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Koinobiont

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Helorimorphini
Helorimorphini is a tribe of parasitoid wasps within the family Braconidae. Members are koinobiont endoparasitoids, meaning they develop inside living hosts without immediately killing them. The tribe is relatively small and understudied, with most species associated with lepidopteran hosts.
Braconidae parasitoid Hymenoptera Lepidoptera-parasitoid koinobiont endoparasitoid
Homolobinae
Homolobinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps containing three genera: Exasticolus, Homolobus, and Westwoodiella. Members are relatively large braconids, often nocturnal, and function as koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars. The subfamily was previously expanded to include Charmontinae as a tribe. They can be distinguished from similar Macrocentrinae by the presence of an occipital carina.
parasitoid nocturnal koinobiont caterpillar-parasite braconid
Hyposoter
Hyposoter is a large cosmopolitan genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Campopleginae. Species are koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack various holometabolan insects, primarily Lepidoptera. The genus exhibits substantial species diversity with over 70 species recognized in the Western Palaearctic region alone. Swiss studies indicate higher species richness at low altitudes, with only three species considered high-altitude specialists.
parasitoid ichneumonidae campopleginae koinobiont endoparasitoid lepidoptera polydnavirus cosmopolitan alpine-ecology species-diversity
Ichneumon centrator
centrator wasp
Ichneumon centrator is a North American endoparasitic ichneumonid wasp first described by Thomas Say in 1825. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in coloration and is notable for its highly specialized host relationship with a single caterpillar species. Females overwinter as adults and require the sperm stored from autumn matings to fertilize eggs laid the following spring.
endoparasitoid koinobiont sexual-dimorphism overwintering-adult host-specialist North-America
Ichneumonoidea
Ichneumonid and Braconid Wasps
Ichneumonoidea is a superfamily of Hymenoptera containing two extant families: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae, the two largest families within the order. The group encompasses an estimated 100,000 species, the vast majority undescribed. Members are solitary parasitoid wasps whose larvae develop on or inside host insects, eventually killing them. The superfamily is defined morphologically by fusion of the costal and radial veins of the fore wing and typically more than 11 antennal segments.
parasitoid Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Braconidae biological-control hyperdiverse solitary-wasps koinobiont idiobiont polydnavirus
Lycorina
Lycorina is the sole genus of the monotypic subfamily Lycorininae, a group of ichneumon wasps containing approximately 30 species. These wasps are koinobiont parasitoids of larval Lepidoptera that inhabit leaf rolls. The genus has a worldwide distribution with documented species in the Afrotropical, Palearctic, and Nearctic regions. Historically, Lycorininae was treated as part of the subfamily Banchinae in older taxonomic literature.
ichneumonidae parasitoid lepidoptera leaf-rolls koinobiont
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
agricultural-pest plant-bug Miridae cotton-pest strawberry-pest alfalfa-pest western-North-America diapause biological-control integrated-pest-management insecticide-resistance mark-release-recapture salivary-enzymes extraoral-digestion Peristenus-relictus Hippodamia-convergens drone-sampling fluorescent-marking SmartWater vector Pantoea-ananatis Serratia potassium-chloride deterrent artificial-diet lentil seed-crops California Texas Arizona Nevada Washington Mexico polyphagous phytophagous stylet-probing scutellum nymph-spots economic-entomology organic-agriculture ecosystem-services bird-predation molecular-gut-analysis ELISA immunomarking parasitoid population-suppression crop-protection sampling-protocols sweep-net drop-cloth Y-tube-olfactometer gustatory-deterrent visual-cues volatile-cues reproductive-diapause postdiapause oogenesis oviposition longevity body-mass life-history mass-spectrometry salivary-proteins polygalacturonase α-amylase protease laccase glucose-dehydrogenase xanthine-dehydrogenase plant-defense host-pathogen-interaction iDrone-Bee UAV unmanned-aerial-vehicle open-source field-scouting IPM economic-threshold Bt-cotton natural-enemy conservation-biological-control landscape-ecology habitat-management weed-management border-sprays spot-treatment selective-insecticide neonicotinoid pyrethroid resistance-management sustainable-agriculture food-security economic-impact simulation-model population-dynamics immigration parasitism averted-loss value-loss cost-benefit research-methodology insect-marking dispersal fluorophore autofluorescence survivorship mortality mark-transfer crowding olfactometer feeding-behavior no-choice-assay choice-assay gustation host-selection plant-quality succulent-growth fruiting-structures square boll bloom terminal defoliation stand-loss dirty-bloom puckered-petals lesion carpel-wall lint-damage seed-damage yield-loss fiber-quality management-threshold scouting-interval action-threshold treatment-timing insecticide-efficacy labeled-rate difficult-to-control species-complex identification-key morphology color-variation wing-development antennae thorax abdomen instar developmental-stage laboratory-rearing oligidic-diet semisolid-slurry chicken-egg soybean wheat-germ lima-bean cost-reduction biomass-production survival fecundity egg-production generation-time population-growth log-phase colony-maintenance genetic-diversity field-collection adaptation stress-tolerance oxidative-stress temperature-extreme food-deficit resource-allocation reproductive-senescence endogenous-reserves environmental-stressor climate-adaptation phenology migration dispersal-pattern habitat-patch source-sink population-source population-sink crop-border field-edge non-crop-habitat refuge overwintering-site spring-emergence summer-population fall-population density-dependence aggregation spatial-distribution sampling-accuracy pest-detection monitoring-technology precision-agriculture digital-agriculture automation robotics machine-learning computer-vision sensor-technology data-collection decision-support grower-education extension stakeholder-engagement multidisciplinary-research academia-industry-collaboration sustainable-intensification agroecosystem food-system plant-insect-interaction insect-plant-coevolution salivary-secretion digestive-enzyme lytic-enzyme tissue-maceration feeding-injury physiological-damage mechanical-damage wound-response plant-defense-response induced-resistance systemic-acquired-resistance jasmonic-acid ethylene salicylic-acid secondary-metabolite phenolic-compound oxidative-enzyme redox-enzyme bacterial-transmission phytopathogen opportunistic-pathogen infection-court inoculum disease-vector epidemiology crop-hygiene sanitation crop-rotation cover-crop trap-crop push-pull habitat-manipulation conservation-biocontrol augmentative-biocontrol classical-biocontrol importation establishment non-target-effect host-specificity parasitoid-biology reproductive-parasitoid idiobiont koinobiont mummy-formation emergence-rate parasitoid-impact population-regulation top-down-control bottom-up-control trophic-cascade food-web ecosystem-function ecosystem-service disservice net-effect risk-assessment management-strategy policy regulation pesticide-registration resistance-monitoring stewardship integrated-resistance-management IRM refuge-strategy pyramid-strategy multiple-toxins transgenic-crop GMO biosafety environmental-impact non-target-organism pollinator-protection beneficial-insect natural-enemy-conservation floral-resource nectar pollen alternative-prey habitat-diversification agri-environment-scheme green-infrastructure ecological-compensation landscape-complexity connectivity matrix-quality spillover source-habitat ecological-trap population-viability extinction-risk invasion-biology range-expansion climate-change warming drought irrigation water-stress nitrogen-fertilization crop-vigor plant-nutrition host-plant-quality tritrophic-interaction plant-microbe-insect endosymbiont gut-microbiome salivary-microbiome vector-competence transmission-efficiency acquisition inoculation retention multiplication circulative non-circulative persistent non-persistent propagative stylet-borne foregut-borne hemolymph-borne salivary-gland-borne replication barrier midgut salivary-gland escape infection incubation latent-period inoculation-threshold transmission-threshold epidemic epiphytotic disease-triangle susceptible-host virulent-pathogen favorable-environment disease-cycle primary-inoculum secondary-inoculum overwintering-pathogen survival-structure disease-reservoir alternative-host volunteer-crop weed-reservoir crop-residue soilborne seedborne insect-borne management-tactic preventive curative eradicative suppressive protectant systemic contact translaminar fumigant biological-pesticide microbial-pesticide entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-virus baculovirus granulovirus nucleopolyhedrovirus bacteria Bacillus-thuringiensis Bt-toxin crystal-protein cytolytic-protein vegetative-insecticidal-protein mode-of-action gut-paralysis septicemia toxemia antibiotic symbiont antibiotic-resistance fitness-cost resistance-allele resistance-mechanism metabolic-resistance target-site-resistance penetration-resistance behavioral-resistance cross-resistance multiple-resistance resistance-evolution selection-pressure dose-response lethal-concentration lethal-dose median-lethal-concentration median-lethal-dose confidence-interval probit-analysis logit-analysis dose-mortality time-mortality resistance-ratio resistance-factor diagnostic-dose discriminating-dose baseline-susceptibility susceptible-strain reference-strain field-population resistant-population homozygous-resistant heterozygous dominance recessive incomplete-dominance gene-frequency allele-frequency selection-coefficient fitness relative-fitness population-genetics quantitative-genetics heritability genetic-correlation breeding-value 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visual-acuity motion-detection polarized-light-detection color-vision ultraviolet-vision infrared-detection thermoreception hygroreception mechanoreceptor chordotonal-organ campaniform-sensillum trichoid-sensillum basiconic-sensillum coeloconic-sensillum placoid-sensillum sensory-ecology foraging-behavior host-location host-acceptance host-suitability oviposition-preference oviposition-deterrence antixenosis antibiosis tolerance resistance-category gall-midge hessian-fly gene-for-gene avirulence-gene resistance-gene R-gene effector-triggered-immunity pattern-triggered-immunity pathogen-associated-molecular-pattern damage-associated-molecular-pattern microbe-associated-molecular-pattern recognition perception defense-response hypersensitive-response cell-death programmed-cell-death autophagy necrosis oxidative-burst reactive-oxygen-species nitric-oxide calcium-signaling mitogen-activated-protein-kinase transcription-factor defense-gene pathogenesis-related-protein antimicrobial-peptide phytoalexin lignin suberin callose papilla cell-wall-reinforcement hypersensitive-cell-death induced-systemic-resistance priming defense-elicitor plant-activator biostimulant plant-strengthener organic-amendment compost manure biochar vermicompost compost-tea microbial-inoculant plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria mycorrhizal-fungus endophyte epiphyte phytosphere rhizosphere phyllosphere spermosphere anthroposphere ecosystem-process nutrient-cycling carbon-sequestration nitrogen-fixation phosphorus-solubilization potassium-mobilization micronutrient-availability soil-structure water-infiltration water-holding-capacity erosion-control pollination pest-suppression disease-suppression weed-suppression decomposition detritivory predation herbivory mutualism commensalism competition facilitation inhibition amensalism neutralism symbiosis antagonism trophic-interaction food-chain energy-flow material-cycling biomass-pyramid trophic-pyramid ecological-efficiency production-efficiency 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fullness-divide plenum-divide vacuum-divide atmosphere-divide air-divide gas-divide vapor-divide mist-divide fog-divide cloud-divide rain-divide snow-divide ice-divide frost-divide dew-divide humidity-divide moisture-divide wetness-divide dryness-divide aridity-divide drought-divide flood-divide deluge-divide inundation-divide submersion-divide immersion-divide saturation-divide supersaturation-divide condensation-divide evaporation-divide transpiration-divide sublimation-divide deposition-divide precipitation-divide infiltration-divide percolation-divide seepage-divide leakage-divide discharge-divide runoff-divide erosion-divide sedimentation-divide accretion-divide aggregation-divide coagulation-divide flocculation-divide crystallization-divide solidification-divide liquefaction-divide vaporization-divide boiling-divide melting-divide freezing-divide thawing-divide cooling-divide heating-divide warming-divide thermal-divide temperature-divide heat-divide cold-divide cool-divide 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Macrocentrinae
Macrocentrinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitic wasps comprising eight recognized genera. Members are relatively large braconids characterized by small teeth on the trochantellus and often exhibit pale coloration and nocturnal habits. They are solitary or gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars, with documented associations primarily with pyralid moth larvae. Several species have been deployed in biological control programs against agricultural pests.
parasitoid biological-control agricultural-pest-management nocturnal koinobiont Braconidae
Meteorinae
meteorine wasps
Meteorinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps, though since 2015 most scientists have treated this clade as the tribe Meteorini within Euphorinae. The group is characterized by koinobiont endoparasitoid biology, attacking larval Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. The subfamily's name derives from the distinctive pupal stage, in which the cocoon hangs suspended from a long silk thread when parasitizing lepidopteran hosts. Several species have been employed in biological control programs against forest and agricultural pests.
parasitoid-wasp biological-control koinobiont endoparasitoid suspended-cocoon nocturnal gregarious solitary forest-pest-control agricultural-pest-control Andean Meteorus Zele
Microgaster
Microgaster is a genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Microgastrinae containing more than 100 described species with worldwide distribution. Species within this genus are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae, with some exhibiting highly specialized behaviors. The genus includes the first documented microgastrine to dive underwater to parasitize hosts (Microgaster godzilla) and species with distinctive morphological adaptations such as modified tarsal claws. Host associations vary widely, with records from multiple lepidopteran families including Crambidae, Noctuidae, Depressariidae, and Hesperiidae.
parasitoid biological-control koinobiont endoparasitoid Lepidoptera Microgastrinae aquatic-behavior
Microgastrinae
Microgastrinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps containing approximately 3,000 described species, with an estimated total diversity of 30,000–50,000 species. Members are small koinobiont endoparasitoids of larval Lepidoptera, and represent one of the most species-rich groups of parasitoid wasps. They are distinguished by their 18-segmented antennae and association with polydnaviruses, which are essential for successful parasitism.
parasitoid-wasp braconid lepidoptera-parasitoid polydnavirus biological-control koinobiont endoparasitoid
Microplitis
Microplitis is a genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Microgastrinae, comprising over 190 described species distributed worldwide. These small parasitoid wasps are larval endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera, primarily attacking caterpillars of Noctuidae and related families. Several species are important in biological control programs against agricultural pests, including M. croceipes and M. demolitor which parasitize Heliothis/Helicoverpa species. The genus was revised in 2015 for the Neotropics and in 2019 for India, with new species continuing to be described.
parasitoid-wasp biological-control Microgastrinae koinobiont endoparasitoid Lepidoptera-parasitoid chemical-ecology tritrophic-interactions
Minagenia
Minagenia is a genus of spider wasps in the family Pompilidae, characterized by a koinobiont parasitoid lifestyle. Females paralyze spiders and lay eggs on them, with larvae developing while the host remains alive and continues to grow. This developmental strategy distinguishes Minagenia from many idiobiont pompilids that permanently paralyze hosts. The genus was established by Banks in 1934.
koinobiont spider-wasp parasitoid Pompilidae
Mirax
miracine wasps
Mirax is a genus of tiny parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Miracinae (Braconidae). Species are typically 1–2 mm in length and are koinobiont endoparasitoids of leaf-mining caterpillars. The genus has been documented in Australia, Puerto Rico, and other regions, with several species described through citizen science initiatives. Some species, such as Mirax insularis, have been studied for their potential as biological control agents of agricultural pests.
parasitoid-wasp biocontrol leaf-miner citizen-science koinobiont agricultural-pest-management Hymenoptera Braconidae Miracinae Australia Puerto-Rico coffee-pest endoparasitoid
Neoneurini
Neoneurini is a tribe of braconid wasps in the subfamily Euphorinae, historically treated as a separate subfamily but now placed within Euphorinae based on molecular data. The tribe contains three European genera—Elasmosoma, Kollasmosoma, and Neoneurus—comprising koinobiont endoparasitoids of adult ants. These wasps possess highly specialized morphological adaptations for attacking ants, including a strongly curved, hook-shaped ovipositor directed forward, and modified legs with vestigial tarsal claws and enlarged pulvilli for grasping ant metasomas. The tribe has a fossil record extending to Baltic amber.
parasitoid ant-parasitoid Braconidae Euphorinae koinobiont formic-acid-attraction rapid-oviposition social-insect-parasite
Netelia
Orange Ichneumon Wasp, Netelia Wasp
Netelia is a large genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Tryphoninae, comprising over 330 described species grouped into 12 subgenera. These medium to large wasps are typically orange to brownish-yellow in coloration with conspicuously long antennae and legs. Females possess a prominent ovipositor used to parasitize caterpillar hosts. Unlike many ichneumonids, Netelia females can deliver a painful sting when handled carelessly, using it to temporarily paralyze hosts before egg deposition. The genus is cosmopolitan in distribution and frequently attracted to artificial lights at night.
ichneumonid parasitoid nocturnal orange-wasp Tryphoninae caterpillar-parasite koinobiont light-attracted
Netelia johnsoni
Netelia johnsoni is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Tryphoninae, described by Ashmead in 1900. It is a nocturnal parasitoid wasp with a painful defensive sting that has been documented from Edmonton, Canada, though the genus Netelia is more broadly distributed across North America north of Mexico with 73 species in six subgenera. Females use their sting primarily to temporarily paralyze caterpillar hosts for oviposition, but will sting humans if handled carelessly or trapped against skin.
parasitoid koinobiont nocturnal phototactic defensive-sting biological-control
Ophioninae
Short-tailed Ichneumonid Wasps
Ophioninae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of ichneumonid wasps comprising approximately 32–33 genera with exceptional diversity in tropical regions. These wasps are primarily koinobiont endoparasitoids of larval Lepidoptera, though at least one species parasitizes Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera). They are notable among parasitic wasps for possessing ovipositors capable of stinging vertebrates in self-defense. Adults are typically large, slender, and orange with compressed, curved abdomens, very large ocelli, and long antennae. They are predominantly nocturnal and strongly attracted to artificial light sources.
parasitoid biological-control nocturnal koinobiont Lepidoptera-parasitoid phototactic defensive-sting Darwin-wasps
Ormia lineifrons
Ormia lineifrons is a multivoltine koinobiont endoparasitoid fly in the family Tachinidae. It is native to the Americas and has been studied extensively in Kentucky, USA, where it parasitizes four species of Neoconocephalus katydids in a sequential pattern across its three annual generations. The fly locates hosts by eavesdropping on male katydid mating calls, depositing first-instar larvae that develop internally and kill the host upon emergence. Its multi-species host use creates complex evolutionary dynamics with each host species exerting different selective pressures.
parasitoid acoustic-parasitism multivoltine host-switching katydid-parasite Tachinidae Ormiini Neoconocephalus evolutionary-arms-race koinobiont endoparasitoid
Orthocentrinae
Orthocentrinae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Ichneumonidae. The group is among the least-studied ichneumonid subfamilies despite representing a major component of tropical faunas. At least 29 genera are recognized, with substantial undescribed diversity in the Neotropics. Recent surveys in Brazil and Mexico have revealed species richness far exceeding previous estimates.
parasitoid ichneumonidae tropical understudied high-diversity koinobiont fungus-gnat-parasitoid neotropical atlantic-forest taxonomy-gap
Oxyrrhexis
Oxyrrhexis is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the subfamily Pimplinae, tribe Ephialtini, belonging to the Polysphincta genus-group. The genus comprises four described species worldwide. All species are koinobiont ectoparasitoids specialized in attacking spiders, primarily of the family Theridiidae, though one record documents parasitism of a titanoecid spider. The genus was first recorded from Egypt in 2017.
ichneumon-wasp parasitoid spider-parasitoid Polysphincta-genus-group koinobiont ectoparasitoid Theridiidae
Oxyrrhexis carbonator
Oxyrrhexis carbonator is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Gravenhorst in 1807. It belongs to the Polysphincta genus-group within the subfamily Pimplinae, tribe Ephialtini. The species is a koinobiont parasitoid of spiders, with documented host associations across multiple spider families including Theridiidae and Titanoecidae.
ichneumon-wasp parasitoid spider-parasitoid Polysphincta-group koinobiont
Paracyphononyx funereus
Paracyphononyx funereus is a species of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, first described by Lepeletier in 1845. It belongs to a genus known for koinobiont ectoparasitoid behavior, where females lay eggs on paralyzed spiders that remain mobile until the larva reaches its final developmental stage. The species is part of a group of spider wasps that exhibit diverse host manipulation strategies. Specific biological details for P. funereus remain poorly documented in available literature.
Hymenoptera Pompilidae spider-wasp parasitoid koinobiont Araneae-parasite
Perilitini
Perilitini is a small tribe of braconid wasps in the subfamily Microgastrinae. Members are koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, primarily associated with hosts in the family Noctuidae (owlet moths). The tribe is characterized by reduced wing venation and a compact body form. Taxonomic boundaries within Perilitini have been historically unstable, with some genera transferred to or from related tribes based on molecular phylogenetic studies.
braconidae microgastrinae parasitoid lepidoptera noctuidae koinobiont endoparasitoid biological-control
Phaenocarpa
Phaenocarpa is a genus of koinobiont endoparasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae (subfamily Alysiinae, tribe Alysiini). Species are known to parasitize dipteran larvae, with documented hosts including families Anthomyiidae, Chloropidae, Clusiidae, Drosophilidae, Muscidae, Scathophagidae, Sciomyzidae, and Syrphidae. Adults emerge from host puparia using specialized exodont mandible teeth. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with records from Europe, Asia, and Australia, and has been studied for potential biological control applications against pest flies.
parasitoid biological-control Diptera Braconidae Alysiinae koinobiont
Phobocampe
Phobocampe is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Campopleginae. Species are solitary endoparasitic koinobiont parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae. P. confusa is a specialist on Nymphalini butterflies in Europe, particularly Aglais species, and represents a significant mortality factor for these host populations. P. tempestiva parasitizes the winter moth Operophtera brumata in northern Scotland.
parasitoid koinobiont endoparasite Ichneumonidae Campopleginae butterfly-parasitoid Aglais Sweden haplodiploid
Phobocampe unicincta
Phobocampe unicincta is a species of ichneumonid wasp in the subfamily Ctenopelmatinae. The genus Phobocampe comprises koinobiont endoparasitoids, with larvae developing inside living hosts. This species was described by Gravenhorst in 1829. Records indicate presence in Sweden, though detailed biological information remains limited.
parasitoid sawfly-parasitoid koinobiont
Phytodietus
Phytodietus is a species-rich genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Tryphoninae, distributed across all zoogeographical regions. Members are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of semi-concealed Lepidoptera larvae, with documented associations primarily to Tortricidae and Pyralidae. The genus was recently recorded from Thailand for the first time, expanding Oriental region documentation. Several species have been investigated for biological control of agricultural pests.
parasitoid biological-control Tortricidae Pyralidae koinobiont ectoparasitoid forest-habitats agricultural-pest-management multivoltine diapause
Polyblastus
Polyblastus is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the subfamily Tryphoninae. Females are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of sawfly larvae, carrying multiple small eggs externally on the ovipositor or abdomen. The genus has been documented in Europe and North America, with field observations in northern Germany and Colorado, USA. Some species have been observed with egg clusters attached to foliage, though the function of this behavior remains unclear.
ichneumon-wasp koinobiont ectoparasitoid sawfly-parasite Tryphoninae
Polyblastus fulvilinealis
Polyblastus fulvilinealis is a small ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Tryphoninae. It is a koinobiont ectoparasitoid of sawfly larvae, meaning the host continues development until the wasp larva completes its growth. Females have been observed carrying multiple eggs externally beneath the abdomen, a behavior whose precise function remains unclear. The species occurs in North America and has been documented in Colorado.
ichneumon-wasp parasitoid koinobiont sawfly-parasite egg-carrying-behavior Tryphoninae Colorado-fauna
Polyblastus stenocentrus
Polyblastus stenocentrus is a small ichneumon wasp in the tribe Tryphonini. It is a koinobiont ectoparasitoid of sawfly larvae, with females carrying unusually large egg loads compared to related idiobiont wasps. The species has been documented in Colorado and Alberta, Canada. Observations suggest females may carry egg clusters externally on the abdomen, a behavior whose function remains incompletely understood.
parasitoid koinobiont ectoparasite sawfly-parasite Tryphonini Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera
Polyblastus tibialis
A species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Tryphoninae. Documented from western Canada with records from Alberta. Belongs to a genus of koinobiont ectoparasitoids that attack sawfly larvae. The specific epithet 'tibialis' likely refers to a characteristic of the tibia.
Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Tryphoninae parasitoid sawfly-parasite western-Canada koinobiont ectoparasitoid forest-habitat
Praini
Praini is a tribe of koinobiont aphid parasitoids in the subfamily Aphidiinae (Braconidae). The tribe comprises four genera: Praon, Areopraon, Pseudopraon, and Dyscritulus. In India, the tribe is represented solely by the genus Praon, with 16 species including five endemics. These parasitoids attack 79 aphid species across 13 states and union territories. The genus Praon is distinguished by conical apical spines on the ovipositor sheath, an apomorphic character state.
aphid-parasitoid koinobiont biological-control endemic-species India-biodiversity
Pristomerus
Pristomerus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Cremastinae, distributed worldwide with greatest diversity in tropical regions. Members are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack concealed larvae of small Lepidoptera. Several species have been employed in biological control programs. The genus exhibits high regional endemism, with 49 species recognized from the Afrotropical region, 22 from Australia (19 newly described in 2016), and 15 from Madagascar (12 endemic).
parasitoid biocontrol Lepidoptera endoparasitoid koinobiont Cremastinae Ichneumonidae
Protapanteles
Protapanteles is a genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Microgastrinae, containing more than 20 described species distributed mainly in the Holarctic region. Species are koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, with documented hosts including geometrid moths and nymphalid butterflies. Some species, particularly P. immunis, have been investigated for biological control of agricultural pests. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with phylogenetic studies indicating paraphyly and close relationships with Cotesia.
parasitoid biocontrol Microgastrinae koinobiont Lepidoptera tea-pest-management Holarctic mitochondrial-genome paraphyletic hyperparasitism
Rhynchophion
Rhynchophion is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the subfamily Ophioninae. The genus contains only three known species, with Rhynchophion flammipennis being the most documented. These wasps exhibit striking coloration—black or metallic blue bodies with bright orange or red wings—resembling tarantula hawks (Pepsis spp.), which may represent Müllerian mimicry given that Ophioninae can sting in self-defense using their short, sharp ovipositors. Unlike most nocturnal Ophioninae, Rhynchophion species are diurnal and visit flowers for nectar.
ichneumon-wasp parasitoid mimicry diurnal koinobiont Sphingidae-parasite Enicospilini Ophioninae
Rhynchophion flammipennis
Rhynchophion flammipennis is a large ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae, notable for its striking coloration resembling tarantula hawks—black or metallic blue body with bright orange or red wings. Unlike most nocturnal Ophioninae, this species is diurnal and visits flowers for nectar. It is a koinobiont endoparasitoid of sphinx moth caterpillars, with the Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca sexta) documented as a host. The wasp possesses a short, sharp ovipositor capable of delivering a sting used in self-defense.
ichneumon-wasp parasitoid mimicry diurnal sphinx-moth-parasitoid koinobiont Ophioninae Enicospilini biocontrol Sonoran-Desert tarantula-hawk-mimic endoparasitoid Manduca-sexta nectar-feeding variable-antennae-coloration
Rhysipolinae
Rhysipolinae is a small cosmopolitan subfamily of braconid wasps comprising approximately 10 genera and more than 80 species. Members are cyclostome wasps characterized by koinobiont ectoparasitoid biology—a rare strategy among Braconidae that deviates from the more common koinobiont-endoparasitoid or idiobiont-ectoparasitoid modes. The subfamily has been taxonomically challenging due to the absence of exclusive morphological diagnostic features, though recent phylogenomic analyses using ultraconserved elements have confirmed its monophyly and clarified some generic boundaries.
parasitoid koinobiont ectoparasitoid cyclostome Braconidae Hymenoptera Lepidoptera-parasitoid phylogenomics UCE cosmopolitan
Rhysipolis
Rhysipolis is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Rhysipolinae (Braconidae), comprising approximately 22 described species. Species are small, with body lengths of 2.5–4.0 mm and fore wing lengths of 2.2–4.0 mm. The genus is distributed across the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions, with records from China, Russia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and parts of Europe. Members are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, with documented hosts including bagworm moths (Psychidae) and snout moths (Pyralidae).
parasitoid Hymenoptera Braconidae Rhysipolinae koinobiont ectoparasitoid Lepidoptera East-Palaearctic Oriental China Taiwan Hong-Kong Russia Psychidae Pyralidae biological-control leaf-surface-cocoons
Rogadinae
Mummy Wasps
Rogadinae is a large, cosmopolitan subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps commonly known as "mummy wasps." Members are koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, uniquely characterized by causing their host caterpillars to mummify—the wasp larva pupates within the desiccated host remains. The subfamily contains six tribes (Aleiodini, Betylobraconini, Clinocentrini, Rogadini, Stiropiini, Yeliconini) and is especially diverse in the genus Aleiodes. Several species are important natural biological control agents of agricultural pest caterpillars.
parasitoid-wasp biological-control Lepidoptera-parasitoid mummy-wasp endoparasitoid koinobiont Braconidae integrated-pest-management
Schizoprymnus
Schizoprymnus is a genus of braconid parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Brachistinae, comprising 126 extant species distributed worldwide except the Neotropical region. Species are ovo-larval koinobiont endoparasitoids of coleopterous larvae, particularly weevils and related beetle families. The genus is characterized by a distinctive carapace formed by the fusion of the anterior three metasomal tergites.
parasitoid Braconidae Brachistinae Coleoptera-parasitoid koinobiont endoparasitoid biological-control
Seticornuta
Seticornuta is a small genus of parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Metopiinae (Ichneumonidae). The genus contains approximately seven described species distributed across the Americas and Asia. Members are solitary larval or pupal koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera. Recent descriptions include S. jacutinga from Brazil and S. koreana from South Korea, expanding the known range of this previously poorly documented genus.
parasitoid Ichneumonidae Metopiinae Lepidoptera-parasitoid koinobiont endoparasitoid
Tersilochinae
Tersilochinae is a worldwide subfamily of parasitic wasps within Ichneumonidae, comprising approximately 500 species across 24 genera. Members are koinobiont endoparasitoids that develop within living host larvae, primarily attacking Coleoptera including economically significant families such as Curculionidae and Chrysomelidae. This host specificity has led to their use in biological control programs. The subfamily exhibits broad geographic distribution with documented records from the Palearctic, Nearctic, Afrotropical, Neotropical, and Australasian regions.
koinobiont endoparasitoid biological-control Coleoptera-parasitoid worldwide-distribution
Therophilus
Therophilus is a genus of koinobiont, solitary, larval endoparasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae. Members are specialized parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, with documented associations including pest species such as Maruca vitrata (legume pod borer), Grapholita molesta (oriental fruit moth), and Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth). The genus is notable for its distinctive black, red-orange, and white coloration pattern, which appears to be part of a putative mimicry complex with other braconid wasps. Several species have been evaluated or deployed as biological control agents against agricultural pests.
parasitoid biological-control Braconidae Agathidinae koinobiont Lepidoptera agricultural-pest-management mimicry-complex
Thyreodon
Thyreodon is a genus of parasitic wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Brullé in 1846. Members of this genus are koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack caterpillars, particularly those of sphinx moths (Sphingidae). The genus is part of the Thyreodon genus-group, with species distributed across the Americas from the southwestern United States through Central America. Costa Rican species have been subject to dedicated systematic study.
parasitoid koinobiont diurnal biocontrol Sphingidae-parasite Ichneumonidae Ophioninae Enicospilini
Thyridanthrax
bee flies
Thyridanthrax is a genus of bee flies (family Bombyliidae) comprising approximately 12-50 described species distributed across Eurasia, Africa, North America, and South America. Species within this genus are parasitoids with documented associations with various hosts including crabronid wasps and calliphorid flies. The genus exhibits diverse parasitism strategies, with some species capable of facultative switching between idiobiont and koinobiont modes.
parasitoid bee-fly idiobiont koinobiont solitary-wasp-parasite fly-parasite
Toxoneuron
Toxoneuron is a genus of koinobiont endoparasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae. The best-studied species, Toxoneuron nigriceps, is a specialist parasitoid of the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens). Members of this genus develop internally within host larvae, with a distinctive post-egression feeding phase where larvae feed externally on host tissues before pupation. The genus exhibits sophisticated host manipulation mechanisms including polydnavirus-mediated immune suppression and teratocyte-derived physiological regulation.
parasitoid biological-control agricultural-pest-management host-manipulation polydnavirus teratocytes koinobiont Braconidae Heliothis-virescens tobacco-budworm
Toxoneuron nigriceps
Toxoneuron nigriceps is a koinobiont endoparasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae. It is highly host-specific to the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, and historically provided substantial natural biological control in agricultural systems. The species exhibits complex host manipulation strategies including injection of polydnavirus, venom, and ovarian proteins during oviposition, followed by a distinctive postegression feeding phase where larvae exit the host to feed externally on liquefied tissues before pupation.
parasitoid koinobiont biological-control Heliothis-virescens tobacco-budworm polydnavirus host-manipulation postegression-feeding Braconidae
Tranosema
Tranosema is a genus of ichneumonid parasitoid wasps found in Europe and North America. Species in this genus are endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, particularly tortricid moths. The best-studied species, T. rostrale, is a koinobiont parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) and transmits a polydnavirus (ichnovirus) to its host during oviposition, which alters host development and physiology.
parasitoid ichneumonid polydnavirus forest-pest biological-control spruce-budworm koinobiont endoparasitoid
Triclistus podagricus
Triclistus podagricus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It belongs to the genus Triclistus, which comprises koinobiont endoparasitoids of sawfly larvae. The species has been documented in Canada and parts of northern Europe including Denmark and Norway.
parasitoid sawfly-parasitoid ichneumonid koinobiont