Decomposer
Guides
Ceuthophilus maculatus
spotted camel cricket
Ceuthophilus maculatus, commonly known as the spotted camel cricket, is a wingless camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is distinguished by its humpbacked profile, spotted coloration, and notably long antennae. The species is native to North America and is frequently encountered in dark, humid microhabitats. Unlike many Orthoptera, males do not produce sound.
Ceuthophilus stygius
Kentucky cave cricket, cave camel cricket, Stygian Cave Cricket
Ceuthophilus stygius is a camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae, commonly known as the Kentucky cave cricket or Stygian Cave Cricket. It is native to North America, with records from the southeastern United States and Indiana. As a member of the genus Ceuthophilus, it shares traits with other cave crickets including elongated antennae, powerful jumping legs, and adaptation to dark, damp environments. The species has been studied for its metabolic and water economy physiology in relation to body size and temperature.
Chalcosyrphus inarmatus
Yellow-haired Leafwalker
Chalcosyrphus inarmatus, commonly known as the yellow-haired leafwalker, is an uncommon species of syrphid fly distributed across northern North America. The species belongs to a genus whose larvae are typically associated with decaying wood rather than the aphid predation common to many hover flies. Adults are flower visitors that obtain nectar and pollen from floral resources.
Chalcosyrphus vecors
Orange-hipped Leafwalker
Chalcosyrphus vecors, commonly known as the Orange-hipped Leafwalker, is a species of syrphid fly (family Syrphidae) found throughout North America. It belongs to the subgenus Xylotomima and was originally described by Osten Sacken in 1875. Like other members of its genus, this species is associated with dead and decaying wood, where its larvae develop as saprophages.
Cheilosiina
Cheilosiina is a subtribe of hoverflies within the family Syrphidae. Members are small to medium-sized flies with distinctive facial and thoracic morphology. The group is taxonomically defined by specific cranial and mouthpart structures rather than conspicuous external features. Many species are associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats.
Chironomus crassicaudatus
thick-tailed non-biting midge, thick-skinned midge
Chironomus crassicaudatus is a non-biting midge in the family Chironomidae, described by Malloch in 1915. The species is known from the eastern United States, ranging from Texas to New York. It has been documented in a rare case of human urogenital myiasis in Kolkata, India, where larvae were found in the urine of a patient living in unhygienic conditions with shared toilet facilities. As a member of the non-biting midges, adults lack functional mouthparts and do not feed on blood.
Chloroprocta
Chloroprocta is a genus of blow flies in the family Calliphoridae, subfamily Chrysomyinae. The genus was described by Wulp in 1896. Species in this genus are associated with carrion and decomposing organic matter. The genus contains relatively few described species and is primarily distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics.
Chordeumatida
Sausage Millipedes, Spinning Millipedes
Chordeumatida is a large order of millipedes containing over 1,100 species, commonly known as sausage millipedes or spinning millipedes. Members of this order are distinguished by their teloanamorphic development—adding segments through molts until reaching a fixed adult number, after which molting ceases. They are notable for possessing spinnerets on their telsons that produce silk used to construct protective chambers for molting and egg-laying. The order exhibits considerable morphological diversity, with species ranging from 3.5 to 42 mm in length and displaying both cylindrical and flat-backed body forms.
Chorisoneura parishi
Parish's Thin-nerved Cockroach
Chorisoneura parishi is a small cockroach species in the family Ectobiidae, first described by Rehn in 1918. It is distributed across the Neotropical region, with records from Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, and Panama. The species belongs to a genus characterized by reduced wing venation patterns. It is one of numerous small, non-pest cockroach species that inhabit tropical forest ecosystems.
Cis vitulus
Cis vitulus is a species of minute tree-fungus beetle in the family Ciidae, a group of small beetles specialized for life on fungal substrates. The species was described by Mannerheim in 1843 and is known from North America. Members of the genus Cis are typically associated with wood-decaying fungi, particularly bracket fungi (Polyporaceae), where they complete their development. Like other ciid beetles, C. vitulus is likely cryptic and poorly studied due to its small size and specialized habitat.
Clambus howdeni
Clambus howdeni is a minute beetle species in the family Clambidae, first described by Endrödy-Younga in 1981. The species occurs in eastern North America, with confirmed records from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario in Canada. Like other members of the genus Clambus, it is among the smallest beetles, typically measuring only 1–2 mm in length. The species name honors Henry F. Howden, a prominent Canadian coleopterist.
Clogmia
drain flies, moth flies, filter flies, bathroom flies
Clogmia is a genus of small, non-biting drain flies in the family Psychodidae. Adults are 3–5 mm long with fuzzy, moth-like appearance due to dense hairs on wings and body. The genus includes the cosmopolitan species C. albipunctata, commonly known as the filter fly or bathroom fly, which frequently inhabits human dwellings. These flies are primarily nuisance pests associated with moist, decaying organic matter. Larvae play a documented role in sewage treatment as decomposers.
Clogmia albipunctata
Bathroom Moth Fly, Drain Fly, Filter Fly, Bathroom Moth Midge, Sewer Gnat, Sink Fly
Clogmia albipunctata is a small, non-hematophagous moth fly in the family Psychodidae with worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Adults measure 2.2–2.5 mm in body length with distinctive broad, hairy wings marked by black spots near the middle and white spots along the edges. The species is strongly associated with human dwellings, particularly bathrooms and kitchens, where larvae develop in moist, decaying organic matter within drains. Adults are weak fliers that rarely move from walls and live approximately 12 days. Though historically reported as a myiasis agent, critical review of evidence finds no incontestable documentation of true parasitism; reported cases typically involve facultative infestation of pre-existing cavities with decaying material rather than tissue invasion.
Clypastraea lepida
minute hooded beetle
Clypastraea lepida is a species of minute hooded beetle in the family Corylophidae, first described by LeConte in 1852. It is among the smallest beetles in North America, measuring approximately 2 millimeters in length. The species belongs to a family commonly known as "minute hooded beetles" or "minute fungus beetles," characterized by a distinctive morphological adaptation where the head is concealed beneath a shelf-like projection of the pronotum. Members of the genus Clypastraea are typically associated with fungi and mold in rotting wood and under bark on dead trees.
Coboldia
minute black scavenger flies
Coboldia is a genus of minute black scavenger flies in the family Scatopsidae, established by Melander in 1916. The genus is best known from Coboldia fuscipes, a small fly 2–3 mm in body length associated with decomposing organic matter and fungal substrates. Species in this genus occur in the Palearctic region and have been documented in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and Korea, where C. fuscipes is a recognized pest of oyster mushroom cultivation.
Coboldia fuscipes
minute black scavenger fly, oyster mushroom fly
Coboldia fuscipes is a minute scatopsid fly, 2–3 mm in length, widely distributed across the Palearctic region. The species is commonly associated with decomposing organic matter and has become a significant pest in oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation, particularly in East Asia. Adults are small, dark-colored flies often found on compost heaps and mushroom substrates. Temperature strongly influences its life cycle, with complete development possible in under 19 days at 28°C.
Cochliomyia macellaria
secondary screwworm, secondary screwworm fly
Cochliomyia macellaria, the secondary screwworm, is a blow fly in the family Calliphoridae distributed throughout the Americas from southern Canada to Patagonia. The species is a specialist carrion colonizer whose larvae feed on necrotic tissue, distinguishing it from the primary screwworm (C. hominivorax) which attacks living tissue. Adults exhibit metallic blue-green coloration with orange-red eyes and head. The species holds significant forensic importance for postmortem interval estimation and has medical-veterinary relevance as a cause of secondary myiasis in livestock and humans.
Coelocnemis
darkling beetles, broad-necked darkling beetles
Coelocnemis is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, containing approximately seven described species distributed across western North America. These large, flightless beetles are primarily associated with coniferous forest habitats, particularly pine and oak-conifer woodlands, where they are active nocturnally. The genus is distinguished from superficially similar darkling beetles by distinctive morphological features, including parallel lines of yellow pubescence on the inner tibial surfaces.
Coelocnemis punctata
Coelocnemis punctata is a darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, one of seven species in the genus Coelocnemis found in western North America and adjacent southern Canada. The genus is characterized by distinct parallel lines of yellow pubescence on the inner surface of the tibiae, a feature used to distinguish it from the superficially similar genus Eleodes. Adults are flightless, with fused elytra that reduce water loss, and are typically associated with pine forests and oak-conifer woodlands rather than desert ecosystems.
Coelopa vanduzeei
kelp fly
Coelopa vanduzeei is a species of kelp fly in the family Coelopidae, a group of flies specialized for life in coastal environments. Like other members of this family, it is associated with decaying marine vegetation. The species was described by Cresson in 1914.
Coelopidae
kelp flies, seaweed flies
Coelopidae, commonly known as kelp flies or seaweed flies, is a small family of acalyptrate Diptera containing fewer than 40 species worldwide. These flies are specialized inhabitants of temperate seashore wrack zones, where their larvae develop in decaying seaweed. The family exhibits notable sexual dimorphism and complex mating behaviors involving scramble competition and sexual conflict. Coelopidae are significant decomposers in coastal ecosystems and can reach enormous biomass in their specialized habitat.
Coelostoma
Coelostoma is a diverse genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae, first described by Brullé in 1835. The genus comprises approximately 111 described species and is considered one of the most species-rich genera within Hydrophilidae. Members are found across the Old World, primarily in the Oriental, Afrotropical, and Palearctic regions, with limited representation in the Australian region. The genus is absent from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, where related genera occupy similar ecological niches.
Compsomyiops
Compsomyiops is a genus of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) established by Townsend in 1918. Members are necrophagous and serve as important forensic indicators for postmortem interval estimation. The genus has been documented as a phoretic host for Myianoetus mites (Acari: Histiostomatidae), representing a novel dispersal association for these mites. At least two species are recognized: C. fulvicrura in South America and C. wheeleri in North America.
Conicera
coffin flies
Conicera is a genus of phorid flies in the subfamily Conicerinae, commonly referred to as coffin flies. The genus is notable for species such as Conicera tibialis, which are associated with buried human cadavers and have exceptional abilities to colonize underground environments. Adult females can burrow through soil to access enclosed spaces such as coffins. Some species can complete multiple generations entirely underground without surfacing.
Cooka
Cooka is a genus of minute black scavenger flies (family Scatopsidae) described by Amorim in 2007. It belongs to the tribe Swammerdamellini within the subfamily Scatopsinae. Members of this genus are small, dark-colored flies associated with decaying organic matter. The genus was established relatively recently, and its species remain poorly documented in scientific literature.
Copestylum lentum
Copestylum lentum is a species of syrphid fly in the family Syrphidae. Adults have been recorded from California, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Mexico. Larvae are saprophytic, developing in decaying platyclades of Opuntia cacti. The species has been reared from larvae collected in Veracruz, Mexico, and its immature stages and feeding behavior have been described in relation to cephalopharyngeal skeleton morphology.
Copestylum vesicularium
Iridescent Bromeliad Fly
Copestylum vesicularium, commonly known as the iridescent bromeliad fly, is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. This species is widely distributed across the eastern half of North America. The common name reflects its association with bromeliad plants, which serve as larval hosts. Like other members of the genus Copestylum, adults are likely flower visitors, though specific floral associations require further documentation.
Coproica ferruginata
lesser dung fly
Coproica ferruginata is a small dung fly in the family Sphaeroceridae, commonly known as lesser dung flies. The species was described by Stenhammar in 1854. It is recorded from Europe and the Azores archipelago. As a member of Sphaeroceridae, it is associated with decaying organic matter.
Copromyza neglecta
lesser dung fly
Copromyza neglecta is a species of lesser dung fly in the family Sphaeroceridae. It is found in Europe, with confirmed records from Norway and Sweden. Like other members of this family, it is associated with dung and decomposing organic matter. The species was described by Malloch in 1913.
Copromyzinae
Copromyzinae
Copromyzinae is a subfamily of small flies within the family Sphaeroceridae, commonly known as lesser dung flies. The subfamily was established by Stenhammer in 1854 and contains approximately 19 genera, including Copromyza, the type genus. Members of this subfamily are characterized by their association with decaying organic matter, particularly dung, and are found across diverse geographic regions. The subfamily is well-represented in entomological collections, with over 2,600 observations documented on iNaturalist.
Cordilura scapularis
Cordilura scapularis is a species of dung fly in the family Scathophagidae, a group of flies commonly known as yellow dung flies or dung flies. The species was described by Loew in 1870. Like other members of Scathophagidae, this species is associated with dung and other decomposing organic matter, though specific ecological details for this particular species remain poorly documented in the available literature.
Corticaria elongata
minute brown scavenger beetle
Corticaria elongata is a minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae, first described by Gyllenhal in 1827. This species belongs to a group of small beetles commonly associated with decaying organic matter and fungal growth. The species has been documented in European localities including the Azores (Graciosa, São Miguel, Terceira), Montenegro, and Serbia.
Corticaria ferruginea
Rusty Spider Beetle
Corticaria ferruginea is a minute beetle in the family Latridiidae, commonly known as spider beetles. The species was described by Marsham in 1802 and is characterized by its small size and ferruginous (rust-colored) appearance. It belongs to a family of beetles typically associated with moist, decaying organic matter and fungal environments. The species has a Holarctic distribution, with records from multiple Canadian provinces.
Corticaria impressa
minute brown scavenger beetle
Corticaria impressa is a species of minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae. It is native to Europe and has been recorded in parts of North America including New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The species belongs to a group of small beetles commonly known as "plaster beetles" or "minute brown scavenger beetles" due to their association with damp, decaying organic matter and their diminutive size.
Corticaria serrata
Serrated Minute Scavenger Beetle
Corticaria serrata is a species of minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae. The species is native to Europe and has been recorded from the Azores and Inaccessible Island. Adults are small, typically measuring 2-3 mm in length. The species belongs to a group commonly known as plaster beetles or fungus beetles due to their association with mold and decaying organic matter.
Corticeus hatchi
Corticeus hatchi is a small darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae, subfamily Colydiinae) described by Boddy in 1957. Members of the genus Corticeus are typically associated with dead or dying wood, where they feed on fungal mycelia. The species is part of a diverse group of bark beetles and allies that play important roles in forest decomposition processes. Specific ecological data for C. hatchi remain limited in published literature.
Corydiidae
Sand Cockroaches, Sand Roaches
Corydiidae is a family of cockroaches in the order Blattodea, commonly known as sand cockroaches or sand roaches. The family was previously classified as Polyphagidae and contains approximately 40 genera divided among five subfamilies: Corydiinae, Latindiinae, Tiviinae, Euthyrrhaphinae, and Holocompsinae. Members are frequently associated with harsh, dry habitats including deserts and arid regions—environments not typically associated with cockroaches. Many species exhibit subterranean habits, making them easily overlooked. The genus Arenivaga (desert cockroaches) is particularly notable, with 39 new species described in a 2014 revision, expanding from 9 previously known species. The family has a worldwide distribution with significant diversity in North America, Asia, and other arid regions.
Cossoninae
Cossoninae is a subfamily of true weevils within the family Curculionidae. Members of this subfamily are characterized by their small to medium size and association with woody substrates, including timber, leaf litter, and plant roots. The group exhibits considerable diversity in habitat preference, with species found in marine/coastal environments, forest leaf litter, and specialized niches such as sand dunes and the phloem of living trees. Many species possess reduced or absent eyes (anophthalmous or microphthalmous) and exhibit endogean or cryptic lifestyles. The subfamily includes both economically significant timber pests and ecologically important decomposers.
Cotinis mutabilis
Figeater beetle, Green fruit beetle, Fig beetle, Western green June beetle
Cotinis mutabilis, commonly known as the figeater beetle or green fruit beetle, is a scarab beetle in the subfamily Cetoniinae (flower chafers). Native to the southwestern United States and Mexico, adults are medium to large, metallic green beetles that feed on ripe fruits, particularly figs, as well as flower nectar and pollen. The species is often mistaken for the eastern green June beetle (Cotinis nitida) and occasionally for the invasive Japanese beetle. Adults are strong fliers attracted to fermenting fruit odors and are active primarily in mid-summer through fall. Larvae develop in decomposing organic matter and compost.
Cryptocercus clevelandi
Cryptocercus clevelandi is a wood-feeding cockroach species described from the northwestern United States. Like other members of the genus Cryptocercus, it harbors bacterial symbionts in its fat body that aid in digesting cellulose from wood. The species was formally described by Byers in 1997.
Cryptophaginae
silken fungus beetles
Cryptophaginae is a subfamily of small beetles within the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as silken fungus beetles. The subfamily contains approximately 11 genera and more than 180 described species. Members are associated with fungal habitats and are often found in decaying organic matter. The subfamily was established by William Kirby in 1826.
Cryptophagus
silken fungus beetles
Cryptophagus is a genus of small beetles in the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as silken fungus beetles. The genus has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution across all biogeographic realms. Members are fungivores that feed on fungal spores and hyphae, and are frequently associated with decaying organic matter, stored products, and animal nests. Some species are considered pests in food storage facilities, though they feed on mold growing on products rather than the products themselves. The genus contains numerous species, with significant historical taxonomic confusion.
Cryptophagus acutangulus
Acute-angled Fungus Beetle, Silken Fungus Beetle
Cryptophagus acutangulus is a small mycophagous beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as the acute-angled fungus beetle or silken fungus beetle. The species has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, occurring across Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, though it is most abundant in temperate and boreal forest zones. It feeds primarily on fungi, with larvae and adults consuming fungal spores and hyphae. The complete life cycle from egg to adult has been described, and the species plays a documented role in fungal spore dispersal through internal and external transmission mechanisms.
Cryptophagus cf-setulosus
Cryptophagus cf-setulosus is a small beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as silken fungus beetles. Species in this genus are associated with fungal substrates and decaying organic matter. The 'cf.' designation indicates this identification is tentative and requires confirmation.
Cryptopleurum minutum
Cryptopleurum minutum is a minute water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae, subfamily Sphaeridiinae. First described by Fabricius in 1775, this species is native to the Palearctic region but has been introduced to North America. The species is associated with wet, decaying organic matter and dung habitats typical of sphaeridiine hydrophilids.
Cylindroiulus punctatus
blunt-tailed snake millipede
Cylindroiulus punctatus, commonly called the blunt-tailed snake millipede, is a widespread European millipede in the family Julidae. It is the most commonly recorded millipede in Britain and Ireland, strongly associated with woodland habitats where it feeds on decaying wood and leaf litter. The species exhibits seasonal vertical migration, overwintering in soil and moving to litter and logs during warmer months, with individuals sometimes found metres above ground in trees during summer. It takes three years to reach sexual maturity and can live for several additional breeding years. The species has been introduced to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in North America.
Cylisticus
Cylisticus is a genus of woodlice (terrestrial isopods) in the family Cylisticidae, containing at least 70 described species. These soil-dwelling crustaceans are found in tropical and temperate regions, where they inhabit the upper soil layers. At least one species, C. convexus, has been studied as a tropical soil decomposer with limited vertical dispersal ability. The genus is part of the diverse oniscidean fauna contributing to litter breakdown and nutrient cycling.
Cynomya cadaverina
Shiny Blue Bottle Fly
Cynomya cadaverina, commonly known as the shiny blue bottle fly, is a blow fly in the family Calliphoridae. Adults are medium-sized with distinctive metallic blue coloration and are attracted to carrion, particularly in advanced stages of decomposition. The species is considered forensically significant for estimating post-mortem intervals, as its predictable life cycle and cool-weather activity patterns provide temporal clues in death investigations. It is native to the Nearctic region, with highest abundance in southern Canada and the northern United States.
Cyphomyrmex
fungus-growing ants
Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.
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picture-winged flies
Delphinia is a monospecific genus of picture-winged flies in the family Ulidiidae. The sole species, Delphinia picta, is a native North American fly 7-8 millimeters in length with distinctive patterned wings. It is frequently mistaken for fruit flies (Tephritidae) due to its wing markings. The genus is notable for being one of the most common and widespread ulidiids in eastern North America.