. Species in this genus are associated with aquatic and semi-terrestrial habitats, particularly springs and mossy margins.
Paraphaenocladius exagitans
Paraphaenocladius exagitans is a non-biting midge in the family Chironomidae. The subspecies P. e. longipes has been recorded from Costa Rica, St. Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago, Guatemala, possibly Bolivia, and more recently from southeastern Brazil. Larvae inhabit small springs with slow water flow and construct delicate tubes using fine-sand grains while mining moss leaves. Development from collection to pupation has been observed to take approximately 20 days.
Paraphidippus aurantius
emerald jumping spider, golden jumping spider
Paraphidippus aurantius is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the emerald jumping spider or golden jumping spider. It is a solitary, active predator with a relatively large body size for a jumping spider. The species employs a distinctive hunting strategy involving venom injection followed by retreat and observation, enabling it to subdue prey substantially larger than itself. Its distribution spans from the United States through Panama and includes the Greater Antilles.
Paraphrynus
whip spider, tailless whip scorpion
Paraphrynus is a genus of whip spiders (order Amblypygi) in the family Phrynidae, distributed from the southwestern United States through Central America and the Caribbean. Most species are endemic to Mexico. These nocturnal arachnids are characterized by extraordinarily long, sensory front legs (antenniform legs) used for navigation and prey detection, and spiny pedipalps for capturing prey. Research has demonstrated remarkable homing abilities in some species, with individuals navigating back to refuges from distances exceeding 10 meters using primarily olfactory cues detected by their antenniform legs rather than vision.
Parapsammodius bidens
Parapsammodius bidens is a small aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It belongs to the tribe Psammodiini, which includes many sand-dwelling species. The species was described by Horn in 1871 and is known from scattered records across the southeastern United States, Caribbean islands, and Puerto Rico. Like other members of its tribe, it is likely associated with sandy substrates and decomposing organic matter.
Parataenius
Parataenius is a genus of small aphodiine dung beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, established by Balthasar in 1961. The genus comprises approximately six described species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region. Members are classified within the tribe Eupariini. Parataenius simulator has been introduced to Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Chile, where it was detected at Mataveri International Airport.
Paratettix aztecus
Aztec pygmy grasshopper
Paratettix aztecus is a pygmy grasshopper in the family Tetrigidae, one of more than 2000 described species in this ancient family that has existed for over 230 million years. The species occurs from the southern Nearctic region into the northern Neotropics. Like other tetrigids, it is minute in size and associated with moist habitats near water. The species has been documented with 54 research-grade observations on iNaturalist as of 2021, indicating it is among the more frequently recorded pygmy grasshoppers in its range despite being far less studied than European and North American congeners.
Paratettix toltecus
Toltec pygmy grasshopper, Toltecan grouse locust
Paratettix toltecus is a small pygmy grasshopper in the family Tetrigidae, distinguished by its minute body size and elongated pronotum that extends over the abdomen. The species occurs across a broad geographic range spanning North, Central, and South America. Like other members of Tetrigidae, adults are often mistaken for juvenile insects due to their diminutive stature. The family Tetrigidae represents an ancient lineage with fossil records extending over 230 million years.
Paratrachea
Paratrachea is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, established by George Hampson in 1908. The genus contains two recognized species: P. laches and P. viridescens. Both species are placed in the subfamily Noctuinae.
Paratyndaris albofasciata
Paratyndaris albofasciata is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, first described by Knull in 1937. It belongs to the subgenus Paratyndaris (Paratyndaris) within the genus Paratyndaris. The species is known from Central America and North America, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in the accessible literature.
Paratyndaris coursetiae
Paratyndaris coursetiae is a species of jewel beetle in the family Buprestidae, subfamily Polycestinae. It was described by Fisher in 1919 and belongs to the subgenus Paratyndaris (Paratyndaris). The genus Paratyndaris is primarily distributed in southwestern North America and Mexico, with most species associated with woody host plants.
Paratyndaris olneyae
Paratyndaris olneyae is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, originally described as Tyndaris olneyae by Skinner in 1903. It is classified in the subgenus Paratyndaris (Paratyndaris) within the genus Paratyndaris, a predominantly southwestern North American and Mexican group. The species occurs in Central America and North America, though specific details about its biology and host associations remain poorly documented in the available literature.
Paratyndaris suturalis
Paratyndaris suturalis is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, first described by Fall in 1934. It belongs to the subgenus Knulliella within the genus Paratyndaris. The species is distributed across the Caribbean Sea and North America, with records from the Neotropical region. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with woody host plants, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
Paravilla mexicana
Paravilla mexicana is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae, first described by Hall in 1981. As a member of the genus Paravilla, it belongs to the tribe Villini within the subfamily Anthracinae. Bee flies in this genus are typically parasitoids or cleptoparasites of other insects, particularly solitary bees and wasps. The species epithet 'mexicana' suggests a geographic association with Mexico, though the precise distribution requires confirmation from specimen records.
Parazumia
Parazumia is a genus of potter wasps (subfamily Eumeninae) distributed across the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. Species are medium to large in size compared to other eumenine wasps. Nearctic species were historically classified under the separate genus Paranortonia for much of the 20th century before taxonomic revision. The genus was established by Saussure in 1855 and has undergone significant taxonomic revision, most notably by Carpenter & Garcete-Barrett in 2005.
Parchicola
Parchicola is a genus of flea beetles (Chrysomelidae) containing at least four described species. These small beetles are distributed across North America and the Neotropical region. The genus was established by Bechyné and Springlová de Bechyné in 1975.
Parides
cattlehearts
Parides, commonly called cattlehearts, is a genus of medium-sized swallowtail butterflies in the family Papilionidae. The genus comprises approximately 40 species distributed throughout the Neotropical realm. Members are characterized by predominantly black or dark brown wings with contrasting bright spots in green, red, yellow, or pink. The genus exhibits Müllerian mimicry, with species sharing similar aposematic coloration that advertises their toxicity to predators.
Parochodaeus
Parochodaeus is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Ochodaeidae, established by Nikolajev in 1995. The genus contains more than 20 described species distributed primarily in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Members are commonly referred to as sand-loving scarab beetles, reflecting their association with sandy substrates. Species occur in western South America, with records from Peru, Argentina, and Chile, where they have been documented traversing Andean distributional corridors.
Parochodaeus inarmatus
Parochodaeus inarmatus is a species of scarab beetle in the family Ochodaeidae, described by Schaeffer in 1906. Members of this family are commonly known as sand-loving scarab beetles due to their association with sandy habitats. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Passadenoides
Passadenoides is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, erected by Neunzig in 2003. The genus is known from very few observations and remains poorly documented. Little is known about its species diversity, biology, or ecology.
Patania silicalis
Herbivorous Patania Moth, Herbivorous Pleuroptya Moth
Patania silicalis is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of 24–26 mm, found across the Neotropics and into the eastern United States. First described by Guenée in 1854, it has undergone multiple generic reassignments and is also known under the synonym Pleuroptya silicalis. The species is notable for its broad host plant range, feeding on at least seven plant species across five families.
Paurocoris punctata
Paurocoris punctata is a seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae, first described by Distant in 1893. The species belongs to the tribe Antillocorini and is known from scattered records in the southern United States and Panama. As a member of the Lygaeoidea superfamily, it likely exhibits the typical seed-feeding habits common to this group, though specific ecological data remain limited. The genus Paurocoris is relatively poorly studied, with most species known from few specimens and limited geographic documentation.
Pechalius
Pechalius is a genus of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) established by Casey in 1907. The genus is distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. It is represented by a small number of observations and poorly documented in the literature. Species-level taxonomy remains incompletely resolved.
Pegoscapus
Pegoscapus is a genus of pollinating fig wasps in the family Agaonidae, native to the Americas from Florida and Mexico to Argentina. The genus exhibits an obligate mutualism with fig trees of the genus Ficus, specifically pollinating species in section Americana of subgenus Urostigma. Females are winged and larger with longer antennae, while males are wingless with reduced eyes and shorter antennae. The genus is estimated to be over 20 million years old based on fossil evidence from Dominican amber.
Pelecinobaccha
A genus of hoverflies in the family Syrphidae, endemic to the Neotropical region. Formerly treated as part of the paraphyletic genus Ocyptamus, it was reinstated as a distinct genus based on phylogenetic evidence. The genus contains four species groups and approximately 49 species, many described in a 2014 revision. Adults are presumably pollinators like other syrphid flies, though specific biological data remain poorly documented.
Pelegrina kastoni
Pelegrina kastoni is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, described by Wayne Maddison in 1996. The genus Pelegrina comprises small to medium-sized jumping spiders distributed primarily in the Americas. This species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other salticids, it possesses excellent vision and active hunting behavior.
Pelidnota
Precious Metal Scarabs
Pelidnota is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, containing over 180 described species. Members are commonly known as Precious Metal Scarabs. The genus is restricted to the Neotropics. Beetles in this genus are generally robust and often exhibit metallic coloration.
Pelitropis
Pelitropis is a genus of tropiduchid planthoppers in the family Tropiduchidae, established by Van Duzee in 1908. The genus contains approximately five described species, distributed primarily in the Neotropical region including the Caribbean and southern United States. At least one species, Pelitropis rotulata, has been documented feeding on grasses in the family Poaceae. The genus is classified within the tribe Tangiini and subtribe Neotangiina.
Pellicia
Pellicia is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, subfamily Pyrginae. The genus contains approximately 15 described species distributed across the Neotropical region. Species were described primarily between 1870 and 1953 by lepidopterists including Herrich-Schäffer, Evans, Williams & Bell, and Plötz. The genus is distinguished from related skippers by specific wing pattern and genitalic characteristics, though detailed species-level biology remains poorly documented.
Pelonomus
long-toed water beetles
Pelonomus is a genus of long-toed water beetles in the family Dryopidae, first described by Erichson in 1847. The genus contains approximately five described species distributed primarily in the Americas. These beetles are associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats. Members of this genus are characterized by elongated tarsi adapted for clinging to submerged substrates.
Pentispa
Pentispa is a genus of tortoise beetles and hispines in the leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae. The genus contains more than 20 described species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region. Members of this genus are classified in the tribe Chalepini, a group characterized by spiny or flattened body forms adapted for living on leaf surfaces.
Pentispa distincta
Pentispa distincta is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cassidinae. Adults measure 4.5-5.2 mm in length. The species occurs in Texas (USA), Mexico, and Guatemala. Adults have been collected on Eupatorium azureum, though the specific food plant remains unknown.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
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green-banded ruby-eye
Perichares is a Neotropical genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, established by Scudder in 1872. The genus contains approximately seven described species distributed from Panama through northern South America to Brazil. One species, Perichares haworthiana, is commonly known as the green-banded ruby-eye. Species in this genus are characterized by their association with tropical forest habitats.
Perichares adela
Green-backed Ruby-eye
A Neotropical skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as the Green-backed Ruby-eye. The species exhibits the rapid, darting flight characteristic of skippers and is associated with forested and edge habitats in its range. Adults are diurnal and have been documented in multiple countries across Central and South America.
Pericopina
pericopine tiger moths, pericopines
Pericopina is a subtribe of tiger moths within the family Erebidae, established by Francis Walker in 1869. Members are characterized by striking coloration patterns and participation in Müllerian mimicry rings, particularly involving diurnal black species with white spots or transparent wing patches. The group exhibits notable sexual dimorphism and polymorphism, with multiple distinct morphs occurring within single species. Larval host associations include Malpighiaceae and Bromeliaceae, though these appear to be partitioned among different species groups.
Perigonia
Perigonia is a genus of hawkmoths in the family Sphingidae, first described by Herrich-Schäffer in 1854. The genus contains approximately 15 described species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region. Species within this genus are characterized by their relatively small size compared to other sphingids and distinctive wing patterns. The genus is placed in the tribe Dilophonotini within the subfamily Macroglossinae.
Perilypus
Perilypus is a genus of checkered beetles in the family Cleridae, established by Spinola in 1841. The genus is poorly documented in scientific literature, with limited species-level descriptions and biological data available. It belongs to a family of predatory beetles commonly associated with wood-boring insects and their galleries. The sparse iNaturalist records (17 observations) suggest it is rarely encountered or underreported.