Alpine

Guides

Plebejus glandon punctatus
Plebejus glandon punctatus is a subspecies of the Arctic blue butterfly, a small lycaenid found in mountainous regions of Europe. The subspecies was described by Austin in 1998 and is currently listed as taxonomically doubtful by GBIF. Like other members of the P. glandon complex, adults are associated with alpine and subalpine habitats where their caterpillars develop in association with ants.
Lycaenidae Lepidoptera Europe alpine subspecies taxonomically-doubtful
Prumnacris rainierensis
Cascade Timberline Grasshopper
Prumnacris rainierensis, commonly known as the Cascade Timberline Grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper endemic to the Pacific Northwest United States. The species is distinguished by its association with high-elevation timberline habitats, particularly in the Cascade Range. It belongs to the subfamily Melanoplinae, a diverse group of grasshoppers often associated with montane and alpine environments.
endemic montane alpine Cascade-Range Pacific-Northwest
Pseudostenophylax
northern caddisflies
Pseudostenophylax is a genus of northern caddisflies in the family Limnephilidae, containing at least 80 described species. The genus was established by Martynov in 1909 with Pseudostenophylax fumosus as the type species. Species are primarily distributed across northern regions of North America and Eurasia, with notable diversity in Japan and alpine regions. Research on Japanese species has revealed strong phylogeographic patterns linked to mountain formation and glacial history.
alpine subalpine phylogeography aquatic-insects mountain-biodiversity Japan caddisfly Trichoptera Limnephilidae northern-hemisphere Pseudostenophylacinae lotic-systems diapause univoltine
Pterostichus adstrictus
Upland Blackclock
Pterostichus adstrictus is a cold-adapted ground beetle with a Holarctic-circumpolar distribution, occurring across subarctic and alpine regions of North America and Eurasia. In North America it ranges from the Bering Sea coast to Newfoundland and south to Pennsylvania, Indiana, South Dakota, New Mexico, and California's Sierra Nevada. European populations were historically known only from northern peripheries (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scandinavia) until discovery in the Austrian Alps, representing a glacial relict with arctic-alpine distribution. The species exhibits stenotopic habitat specificity and has been observed to form locally dense populations despite restricted geographic occurrence.
arctic-alpine glacial-relict stenotopic univoltine ground-beetle Carabidae Holarctic alpine subgenus-Bothriopterus
Pyrgus
Grizzled Skippers, Checkered Skippers
Pyrgus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as grizzled skippers. The genus occurs primarily in the Holarctic region, with some species extending into the Neotropics. Following a major taxonomic revision in 2019, most New World species were moved to other genera (Burnsius, Chirgus, Heliopetes), leaving only four Pyrgus species in the Americas: P. centaureae, P. ruralis, P. scriptura, and P. xanthus. The genus is characterized by small butterflies with checkered or grizzled wing patterns.
skipper butterfly Hesperiidae grizzled-skipper checkered-skipper Pyrginae Holarctic Rosaceae alpine grassland
Rosenus abiskoensis
Rosenus abiskoensis is a leafhopper species described by Lindberg in 1926 from the genus Rosenus within the family Cicadellidae. It is currently treated as a synonym of Rosenus laciniatus. The species is known from high-latitude and high-altitude localities across northern Eurasia and Alaska, suggesting an association with cold-climate habitats.
leafhopper Cicadellidae synonym subarctic alpine Palaearctic Nearctic
Saldula saltatoria
Common Shore Bug
Saldula saltatoria is a Holarctic shore bug with circumboreal distribution, widespread across central Europe and often occurring in large numbers. It is an active predator of small invertebrates inhabiting diverse shoreline habitats. The species shows remarkable ecological flexibility, occurring from small water bodies to large lakes and rivers, and from sea level to over 2000 meters elevation in alpine regions.
shore-bug predator wetland Holarctic circumboreal alpine eurytopic
Scutoverticidae
Scutoverticidae is a family of oribatid mites comprising approximately 8 genera and at least 50 described species. The family is classified within the superfamily Licneremaeoidea. Members are small soil-dwelling arachnids. The genus *Scutovertex* includes alpine-associated species.
mites oribatids soil-fauna alpine
Siederia
Siederia is a genus of small bagworm moths in the family Psychidae, established by Meier in 1953. The genus was erected to accommodate species previously placed in the large, polyphyletic 'wastebin genus' Solenobia, which is now recognized as a junior synonym of Taleporia. Siederia species are classified in the subfamily Naryciinae, though some authorities place them in Taleporiinae if Naryciinae is not considered sufficiently distinct. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed primarily in the Palearctic region.
Psychidae Naryciinae bagworm-moths Palearctic montane alpine case-bearing-larvae
Stephanopachys
horned powder-post beetles
Stephanopachys is a genus of horned powder-post beetles (family Bostrichidae) comprising more than 20 described species. The genus was established by Waterhouse in 1888. Members are saproxylic beetles associated with wood decomposition, with at least one species (S. linearis) exhibiting pyrophilous behavior and conservation concern in Europe.
Bostrichidae powder-post-beetles saproxylic conservation pyrophilous Europe boreal alpine
Sympistis zetterstedtii
Alpine Sallow
Sympistis zetterstedtii, commonly known as the Alpine Sallow, is a moth species in the family Noctuidae. It was described by Staudinger in 1857 and is associated with alpine or montane habitats. The species has been recorded primarily in northern Europe, though the exact distribution requires verification. It is part of a taxonomically complex genus where species boundaries and nomenclature have been subject to revision.
alpine montane noctuidae northern-europe
Syngrapha alticola
Alticola Looper Moth, Alpine Beauty
Syngrapha alticola is a small noctuid moth found in high-elevation and Arctic environments across North America. The species occurs above treeline from Newfoundland to Alaska, with disjunct populations extending southward in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada to central California and Colorado. Adults are active during mid-summer, with two generations per year in at least part of the range. The species is one of relatively few Lepidoptera specialized for life in alpine tundra habitats.
alpine arctic montane noctuidae plusiinae north-america
Tephritis angustipennis
narrow-winged fruit fly
Tephritis angustipennis is a tephritid fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) first described by Loew in 1844. It is a phytophagous seed predator specializing on Asteraceae plants, particularly Aster species. The species is notable for its narrow wings with reduced pattern elements compared to congeners. It has been recorded across Europe, Asia, and North America, with recent studies documenting significant populations in the Three Rivers Source Region of China where it impacts native Aster seed production. T. angustipennis was recently synonymized with T. ptarmicae Hering, 1935.
Tephritidae fruit-fly seed-predator Asteraceae alpine holometabolous phytophagous China Europe North-America
Tinagma dryadis
Tinagma dryadis is a small moth in the family Douglasiidae, described by Staudinger in 1872. It has a wingspan of 7–8 mm and is active in July. The species is notable for its specialized larval association with Dryas octopetala.
alpine specialist-herbivore montane
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
Ephemeroptera Polymitarcyidae burrowing-mayflies Neotropical clay-bank-habitat U-shaped-tunnels mandibular-tusks Tortopsis Campsurinae Panamerican-distribution cladistic-revision synapomorphy parastyli-receptors flattened-penes furcasternal-protuberances subapical-tubercles limnological-sampling-bias nymph-morphology adult-morphology type-species-T.-igaranus new-species-T.-arenales Ecuador Colombia Argentina Molineri-2008 Needham-&-Murphy-1924 Zootaxa Arthropod-Systematics-&-Phylogeny Florida-Entomologist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI-Taxonomy embryonic-development early-instar-behavior T.-harrisi T.-bellus T.-circumfluus T.-zottai T.-igaranus T.-incertus T.-coreguaje Tortopsis-toro Tortopsis-andaki Tortopsis-limoncocha Tortopsis-spatula aquatic-insects freshwater riverine lotic ephemeropteran-systematics taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-analysis morphological-characters egg-morphology male-imago-description female-adult-description keys-to-species SEM-photography line-drawings type-material-examination redescription comparative-diagnosis burrowing-behavior clay-substrate tunnel-construction sampling-methodology surber-sampler-limitations drift-net-avoidance Panama South-America Central-America mayfly-diversity highest-diversity-Neotropics Asthenopodinae Ephemeroidea Hexapoda Metazoa Eukaryota accepted-genus higher-rank-match observation-count-2 no-Wikipedia-summary DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1 DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4 DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735 DOI-10.2307/3493493 Scott-et-al.-1959 Navás Ulmer Traver Lugo-Ortiz-&-McCafferty Domínguez Banks McDunnough Pictet Needham-&-Murphy freshwater-ecology aquatic-entomology insect-development nymphal-stages imago-description alate-adults wing-venation R-sector gonopore-structure parastyli-length pedestal-morphology lateral-view-curvature mandibular-morphology tusk-tubercles mesosternal-structure abdominal-sternum-notch furcasternum protuberance-configuration receptor-socket-orientation IR-vein R2-vein claw-like-structure gonopore-association penis-base-separation female-fore-wing additional-veins comparative-morphology type-specimen holotype allotype paratype neotropical-species new-species-description species-key identification-key male-adult-key female-adult-key nymph-key generic-key Polymitarcyidae-genera systematics phylogeny cladistics monophyly sister-group character-state transformation-series parsimony-analysis morphological-data-set external-morphology egg-chorion micropyle egg-burster hatching emergence behavioral-study early-instar embryology oviposition substrate-preference habitat-specificity endemic regional-diversity conservation biomonitoring water-quality-indicator macroinvertebrate benthic infaunal interstitial hyporheic river-bank stream-bank erosion sediment particle-size clay-content bank-stability root-mat vegetation-association flow-regime current-velocity depth width stream-order catchment basin ecoregion biogeography dispersal colonization vicariance speciation adaptive-radiation morphological-divergence convergent-evolution homoplasy character-conflict bootstrap-support Bremer-support consensus-tree strict-consensus majority-rule taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-act original-description subsequent-designation type-locality type-depository museum-collection specimen-preservation alcohol-preservation slide-mounting SEM-preparation imaging-techniques scientific-illustration photography measurement morphometrics ratios proportions allometry sexual-dimorphism geographic-variation intraspecific-variation interspecific-variation diagnostic-characters identification-confidence taxonomic-expertise literature-review bibliographic-search database-query online-repository open-access paywall abstract-only full-text-unavailable citation-analysis reference-list source-quality evidence-strength knowledge-gap research-need future-study collaboration field-work collection-trip sampling-effort specimen-availability type-examination revision-scope taxonomic-concept circumscription inclusion exclusion species-group species-complex cryptic-species morphospecies phylogenetic-species evolutionary-significant-unit operational-taxonomic-unit DNA-barcoding molecular-systematics integrative-taxonomy traditional-taxonomy alpha-taxonomy beta-taxonomy gamma-taxonomy classification-hierarchy Linnaean-system rank-based-nomenclature phylogenetic-nomenclature clade-name crown-group stem-group total-evidence congruence incongruence data-partition character-weighting implied-weighting equal-weighting ordered-characters unordered-characters multistate-characters binary-characters continuous-characters meristic-characters qualitative-characters quantitative-characters morphological-matrix data-matrix character-matrix taxon-sampling character-sampling missing-data inapplicable-data polymorphism intraspecific-polymorphism fixed-difference diagnostic-difference unique-derived-character autapomorphy shared-derived-character symplesiomorphy convergent-character parallel-evolution reversal character-optimization ACCTRAN DELTRAN unambiguous-optimization ambiguous-optimization most-parsimonious-tree tree-length consistency-index retention-index rescaled-consistency-index homoplasy-index character-fit character-congruence character-support branch-support node-support clade-stability taxonomic-stability-index phylogenetic-signal noise saturation substitution-model rate-heterogeneity among-site-rate-variation gamma-distribution invariant-sites model-selection Akaike-information-criterion Bayesian-information-criterion likelihood-ratio-test Bayesian-inference Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo posterior-probability prior-probability hyperprior convergence effective-sample-size burn-in stationarity trace-plot parameter-estimate credible-interval highest-posterior-density tree-topology tree-shape lineage-through-time diversification-rate extinction-rate speciation-rate net-diversification birth-death-model Yule-model coalescent-model population-size effective-population-size gene-flow migration-rate isolation-by-distance phylogeography historical-biogeography ancestral-area-reconstruction dispersal-vicariance-analysis decisive-weighting event-based-method taxon-area-cladogram area-cladogram biogeographic-homology track-analysis panbiogeography phylogenetic-biogeography ecological-biogeography dispersal-biogeography vicariance-biogeography center-of-origin area-of-endemism refugium Pleistocene glaciation climate-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss anthropogenic-impact pollution eutrophication sedimentation dam-construction water-abstraction flow-modification thermal-pollution toxic-substances heavy-metals pesticides urbanization agriculture deforestation land-use-change riparian-degradation channelization dredging mining invasive-species biological-invasion competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation ecosystem-engineer keystone-species flagship-species umbrella-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator ecological-indicator environmental-indicator water-quality-index biotic-index multimetric-index rapid-bioassessment protocol standardization quality-assurance quality-control reference-condition least-disturbed minimally-disturbed best-available type-specific region-specific stream-type river-type functional-feeding-group collector-gatherer collector-filterer scraper shredder predator parasite engulfer piercer burrower sprawler clinger swimmer skater diver surface-dweller benthic-dweller interstitial-dweller hyporheic-dweller phreatic-dweller troglobite stygobite cave-inhabitant spring-inhabitant headwater mid-order high-order lowland montane alpine subtropical tropical temperate boreal arctic antarctic palearctic nearctic afrotropical oriental australian oceanic cosmopolitan widespread restricted relict disjunct-distribution range-extension new-record first-record country-record state-record province-record locality-record elevation-record altitudinal-range latitudinal-range longitudinal-range distribution-pattern range-size range-fill extent-of-occurrence area-of-occupancy IUCN-category threat-status data-deficient not-evaluated least-concern near-threatened vulnerable endangered critically-endangered extinct-in-wild extinct population-trend population-density population-structure age-structure size-structure sex-ratio reproductive-output fecundity fertility mortality survivorship life-table cohort-analysis generation-time doubling-time intrinsic-rate-of-increase finite-rate-of-increase net-reproductive-rate stable-age-distribution stationary-population expanding-population declining-population source-sink-dynamics metapopulation population-viability-analysis minimum-viable-population genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness private-allele founder-effect bottleneck genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression hybridization introgression gene-flow-barrier 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trans-regulatory enhancer promoter silencer insulator transcription-factor signaling-pathway developmental-pathway gene-network epigenetic-modification DNA-methylation histone-modification chromatin-remodeling genomic-imprinting parental-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect cytoplasmic-inheritance mitochondrial-DNA chloroplast-DNA endosymbiont Wolbachia Rickettsia Spiroplasma Cardinium Arsenophonus Hamiltonella Regiella Serratia Buchnera Carsonella Portiera primary-endosymbiont secondary-endosymbiont facultative-symbiont obligate-symbiont mutualistic-symbiont parasitic-symbiont commensal-symbiont pathogen vector disease-transmission zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease biosecurity quarantine eradication control management conservation-biology restoration-ecology habitat-restoration river-restoration stream-restoration floodplain-restoration riparian-restoration wetland-restoration ecosystem-restoration passive-restoration active-restoration assisted-recovery managed-relocation assisted-colonization ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-refuge biosphere-reserve world-heritage-site ramsar-site important-bird-area key-biodiversity-area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction EDGE-species evolutionarily-distinct globally-endangered conservation-prioritization systematic-conservation-planning Marxan Zonation conservation-opportunity conservation-cost conservation-benefit trade-off socioeconomic-factor stakeholder-engagement community-based-conservation adaptive-management monitoring-program long-term-study citizen-science public-participation environmental-education outreach science-communication knowledge-transfer capacity-building institutional-strengthening policy-development legislation regulation enforcement compliance incentive payment-for-ecosystem-services carbon-credit biodiversity-offset mitigation-banking conservation-easement land-trust private-land-conservation conservation-covenant stewardship 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moral-hazard adverse-selection information-asymmetry transaction-cost property-right common-property state-property private-property hybrid-property bundle-of-rights usufruct access withdrawal alienation tenure-security land-tenure water-tenure resource-tenure customary-tenure statutory-tenure legal-pluralism de-facto de-jure formal informal legality legitimacy recognition deviance corruption elite-capture social-capital bonding-capital bridging-capital linking-capital trust reciprocity reputation social-network social-embeddedness structural-hole brokerage closure cohesion density centrality betweenness degree eigenvector PageRank small-world scale-free random-network regular-network hierarchical-network modularity community-structure clustering assortativity homophily heterophily preferential-attachment fitness-model network-evolution network-dynamics temporal-network multilayer-network multiplex-network bipartite-network affiliation-network one-mode-network two-mode-network adjacency-matrix edge-list graph-theory vertex edge node link tie connection path cycle tree forest component giant-component percolation phase-transition criticality self-organized-criticality power-law heavy-tail Pareto-distribution lognormal-distribution exponential-distribution Poisson-distribution binomial-distribution normal-distribution Gaussian-distribution statistical-distribution probability-distribution cumulative-distribution probability-density-function cumulative-distribution-function survival-function hazard-function moment mean median mode variance standard-deviation coefficient-of-variation skewness kurtosis quantile percentile decile quartile interquartile-range range minimum maximum outlier robust-statistic parametric-test non-parametric-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis significance-level p-value confidence-interval type-I-error type-II-error statistical-power effect-size sample-size sampling-design experimental-design observational-study quasi-experiment natural-experiment randomized-controlled-trial before-after-control-impact BACI impact-assessment environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis energy-analysis exergy-analysis emergy-analysis input-output-analysis environmentally-extended-input-output social-accounting-matrix computable-general-equilibrium agent-based-model system-dynamics-model Bayesian-network structural-equation-model path-analysis factor-analysis principal-component-analysis cluster-analysis discriminant-analysis canonical-correspondence-analysis redundancy-analysis non-metric-multidimensional-scaling ordination classification regression-analysis linear-regression nonlinear-regression generalized-linear-model generalized-additive-model mixed-effects-model multilevel-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-hierarchical-model state-space-model hidden-Markov-model time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geostatistics kriging variogram spatial-autocorrelation Moran's-I Geary's-c Getis-Ord-Gi local-indicator-of-spatial-association LISA hot-spot cold-spot spatial-cluster spatial-outlier edge-effect boundary-effect modifiable-areal-unit-problem MAUP ecological-fallacy atomistic-fallacy cross-scale-inference upscaling downscaling scaling-law allometric-scaling fractal fractal-dimension self-similarity multi-fractal lacunarity roughness texture pattern process pattern-process-relationship neutral-model null-model randomization-test permutation-test bootstrap jackknife cross-validation model-averaging model-comparison information-criterion Bayesian-model-averaging ensemble-modeling consensus-model prediction forecast projection scenario narrative-scenario quantitative-scenario storyline shared-socioeconomic-pathway representative-concentration-pathway 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environmental-ceiling social-foundation intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity distributive-justice procedural-justice recognition-justice environmental-justice climate-justice energy-justice water-justice food-justice spatial-justice territorial-justice ecological-justice species-justice intersectionality adaptation mitigation sustainability sustainable-development well-being human-development capability-approach human-security environmental-security climate-security water-security food-security energy-security livelihood-security disaster-risk-reduction climate-change-adaptation climate-change-mitigation loss-and-damage climate-finance green-climate-fund adaptation-fund global-environment-facility biodiversity-finance nature-finance blended-finance impact-investment ESG environmental-social-governance sustainable-finance green-bond social-bond sustainability-bond blue-bond nature-bond biodiversity-credit offset inset nature-based-credit ecosystem-service-credit 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Trechini
Trechini is a large and diverse tribe of small ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising over 270 genera and more than 2,400 described species worldwide. Members are typically diminutive, often less than 5 mm in length, with many species measuring 1 mm or less. The tribe exhibits remarkable habitat breadth, occurring in terrestrial, subterranean, and high-altitude mountain environments across all continents except Antarctica, though fossil evidence indicates former presence there. Trechini includes numerous cave-adapted lineages, making it the most diverse and cave-specialized group among Carabidae tribes in subterranean habitats.
Carabidae ground-beetles cave-beetles troglobites subterranean high-altitude endemic Gondwanan karst alpine
Vertagopus
Vertagopus is a genus of springtails in the family Isotomidae, comprising approximately 30 described species distributed across arctic, alpine, and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus includes both widespread and geographically restricted species, with some showing strict alpine specializations. Certain species, such as V. sarekensis, are notable for forming large aggregations and exhibiting coordinated group migration behaviors. The genus has been subject to recent taxonomic revision in eastern Siberia, where new species continue to be described.
springtails Collembola Isotomidae alpine arctic aggregating-behavior cuticular-lipids cyclopropane-hydrocarbons soil-fauna nutrient-cycling
Xanthorhoe decoloraria
Red Carpet
Xanthorhoe decoloraria, commonly known as the red carpet, is a small geometrid moth described by Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in 1806. The species exhibits considerable wing pattern variation and is distributed across northern Europe, Asia, and North America, with southern populations restricted to mountainous regions. Adults are active during mid-summer, and larvae feed on Alchemilla species.
moth geometrid palaearctic nearctic mountain alpine variable
Xestia maculata
Xestia maculata is a noctuid moth species recorded from western Canada and Montana in North America. It is associated with open alpine tundra habitats. The species was described by Smith in 1893 and was originally placed in the genus Agrotiphila. Information on this species is limited, with few documented observations.
noctuid-moth alpine tundra North-America
Zenophleps alpinata
Alpine Zenophleps
Zenophleps alpinata is a small geometrid moth described by Samuel E. Cassino in 1927. The species is known from western Canadian provinces, with records from Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 25 millimetres. The specific epithet 'alpinata' suggests an association with alpine or high-elevation habitats.
Geometridae Larentiinae Canada alpine small-moth