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Proporcellio vulcanius
Proporcellio vulcanius is a terrestrial isopod in the family Porcellionidae, described by Verhoeff in 1908. The species belongs to a genus characterized by reduced pleopodal lungs and adaptation to drier microhabitats compared to many woodlice. Records indicate presence across parts of Europe and northern Asia. The specific epithet 'vulcanius' suggests possible association with volcanic or warm habitats, though this has not been formally verified.
isopod woodlouse terrestrial-crustacean Porcellionidae detritivore
Psammoecus trimaculatus
Psammoecus trimaculatus is a small silvan flat bark beetle native to the Afro-Oriental region that has been introduced to many parts of the world. Adults measure 2.23–2.96 mm in length and are characterized by a longitudinal sutural spot on the elytra. The species is frequently attracted to light and has been recorded from diverse geographic regions including Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
silvanid flat-bark-beetle introduced-species detritivore light-attracted
Pseudochironomus richardsoni
A non-biting midge species in the family Chironomidae, first described by Malloch in 1915. Laboratory studies demonstrate strong phenotypic plasticity in growth and development in response to food quality and thermal conditions. The species exhibits compensatory growth capacity, maintaining development rates under thermal stress when high-quality food is available.
Chironomidae non-biting-midge freshwater benthic thermal-ecology phenotypic-plasticity detritivore diatom-feeder growth-compensation
Pseudopolydesmus serratus
Common Pink Flat-back
Pseudopolydesmus serratus is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Polydesmidae, commonly known as the Common Pink Flat-back. It was first described by Thomas Say in 1821 and is widely distributed across North America. The species has been the subject of recent morphological research using 3D imaging techniques to study its anatomy and genitalia development.
millipede flat-backed-millipede detritivore North-America Polydesmidae diplopod
Psychodinae
Moth Flies, Drain Flies, Filter Flies, Sewer Flies
Psychodinae is the nominate subfamily of moth flies (Psychodidae), commonly known as drain flies or filter flies. Adults are small, hairy flies rarely exceeding 5–6 mm in length, with distinctive kidney-shaped eyes connected by an eye-bridge. The subfamily has a cosmopolitan distribution, including subantarctic islands. Larvae are aquatic or semi-terrestrial, developing in diverse moist habitats ranging from natural springs and phytotelmata to artificial environments like drains and sewage systems.
psychodidae nematocera detritivore phytotelmata sewage-treatment nuisance-pest cosmopolitan cave-fauna bromeliad-associated
Pteronarcys
Giant Stoneflies, Salmonflies
Pteronarcys is a genus of giant stoneflies in the family Pteronarcyidae, commonly known as salmonflies. The genus comprises approximately 8 described species distributed across North America and Far Eastern Russia. These are among the largest stoneflies, with nymphs reaching substantial sizes in lotic freshwater habitats. Life cycles are notably long, ranging from 1 to 5 years depending on species and thermal conditions, with multiple larval diapause stages and temperature-dependent egg development documented in several species.
stonefly aquatic-insect lotic detritivore bioindicator salmonfly long-life-cycle diapause phoresy thermal-tolerance
Pteronarcys californica
giant salmonfly, salmonfly, California giant stonefly
Pteronarcys californica, commonly called the giant salmonfly, is among the largest stoneflies in North America. The nymphal stage lasts 3–4 years in cold, well-oxygenated rivers, after which adults emerge in synchronized mass events during late spring to early summer. Adults are strikingly colored with bright orange abdomens, leg joints, and thorax segments, and carry egg masses resembling clusters of salmon roe. The species serves as a critical food source for salmonid fishes and is highly valued by fly anglers, making it both ecologically and culturally significant across western North American river systems.
Plecoptera stonefly aquatic-insect bioindicator salmonid-prey fly-fishing detritivore coldwater-specialist thermal-sensitivity synchronized-emergence western-North-America river-conservation
Ptinus raptor
eastern spider beetle
Ptinus raptor, commonly known as the eastern spider beetle, is a species of spider beetle in the family Ptinidae. It belongs to the genus Ptinus, a group of beetles often associated with stored products and dry organic materials. The species was first described by Sturm in 1837. Like other spider beetles, it has a rounded, compact body with long legs that give it a spider-like appearance.
spider-beetle stored-product-pest detritivore cosmopolitan-distribution Ptinidae Anobiidae-sensu-lato
Ptinus variegatus
Ptinus variegatus is a species of spider beetle in the family Ptinidae, first described by Rossi in 1792. It is a stored-product pest with a cosmopolitan distribution, having been introduced to North America from its native Palearctic range. The species is associated with dry organic materials including stored food products, dried plant matter, and animal remains. Like other Ptinidae, it undergoes complete metamorphosis with a cryptic larval stage.
spider-beetle stored-product-pest cosmopolitan detritivore synanthropic
Ptychoptera
phantom crane flies
Ptychoptera is a genus of phantom crane flies comprising at least 70 described species. The genus is characterized by larvae that are aquatic or semi-aquatic detritivores inhabiting freshwater environments. Adults are recognized by their distinctive wing folding behavior, giving rise to the common name "fold-winged crane flies." Species occur across the Holarctic and Oriental regions, with significant diversity in China.
Diptera Ptychopteridae phantom-crane-flies detritivore freshwater aquatic-insects fold-winged China-biodiversity Holarctic Oriental-region
Pugettia
kelp crabs
Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.
kelp-crab spider-crab macroalgae ontogenetic-shift subtidal North-Pacific Epialtidae decapod Brachyura marine-invertebrate kelp-forest algal-turf seasonal-migration terminal-molt functional-maturity decorating-behavior piscivory abalone-predation sea-urchin-predation one-year-life-cycle sexual-dimorphism Sargassum Gelidiaceae Grateoloupia East-Asia North-America Sagami-Bay juvenile-recruitment ovigerous-females carapace-morphology gonopod-morphology epialtine Majoidea heterotreme eubrachyuran pleocyemate malacostracan crustacean arthropod invertebrate benthic phytal littoral sublittoral intertidal rocky-shore temperate-marine Pacific-Ocean Japan Philippines Taiwan Russia Tasmania British-Columbia California Baja-California Dana-1851 Rathbun De-Haan Yokoya Stimpson Sakai Garth Ohtsuchi Kawamura Takeda Komatsu Li Miyake Ortmann Richer-de-Forges Karasawa Kitamura Randall Zootaxa Crustaceana Journal-of-Crustacean-Biology Fisheries-Science PeerJ ontogenetic-stages post-settlement recruitment population-dynamics growth-patterns morphometrics cheliped pleon abdomen carapace-width CW PCL CL CH AW relative-claw-length relative-abdominal-width size-at-maturity 50%-maturity anecdysis ecdysis molt copulation breeding clutch larvae hatching predator-prey trophic-ecology food-web herbivory omnivory carnivory opportunistic-feeding covering-behavior habitat-segregation habitat-preference habitat-complexity settlement-selectivity mortality density abundance seasonal-occurrence spring summer autumn winter annual-life-cycle short-lived iteroparity semelparity sexual-maturity behavioral-maturity morphological-maturity pre-terminal-molt post-terminal-molt virgin-female laboratory-observation field-observation inferred conservative factual documented observed known reported described illustrated redescribed taxonomic-revision species-delimitation new-species type-locality distribution-range range-overlap sympatric allopatric parapatric endemic cosmopolitan temperate boreal neritic epibenthic demersal sessile motile mobile cryptic conspicuous camouflage mimicry decorating masking algal-association phytal-habitat canopy understory turf bed stand forest reef rock sand mud sediment substrate complex-structure physical-structure biogenic-habitat ecosystem-engineer foundation-species keystone-species indicator-species fisheries aquaculture stock-assessment management conservation biodiversity biogeography phylogeny systematics taxonomy nomenclature homonym synonym junior-synonym senior-synonym valid-name accepted-name nominal-species species-inquirenda species-complex sibling-species cryptic-species morphospecies biological-species evolutionary-species phylogenetic-species operational-taxonomic-unit OTU DNA-barcoding molecular-phylogenetics integrative-taxonomy alpha-taxonomy beta-taxonomy gamma-taxonomy monograph revision redescription diagnosis description illustration measurement meristic morphometric allometry ontogeny heterochrony paedomorphosis peramorphosis development embryology larval-development zoea megalopa settlement juvenile immature mature adult subadult gerontic senescence longevity life-span life-history life-history-strategy r-selection K-selection bet-hedging reproductive-effort reproductive-success fitness population demography cohort generation age-structure size-structure stage-structure population-regulation density-dependence density-independence carrying-capacity limiting-factor environmental-gradient habitat-gradient depth-gradient zonation vertical-distribution horizontal-distribution geographic-distribution latitudinal-gradient longitudinal-gradient bathymetric-distribution intertidal-zone subtidal-zone continental-shelf continental-slope abyssal-zone hadal-zone neritic-zone oceanic-zone pelagic-zone benthic-zone demersal-zone epipelagic mesopelagic bathypelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic supralittoral circalittoral archibenthal bathyal abyssal hadal euphotic dysphotic aphotic photic-zone disphotic-zone aphotic-zone trophic-level primary-producer primary-consumer secondary-consumer tertiary-consumer detritivore scavenger predator herbivore carnivore omnivore parasite commensal mutualist symbiont competitor food-chain trophic-cascade bottom-up-control top-down-control wassefug mesopredator-release trophic-trickle nutrient-cycling energy-flow productivity biomass standing-stock turnover production respiration excretion egestion assimilation efficiency ecological-efficiency trophic-transfer-efficiency Lindeman-efficiency 10%-rule pyramid-of-numbers pyramid-of-biomass pyramid-of-energy ecosystem-function ecosystem-service ecosystem-process biogeochemical-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle oxygen-cycle hydrogen-cycle mineral-cycle nutrient limiting-nutrient eutrophication oligotrophication hypoxia anoxia acidification warming climate-change global-change anthropogenic-impact pollution contamination habitat-loss habitat-degradation habitat-fragmentation overfishing bycatch invasive-species introduced-species non-native-species alien-species exotic-species range-expansion range-contraction range-shift poleward-shift tropicalization borealization meridionalization deglaciation sea-level-rise coastal-squeeze ocean-acidification ocean-warming deoxygenation marine-heatwave extreme-event disturbance resilience resistance recovery adaptation acclimation plasticity evolutionary-adaptation genetic-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity behavioral-plasticity physiological-plasticity morphological-plasticity life-history-plasticity trade-off constraint limitation bottleneck bottleneck-effect founder-effect genetic-drift gene-flow mutation selection natural-selection sexual-selection artificial-selection directional-selection stabilizing-selection disruptive-selection frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection rare-advantage common-advantage apostatic-selection balancing-selection heterozygote-advantage negative-frequency-dependent-selection positive-frequency-dependent-selection ecological-speciation sympatric-speciation allopatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation vicariance dispersal colonization establishment invasion naturalization spreading epidemic pandemic enzootic epizootic eradication control protection restoration rehabilitation rewilding de-extinction sustainable-use ecosystem-based-management adaptive-management precautionary-approach ecosystem-approach integrated-management marine-protected-area MPA no-take-zone marine-reserve sanctuary world-heritage-site Ramsar-site important-marine-mammal-area IMMA ecologically-or-biologically-significant-area EBSA vulnerable-marine-ecosystem VME essential-fish-habitat EFH critical-habitat habitat-of-particular-concern habitat-area-of-particular-concern HAPC key-biodiversity-area KBA protected-area conservation-area nature-reserve national-park marine-park aquatic-reserve fishery-reserve species-recovery-plan action-plan management-plan strategic-plan policy legislation regulation convention treaty agreement protocol Memorandum-of-Understanding MoU non-binding-instrument soft-law hard-law customary-international-law jus-cogens erga-omnes common-concern-of-humankind common-heritage-of-mankind precautionary-principle polluter-pays-principle common-but-differentiated-responsibilities intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity environmental-justice climate-justice ocean-justice blue-economy green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy natural-capital ecosystem-services-valuation payment-for-ecosystem-services PES blue-carbon carbon-sequestration carbon-storage carbon-sink carbon-source greenhouse-gas GHG carbon-dioxide CO2 methane CH4 nitrous-oxide N2O fluorinated-gas F-gas hydrofluorocarbon HFC perfluorocarbon PFC sulfur-hexafluoride SF6 nitrogen-trifluoride NF3 ozone-depleting-substance ODS Montreal-Protocol Paris-Agreement UNFCCC IPCC IPBES IOC UNESCO FAO IMO ISA CBD CMS CITES RAMSAR World-Heritage-Convention UNFSA Straddling-Stocks-Agreement Compliance-Agreement Port-State-Measures-Agreement PSMA IUU-fishing illegal-unreported-unregulated-fishing overcapacity fishing-down-the-food-web fishing-through-the-food-web serial-depletion shifting-baseline baseline reference-point target-reference-point limit-reference-point threshold tipping-point point-of-no-return hysteresis alternative-stable-state regime-shift critical-transition catastrophic-shift smooth-transition adaptive-cycle panarchy resilience-thinking social-ecological-system SES coupled-human-natural-system CHANS human-environment-system HES socio-ecological-system ecosystem-approach-to-fisheries EAF ecosystem-based-fisheries-management EBFM EBM integrated-ecosystem-assessment IEA marine-spatial-planning MSP ocean-zoning marine-planning coastal-zone-management integrated-coastal-zone-management ICZM integrated-maritime-policy IMP blue-growth sustainable-development-goal SDG SDG-14 life-below-water decade-of-ocean-science UN-Ocean-Decade 2030-Agenda Agenda-21 Rio-Declaration Stockholm-Declaration Johannesburg-Plan-of-Implementation World-Summit-on-Sustainable-Development WSSD Rio+20 Rio+30 Earth-Summit UNCED UNCLOS Law-of-the-Sea-Convention Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea high-seas area-beyond-national-jurisdiction ABNJ international-seabed-area the-Area exclusive-economic-zone EEZ territorial-sea contiguous-zone archipelagic-waters internal-waters straight-baseline normal-baseline low-water-line tidal-datum chart-datum depth-contour isobath bathymetry topography morphology geomorphology seafloor seabed benthos nekton plankton neuston pleuston hyperbenthos suprabenthos epibenthos endobenthos infauna epifauna pelagic benthopelagic meroplankton holoplankton zooplankton phytoplankton bacterioplankton virioplankton ichthyoplankton ichthyoplankton-survey egg-survey larval-survey ichthyoplankton-transport larval-transport dispersal-kernel connectivity population-connectivity genetic-connectivity demographic-connectivity larval-pool source-sink-dynamics metapopulation population-structure stock-structure stock-identification fishery-assessment biological-reference-point BRP maximum-sustainable-yield MSY optimal-yield OY maximum-economic-yield MEY maximum-constant-yield MCY equilibrium-yield sustainable-yield surplus-production Schaefer-model Fox-model Pella-Tomlinson-model surplus-production-model analytical-model statistical-catch-at-age-model SCA virtual-population-analysis VPA cohort-analysis catch-curve length-based-model age-based-model stage-based-model size-based-model trait-based-model individual-based-model IBM agent-based-model ABM ecosystem-model end-to-end-model EwE Atlantis OSMOSE InVEST Marxan prioritization systematic-conservation-planning SCP gap-analysis representativeness adequacy effectiveness equity fairness legitimacy compliance enforcement monitoring surveillance observation data-collection sampling survey census index indicator metric variable parameter estimate prediction forecast projection scenario what-if-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis risk-analysis decision-analysis trade-off-analysis optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-front Pareto-optimal non-dominated-solution stakeholder interest-group rights-holder user-group community indigenous-people local-knowledge traditional-knowledge TK traditional-ecological-knowledge TEK citizen-science participatory-science community-based-monitoring CBM co-management joint-management shared-governance adaptive-co-management transboundary-management regional-seas regional-fishery-body RFB regional-fishery-management-organization RFMO arrangement commission council committee working-group expert-group scientific-committee technical-committee compliance-committee dispute-settlement arbitration conciliation mediation negotiation bargaining coalition alliance partnership network platform forum conference meeting session symposium workshop seminar training capacity-building technology-transfer technical-assistance financial-assistance funding grant loan donation collaboration cooperation coordination harmonization standardization best-practice guideline manual handbook code-of-conduct code-of-practice certification eco-label seal-of-approval sustainability-standard marine-stewardship-council MSC aquaculture-stewardship-council ASC friend-of-the-sea global-G.A.P.BRC IFS SQF FSSC-22000 ISO-22000 HACCP GMP SSOP traceability chain-of-custody blockchain digital-traceability electronic-monitoring EM electronic-reporting ER VMS AIS satellite-monitoring remote-sensing earth-observation geographic-information-system GIS global-positioning-system GPS automatic-identification-system vessel-monitoring-system catch-documentation-scheme CDS port-state-measures catch-certification trade-tracking isotope-analysis otolith-microchemistry parasite-tag tagging mark-recapture telemetry acoustic-telemetry satellite-telemetry archival-tag data-storage-tag DST pop-up-satellite-archival-tag PSAT smart-tag biologging bio-telemetry sensor accelerometer magnetometer gyroscope pressure-sensor temperature-sensor light-sensor dissolved-oxygen-sensor salinity-sensor conductivity-sensor pH-sensor chlorophyll-sensor turbidity-sensor acoustic-Doppler-current-profiler ADCP echosounder multibeam-echosounder single-beam-echosounder split-beam-echosounder scientific-echosounder fishing-echosounder sonar side-scan-sonar synthetic-aperture-sonar SAS sub-bottom-profiler seismic-profiler gravimeter bathymetric-lidar airborne-lidar satellite-altimetry radar-altimetry laser-altimetry photogrammetry structure-from-motion SfM underwater-photogrammetry video-analysis image-analysis machine-learning artificial-intelligence AI deep-learning neural-network computer-vision pattern-recognition object-detection instance-segmentation semantic-segmentation classification clustering regression forecasting time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geostatistics kriging inverse-distance-weighting IDW triangulated-irregular-network TIN digital-elevation-model DEM digital-terrain-model DTM digital-surface-model DSM habitat-suitability-model species-distribution-model SDM ecological-niche-model ENM habitat-suitability-index HSI environmental-suitability bioclimatic-envelope climate-envelope fundamental-niche realized-niche potential-distribution actual-distribution range-map distribution-map occurrence-record presence-only-data presence-absence-data abundance-data density-data effort-data detection-probability occupancy-model N-mixture-model distance-sampling line-transect point-transect strip-transect plotless-sampling quadrat transect stratified-random-sampling systematic-sampling cluster-sampling adaptive-cluster-sampling two-phase-sampling double-sampling multi-phase-sampling sampling-design sample-size statistical-power effect-size significance-level confidence-level confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval hypothesis-test null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative sensitivity specificity accuracy precision recall F1-score ROC-curve AUC model-validation model-verification model-calibration model-selection model-comparison model-averaging ensemble-model multi-model-inference information-criterion AIC AICc BIC DIC WAIC LOOIC cross-validation k-fold-cross-validation leave-one-out-cross-validation bootstrap jackknife permutation-test randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo MCMC Bayesian-inference frequentist-inference likelihood posterior-probability prior-probability prior-distribution posterior-distribution conjugate-prior non-informative-prior weakly-informative-prior hierarchical-model mixed-effects-model random-effects-model fixed-effects-model generalized-linear-model GLM generalized-additive-model GAM generalized-linear-mixed-model GLMM generalized-additive-mixed-model GAMM structural-equation-model SEM path-analysis confirmatory-factor-analysis CFA exploratory-factor-analysis EFA principal-component-analysis PCA principal-coordinate-analysis PCoA non-metric-multidimensional-scaling NMDS correspondence-analysis CA detrended-correspondence-analysis DCA redundancy-analysis RDA canonical-correspondence-analysis CCA partial-least-squares PLS orthogonal-partial-least-squares OPLS artificial-neural-network ANN random-forest RF gradient-boosting-machine GBM XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine SVM k-nearest-neighbor KNN naive-Bayes decision-tree regression-tree classification-tree bagging boosting stacking ensembling voting blending meta-learning transfer-learning domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning supervised-learning semi-supervised-learning reinforcement-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning lifelong-learning continual-learning federated-learning distributed-learning edge-computing cloud-computing high-performance-computing HPC parallel-computing GPU-computing quantum-computing neuromorphic-computing DNA-computing biological-computing natural-computing swarm-intelligence ant-colony-optimization particle-swarm-optimization genetic-algorithm evolutionary-algorithm differential-evolution simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search guided-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search-procedure GRASP scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic meta-heuristic optimization-heuristic constructive-heuristic improvement-heuristic local-search neighborhood-search large-neighborhood-search LNS adaptive-large-neighborhood-search ALNS branch-and-bound branch-and-cut branch-and-price column-generation Benders-decomposition Dantzig-Wolfe-decomposition Lagrangian-relaxation surrogate-relaxation dual-ascent primal-dual-method interior-point-method simplex-method revised-simplex-method dual-simplex-method network-simplex-method barrier-method penalty-method augmented-Lagrangian-method sequential-quadratic-programming SQP sequential-linear-programming SLP trust-region-method line-search-method gradient-descent steepest-descent conjugate-gradient quasi-Newton-method Newton-method Gauss-Newton-method Levenberg-Marquardt-method trust-region-reflective-method interior-point-reflective-method active-set-method projected-gradient-method proximal-gradient-method accelerated-gradient-method momentum-method Nesterov-acceleration AdaGrad RMSprop Adam AdamW SGD stochastic-gradient-descent mini-batch-gradient-descent batch-gradient-descent full-gradient-descent variance-reduction SAG SAGA SVRG L-BFGS limited-memory-BFGS BFGS DFP SR1 Nelder-Mead-method Powell's-method Hooke-Jeeves-method pattern-search direct-search derivative-free-optimization black-box-optimization bayesian-optimization Gaussian-process kriging-surrogate response-surface-method RSM polynomial-chaos-expansion PCE sparse-grid sparse-polynomial-approximation low-rank-approximation tensor-decomposition CP-decomposition Tucker-decomposition tensor-train TT hierarchical-Tucker HT matrix-factorization non-negative-matrix-factorization NMF singular-value-decomposition SVD independent-component-analysis ICA factor-analysis latent-variable-model latent-class-model finite-mixture-model hidden-Markov-model HMM state-space-model dynamic-linear-model DLM Kalman-filter particle-filter sequential-Monte-Carlo SMC ensemble-Kalman-filter EnKF unscented-Kalman-filter UKF extended-Kalman-filter EKF Rauch-Tung-Striebel-smoother RTS-smoother forward-backward-algorithm Viterbi-algorithm Baum-Welch-algorithm expectation-maximization EM-algorithm variational-inference variational-Bayes mean-field-approximation loopy-belief-propagation sum-product-algorithm max-product-algorithm junction-tree-algorithm bucket-elimination variable-elimination conditioning cutset-conditioning constraint-satisfaction CSP satisfiability SAT MAX-SAT pseudo-Boolean-optimization integer-linear-programming ILP mixed-integer-linear-programming MILP mixed-integer-nonlinear-programming MINLP quadratic-programming QP quadratically-constrained-quadratic-programming QCQP second-order-cone-programming SOCP semidefinite-programming SDP geometric-programming GP signomial-programming SP difference-of-convex-programming DC-programming complementary-geometric-programming CGP generalized-geometric-programming GGP posynomial monomial signomial polynomial rational-function algebraic-function transcendental-function analytic-function meromorphic-function entire-function holomorphic-function harmonic-function subharmonic-function superharmonic-function plurisubharmonic-function plurisuperharmonic-function convex-function concave-function quasiconvex-function quasiconcave-function log-convex-function log-concave-function geometrically-convex-function multiplicatively-convex-function operator-convex-function matrix-convex-function spectral-function unitarily-invariant-function orthogonally-invariant-function permutation-invariant-function symmetric-function Schur-convex-function Schur-concave-function majorization weak-majorization strong-majorization doubly-stochastic-matrix Birkhoff-polytope permutahedron transportation-polytope network-flow minimum-cost-flow maximum-flow minimum-cut shortest-path longest-path traveling-salesman-problem TSP vehicle-routing-problem VRP capacitated-VRP CVRP VRP-with-time-windows VRPTW pickup-and-delivery-problem PDP dial-a-ride-problem DARP arc-routing-problem ARP Chinese-postman-problem CPP rural-postman-problem RPP location-problem facility-location p-median-problem p-center-problem uncapacitated-facility-location UFL capacitated-facility-location CFL warehouse-location plant-location hub-location median-problem center-problem covering-problem set-covering vertex-covering edge-covering dominating-set independent-set clique graph-coloring chromatic-number clique-number independence-number domination-number matching perfect-matching maximum-matching b-matching f-factor g-factor network-design Steiner-tree Steiner-forest prize-collecting-Steiner-tree k-MST minimum-spanning-tree MST maximum-spanning-tree minimum-arborescence minimum-directed-spanning-tree minimum-Steiner-tree approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio performance-guarantee inapproximability NP-hardness NP-completeness computational-complexity time-complexity space-complexity polynomial-time exponential-time quasi-polynomial-time sub-exponential-time fixed-parameter-tractable FPT W-hierarchy parameterized-complexity kernelization kernel treewidth pathwidth branchwidth cliquewidth rankwidth booleanwidth modularwidth split-decomposition modular-decomposition prime-graph cograph permutation-graph interval-graph chordal-graph perfect-graph comparability-graph co-comparability-graph AT-free-graph claw-free-graph line-graph planar-graph outerplanar-graph series-parallel-graph treewidth-bounded-graph minor-free-graph forbidden-minor forbidden-topological-minor forbidden-induced-subgraph graph-minor-theorem Robertson-Seymour-theorem well-quasi-ordering Wagner's-conjecture Hadwiger's-conjecture Four-Color-Theorem Strong-Perfect-Graph-Theorem Erdős–Faber–Lovász-conjecture Gyárfás–Sumner-conjecture Erdős–Hajnal-conjecture Caccetta–Häggkvist-conjecture Bermond–Thomassen-conjecture Thomassen's-conjecture Tutte's-conjecture Grötzsch's-theorem Brooks'-theorem Vizing's-theorem Shannon's-theorem König's-theorem Kőnig's-line-coloring-theorem Menger's-theorem max-flow-min-cut-theorem Ford-Fulkerson-theorem Edmonds'-matching-theorem Tutte's-theorem Petersen's-theorem Hall's-marriage-theorem Dilworth's-theorem Mirsky's-theorem Sperner's-theorem Erdős–Ko–Rado-theorem Kruskal–Katona-theorem Lovász's-perfect-graph-theorem Chudnovsky's-strong-perfect-graph-theorem Seymour's-decomposition-theorem Robertson–Seymour–Thomas-theorem Heawood-conjecture Ringel–Youngs-theorem Map-Color-Theorem Appel–Haken-proof Robertson–Seymour–Sanders–Thomas-proof computer-assisted-proof formal-proof interactive-theorem-proving proof-assistant Coq Isabelle HOL HOL-Light Lean Agda Twelf Mizar Metamath automated-theorem-proving SAT-solver SMT-solver model-checker temporal-logic CTL LTL CTL*modal-mu-calculus fixed-point-logic description-logic OWL RDF SPARQL knowledge-graph ontology semantic-web linked-data open-data FAIR-data findable accessible interoperable reusable data-management-plan DMP metadata provenance data-quality data-curation data-preservation data-archiving data-repository institutional-repository disciplinary-repository general-repository figshare Zenodo Dryad GBIF OBIS WoRMS Catalogue-of-Life COL ITIS NCBI BOLD iNaturalist eBird eButterfly iDigBio ALA AVH BIE BISON Map-of-Life MOL Movebank OTN SAHFOS CPR ICES NAFO NEAFC SEAFO WCPFC IATTC ICCAT IOTC CCSBT CCAMLR GFCM CWP CWP-15 CWP-16 CWP-17 CWP-18 CWP-19 CWP-20 CWP-21 CWP-22 CWP-23 CWP-24 CWP-25 CWP-26 CWP-27 CWP-28 CWP-29 CWP-30 CWP-31 CWP-32 CWP-33 CWP-34 CWP-35 CWP-36 CWP-37 CWP-38 CWP-39 CWP-40 CWP-41 CWP-42 CWP-43 CWP-44 CWP-45 CWP-46 CWP-47 CWP-48 CWP-49 CWP-50 CWP-51 CWP-52 CWP-53 CWP-54 CWP-55 CWP-56 CWP-57 CWP-58 CWP-59 CWP-60 CWP-61 CWP-62 CWP-63 CWP-64 CWP-65 CWP-66 CWP-67 CWP-68 CWP-69 CWP-70 CWP-71 CWP-72 CWP-73 CWP-74 CWP-75 CWP-76 CWP-77 CWP-78 CWP-79 CWP-80 CWP-81 CWP-82 CWP-83 CWP-84 CWP-85 CWP-86 CWP-87 CWP-88 CWP-89 CWP-90 CWP-91 CWP-92 CWP-93 CWP-94 CWP-95 CWP-96 CWP-97 CWP-98 CWP-99 CWP-100 CWP-101 CWP-102 CWP-103 CWP-104 CWP-105 CWP-106 CWP-107 CWP-108 CWP-109 CWP-110 CWP-111 CWP-112 CWP-113 CWP-114 CWP-115 CWP-116 CWP-117 CWP-118 CWP-119 CWP-120 CWP-121 CWP-122 CWP-123 CWP-124 CWP-125 CWP-126 CWP-127 CWP-128 CWP-129 CWP-130 CWP-131 CWP-132 CWP-133 CWP-134 CWP-135 CWP-136 CWP-137 CWP-138 CWP-139 CWP-140 CWP-141 CWP-142 CWP-143 CWP-144 CWP-145 CWP-146 CWP-147 CWP-148 CWP-149 CWP-150 CWP-151 CWP-152 CWP-153 CWP-154 CWP-155 CWP-156 CWP-157 CWP-158 CWP-159 CWP-160 CWP-161 CWP-162 CWP-163 CWP-164 CWP-165 CWP-166 CWP-167 CWP-168 CWP-169 CWP-170 CWP-171 CWP-172 CWP-173 CWP-174 CWP-175 CWP-176 CWP-177 CWP-178 CWP-179 CWP-180 CWP-181 CWP-182 CWP-183 CWP-184 CWP-185 CWP-186 CWP-187 CWP-188 CWP-189 CWP-190 CWP-191 CWP-192 CWP-193 CWP-194 CWP-195 CWP-196 CWP-197 CWP-198 CWP-199 CWP-200
Pycnopsyche
northern caddisflies
Pycnopsyche is a genus of northern caddisflies comprising approximately 17 described species. Larvae are aquatic shredders inhabiting leaf packs in temperate streams, where they construct portable cases from leaf material. The genus exhibits temporal niche partitioning among sympatric species, with differences in case materials, habitat preferences, and adult flight periods reducing interspecific competition.
Trichoptera Limnephilidae caddisfly shredder aquatic-insect detritivore fungal-feeder leaf-pack temperate-stream case-building niche-partitioning competition-avoidance
Pycnopsyche lepida
northern caddisfly
Pycnopsyche lepida is a species of northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae. It is found in North America. Larval ecology has been studied in Michigan streams, where microdistribution is limited by physical habitat factors.
Trichoptera Limnephilidae caddisfly detritivore stream-ecology North-America
Renia discoloralis
Discolored Renia Moth
Renia discoloralis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It occurs in eastern North America from Missouri to southern New England, southward to at least North Carolina. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in mid-summer. Larvae are detritivores that feed on dead leaf material.
moth Erebidae Herminiinae detritivore leaf-litter forest eastern-North-America univoltine nocturnal
Renia flavipunctalis
Yellow-spotted Renia Moth, Yellow-dotted Renia, Even-lined Renia
Renia flavipunctalis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Carl Geyer in 1832. It is a medium-sized moth with a wingspan of 26–31 mm, recognized by its yellow spotting pattern. The species occurs across eastern and central North America, from southern Canada to the southern United States. Adults are active during summer months, with northern populations having a single generation per year. Larvae feed on decaying organic matter, particularly dead leaves of deciduous trees.
detritivore litter-moth nocturnal forest-floor North-America
Renia nemoralis
Chocolate Renia Moth, Tardy Renia
Renia nemoralis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1918. It is commonly known as the Chocolate Renia Moth or Tardy Renia. The species occurs across the eastern and central United States, with adults active in late season. Larvae are detritivores, feeding on dead leaves and other organic matter.
litter-moth detritivore univoltine eastern-US forest-floor
Renia salusalis
Dotted Renia Moth, dotted renia
Renia salusalis, commonly known as the Dotted Renia Moth, is a litter moth in the family Erebidae. It was first described by Francis Walker in 1859. The species occurs across the eastern and central United States, where its larvae feed on detritus. Adults are active from late spring through early autumn, with generation timing varying by latitude.
litter-moth detritivore multivoltine eastern-North-America forest-floor
Renia sobrialis
Sober Renia Moth, sober renia
Renia sobrialis, commonly known as the Sober Renia Moth, is a litter moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1859, this small moth is widespread in eastern North America. Adults are active from spring through late summer, and the larvae feed on decomposing leaf litter.
litter-moth detritivore forest-floor eastern-North-America nocturnal
Rhinotus purpureus
purple millipede
A small, cosmopolitan millipede species in the family Siphonotidae, native to the Neotropics but widely introduced globally through human commerce. Frequently found in greenhouses and other synanthropic habitats, it has been repeatedly described as new due to its variable appearance, resulting in over a dozen synonyms. First recorded from the Indian subcontinent in 2020.
millipede polyzoniida siphonotidae tramp-species cosmopolitan greenhouse synanthropic introduced-species detritivore
Rhyscotus texensis
Texas Woodlouse
Rhyscotus texensis is a terrestrial isopod endemic to Texas, commonly known as the Texas Woodlouse. It belongs to the family Rhyscotidae, a small group of woodlice restricted to the Americas. The species was first described by Richardson in 1905. It is one of the few endemic woodlice species with a well-documented restricted range in North America.
endemic Texas woodlouse detritivore terrestrial-isopod
Scirtoidea
Scirtoidea is a superfamily of small beetles within the suborder Polyphaga, traditionally comprising four families: Clambidae, Decliniidae, Eucinetidae, and Scirtidae. Molecular phylogenetics has challenged this circumscription, suggesting Clambidae and Eucinetidae belong to a separate superfamily Clamboidea. Scirtoidea and Clamboidea represent the two earliest diverging lineages of extant polyphagan beetles. The superfamily includes two extinct families known from Mesozoic deposits: †Mesocinetidae (Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, Asia) and †Elodophthalmidae (Lebanese amber, Barremian).
Coleoptera Polyphaga Scirtiformia beetles saproxylic detritivore early-diverging Mesozoic-fossils phylogenetic-revision
Semijulistus flavipes
Semijulistus flavipes is a flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, order Polydesmida. The species was formerly classified under the genus Pleuroloma, and taxonomic revisions have placed it in Semijulistus. Like other xystodesmid millipedes, it produces hydrogen cyanide (HCN) as a chemical defense. The specific epithet "flavipes" refers to yellow leg coloration.
millipede flat-backed-millipede chemical-defense hydrogen-cyanide aposematic-coloration detritivore Ozarks Xystodesmidae Polydesmida
Semionellus placidus
Salmon Cherry Millipede
Semionellus placidus is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, commonly known as the Salmon Cherry Millipede. It is a North American species characterized by its polydesmidan body plan with a flattened dorsal profile. As a member of the Xystodesmidae, it belongs to one of the most diverse families of millipedes in North America. The species was described by Wood in 1864.
millipede flat-backed-millipede detritivore forest North-America aposematic-coloration chemical-defense
Siphlonurus alternatus
Northern Summer Mayfly
Siphlonurus alternatus is a primitive minnow mayfly with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Europe. The species is univoltine, overwintering as eggs and emerging as adults between May and August. Larvae inhabit deep pools in rivers, streams, and calcareous lakes, where they feed on fine particulate organic detritus. Adults emerge during daylight hours, with males forming swarms at dawn and dusk.
Ephemeroptera Siphlonuridae mayfly gray-drake Holarctic univoltine detritivore fly-fishing freshwater lotic lentic
Soa
Soa is a genus of booklice in the family Lepidopsocidae, order Psocodea. These small, wingless insects inhabit sheltered microhabitats and feed on organic debris. The genus was established by Enderlein in 1904 and is currently accepted in modern classifications.
booklice barklice Psocodea Lepidopsocidae Indonesia microhabitat detritivore
Sphaeromatidae
seapills, Typical Seapills
Sphaeromatidae is a family of marine isopods commonly known as seapills, containing approximately 100 genera and 619 marine species with about 65 additional species in freshwater. Members are frequently encountered on rocky shores and in shelf waters of temperate zones. Many species exhibit dorsoventrally compressed body shapes, often with vaulted dorsums, though some are strongly flattened and scale-like. The family includes both free-living and symbiotic forms, with some genera associating with sponges or other marine organisms.
isopod marine intertidal detritivore crustacean symbiosis sexual-dimorphism new-species urban-discovery
Sphaeromatoidea
Seapills
Sphaeromatoidea is a superfamily of isopod crustaceans commonly known as seapills. Members of this group are characterized by their ability to conglobate—roll into a ball when disturbed. The superfamily includes approximately 1,000 described species distributed across multiple families, primarily in marine and estuarine habitats. These isopods are distinguished from related groups by specific morphological features of the pleon and uropods.
crustacean isopod marine intertidal conglobation detritivore
Spirostreptida
Spirostreptida is an order of large, cylindrical millipedes containing approximately 1000 described species, making it the third largest order of millipedes. Members are characterized by their elongated bodies with 30 to 90 body rings and generally large size, including the longest known millipedes such as the giant African millipedes of genus Archispirostreptus, which may exceed 30 cm. The order is divided into two suborders, Cambalidea and Spirostreptidea, with most species occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. Spirostreptida are primarily soil-dwelling detritivores, though some species inhabit caves.
millipede diplopoda detritivore tropical cave-dwelling gonopod-taxonomy short-range-endemic
Spirostreptidae
Flatplate Millipedes
Spirostreptidae is a family of large millipedes in the order Spirostreptida, commonly known as flatplate millipedes. The family comprises approximately 100 genera distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, and the eastern Mediterranean. Members are characterized by their elongated cylindrical bodies and are primarily soil-dwelling detritivores, though some species exhibit arboreal habits. The family includes both synanthropic species that can become urban pests and species with specialized thermoregulatory and social behaviors.
millipede diplopod soil-fauna detritivore tropical desert thermoregulation aggregation synanthropic gonopod-taxonomy
Steleops lichenatus
Steleops lichenatus is a species of barklouse in the family Psocidae, described by Walsh in 1863. It belongs to the genus Steleops, a group of psocids characterized by their association with lichen-covered substrates. The species is known from the United States and represents part of the diverse North American psocid fauna. As with other members of Psocidae, it likely inhabits arboreal or rock-dwelling environments where lichen growth occurs.
Psocodea Psocidae barklouse North-America lichen-associated detritivore
Stenelmis
riffle beetle
Stenelmis is the largest and most widespread genus of beetles in the family Elmidae. Members are commonly known as riffle beetles due to their association with fast-flowing stream habitats. The genus contains numerous species distributed across multiple continents, with documented presence in North America, Europe, and the Caucasus region.
aquatic stream riffle semi-aquatic plastron-respiration detritivore
Stenocaecilius casarum
lizard barklouse
Stenocaecilius casarum is a species of lizard barklouse in the family Caeciliusidae. It has one of the widest geographic distributions of any barklouse species, occurring across six continents and numerous oceanic islands. The species was first described by Badonnel in 1931. Its common name refers to its lizard-like appearance and movement patterns.
barklouse psocid widespread-distribution detritivore tramp-species
Stenomorpha opaca
Stenomorpha opaca is a darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) native to North America. The species is moderately well-documented through observational records, with over 700 observations on iNaturalist. As a member of a large and diverse family of beetles, it occupies arid and semi-arid habitats. Specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
darkling-beetle desert-beetle North-America detritivore nocturnal
Symphyla
Symphylans, Garden centipedes, Pseudocentipedes
Symphylans are small, cryptic, soil-dwelling myriapods that resemble centipedes but are non-venomous and only distantly related. They range from 2 to 13 mm in length, lack eyes and pigment, and possess 12 pairs of legs as adults. These arthropods are rapid runners that move through soil pores and are found from the surface to depths of about 50 cm. More than 200 species are known worldwide, with populations reaching up to 88 million per acre in favorable conditions.
soil-arthropod myriapod detritivore agricultural-pest hemianamorphosis
Synecdoche dimidiata
Synecdoche dimidiata is a planthopper in the family Achilidae, a group of fulgoroid insects associated with fungal associations. This species belongs to a poorly studied group of true bugs that feed on fungal hyphae rather than plant sap. Records indicate presence in eastern North America from New England to the southeastern United States.
Achilidae planthopper fungal-feeder eastern-North-America Hemiptera Fulgoroidea detritivore forest-insect
Syritta pipiens
Thick-legged Hoverfly, Thick-legged Hover Fly
Syritta pipiens is a common and widespread hoverfly in the family Syrphidae, native to Europe and now distributed across Eurasia and North America. It is distinguished by its enlarged hind femora, which give rise to its common name 'thick-legged hoverfly.' Adults are fast, agile fliers rarely exceeding one meter above ground and are important pollinators of diverse flowering plants. Larvae develop in moist, decaying organic matter including compost, manure, and silage. The species is frequently found in human-modified environments such as gardens, farmland, and urban parks.
hoverfly pollinator detritivore mimicry bio-indicator anthropophilic forensic-entomology
Tachinus crotchii
Crotch's Tachinus
Tachinus crotchii is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, described by George Henry Horn in 1877. It is native to western North America, with documented occurrences in British Columbia, California, Oregon, and Washington. Like other members of the genus Tachinus, it is associated with forest floor habitats and decaying organic matter. The species is named after George Robert Crotch, a British entomologist who collected extensively in North America.
rove-beetle Staphylinidae western-North-America forest-floor detritivore Pacific-Northwest California-fauna coniferous-forest
Talitroides alluaudi
Alluaudi's landhopper
A terrestrial amphipod (landhopper) native to the Atlantic forests of southeastern Brazil, now distributed worldwide through synanthropic human-mediated dispersal. Found in leaf litter of tropical and subtropical forests, urban parks, greenhouses, and silviculture areas. Females dominate populations with a strongly female-biased sex ratio observed in field samples. Exhibits highly stereotyped grooming behavior for hygiene maintenance.
terrestrial-amphipod landhopper synanthropic detritivore Atlantic-forest grooming-behavior female-biased-sex-ratio invasive greenhouse-pest soil-fauna
Tapinellinae
Tapinellinae is a subfamily of small, wingless insects within the family Pachytroctidae (order Psocodea). These minute hexapods are part of the diverse assemblage of barklice and booklice relatives, though specific biological details remain poorly documented. The subfamily was established by Enderlein in 1908 and contains genera characterized by particular morphological features of the head and mouthparts. Members are found in association with decaying organic matter in forest habitats.
psocodea barklice microarthropod detritivore wingless
Tenebrionidae
Darkling beetles, Чернотелки
Tenebrionidae is one of the largest families of beetles, with more than 20,000 described species distributed globally. Members are predominantly detritivores, consuming decaying plant matter, fungi, and lichens. The family exhibits remarkable ecological diversity, from desert sand dunes to forest floor habitats. Several species are significant pests of stored products, while others serve as important decomposers and bioindicators of ecosystem health. Notable adaptations include fog-basking behavior in desert-dwelling genera and chemical defense mechanisms in many species.
detritivore decomposer stored-product-pest desert-beetle fog-basking bioindicator mealworm Styrofoam-degradation
Tephrochlamys flavipes
Tephrochlamys flavipes is a small fly in the family Heleomyzidae, first described by Zetterstedt in 1838. The species name "flavipes" refers to yellow legs, a characteristic feature of this taxon. It belongs to a family of flies commonly associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats. Records indicate presence in Scandinavia including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Heleomyzidae Diptera Scandinavia detritivore fungivore
Tetanolita floridana
Florida Tetanolita Moth, Florida Owlet
Tetanolita floridana, commonly known as the Florida Tetanolita Moth or Florida Owlet, is a litter moth in the family Erebidae. First described by J. B. Smith in 1895, this small moth has a wingspan of 20–24 mm. It is notable for its broad geographic distribution across the eastern United States, extending from Wisconsin to Long Island and south to Florida and Texas. The species exhibits variable adult activity periods depending on latitude, with year-round flight in the southernmost parts of its range.
litter-moth detritivore eastern-North-America multi-brooded
Tetrix
ground-hoppers, pygmy grasshoppers
Tetrix is a genus of ground-hoppers (family Tetrigidae) comprising at least 180 described species of minute jumping insects. These pygmy grasshoppers are characterized by their small size (typically around 1 cm), enlarged pronotum that often extends over the abdomen, and association with moist habitats near water. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with particular research focus on European and North American species, though this represents only a small fraction of global diversity. Some Tetrix species exhibit incomplete reproductive isolation where sympatric, with documented heterospecific courtship and mating between closely related species.
Orthoptera Tetrigidae ground-hopper pygmy-grasshopper detritivore moist-habitat
Tipula abdominalis
giant crane fly
Tipula abdominalis, commonly known as the giant crane fly, is a large species of crane fly in the family Tipulidae. The larvae are aquatic detritivores found in riparian habitats, where they feed on decomposing leaf litter. Their hindgut harbors a dense, diverse bacterial community that facilitates digestion of lignocellulosic material. The species has been studied for its potential applications in biofuel production due to its efficient natural biorefinery system. Adults are among the largest crane flies in North America but do not feed.
detritivore aquatic symbiosis microbiome biofuel crane-fly Tipulidae lignocellulose riparian Nearctic
Traskorchestia
beach hoppers
Traskorchestia is a genus of beach hoppers in the family Talitridae, established by Bousfield in 1982. The genus contains at least three described species: T. georgiana, T. ochotensis, and T. traskiana (the Pacific beach hopper). These amphipods inhabit coastal environments and are part of the supralittoral community.
amphipod talitridae beach-hopper coastal supralittoral detritivore Pacific-coast
Trichadenotecnum majus
common barklouse
Trichadenotecnum majus is a species of common barklouse in the family Psocidae. It has been recorded across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. As a member of the barklice, it inhabits environments where it feeds on organic debris such as lichens, algae, and dead plant material on tree bark and rocks.
barklouse psocid Psocidae Psocodea detritivore widespread-distribution
Trichiini
Bee Beetles and Flower Scarabs
Trichiini is a tribe of scarab beetles within the subfamily Cetoniinae (Scarabaeidae), historically treated as a subfamily (Trichiinae). Members range from 6 to 65 mm and include the conspicuous European bee beetles (genus Trichius). The tribe comprises five subtribes: Cryptodontina, Incaina, Osmodermatina, Platygeniina, and Trichiina. Adults are primarily flower-associated, feeding on sugar-rich plant secretions, while most larvae develop in rotten wood or decaying organic matter.
Cetoniinae flower-chafer bee-beetle saproxylic wood-boring-larvae pollinator detritivore Fynbos-endemic South-African-radiation
Trichocera
winter crane flies
Trichocera is a genus of winter crane flies comprising over 140 described species. Adults are among the few insects regularly active during winter months, often appearing at porch lights or forming aerial swarms on sunny days. The genus is distinguished from other crane flies by the presence of three ocelli on the crown of the head. Most North American species belong to this genus, with larvae developing in decaying organic matter including leaf litter, compost, fungi, and manure.
winter-active cold-adapted detritivore cave-dwelling invasive-potential Holarctic
Trichoniscidae
Trichoniscidae is a family of terrestrial isopods (woodlice) notable for containing the most abundant British woodlouse, *Trichoniscus pusillus*. The family exhibits exceptional ecological diversity, with many species occupying subterranean habitats in karst regions across Europe, while others have secondarily adapted to aquatic or amphibious lifestyles. Multiple genera contain troglobiotic (obligate cave-dwelling) species, particularly in the Dinaric Karst, which harbors significant diversity of this family. Some species demonstrate unique morphological adaptations for cave life, including elongated appendages and modified mouthparts.
isopod woodlouse cave-dwelling troglobite karst detritivore European-fauna subterranean
Tridactylidae
Pygmy Mole Crickets, Pygmy Sand Crickets, Pygmy Mole Grasshoppers
Tridactylidae are a family of minute orthopterans commonly called pygmy mole crickets, though they are not closely related to true mole crickets (Gryllotalpidae). Adults typically measure 5–10 mm, with some species reaching 20 mm. They inhabit moist sandy soils near water bodies, where they construct shallow burrows 2–3 cm deep. The family is distinguished by extraordinary jumping abilities powered by enlarged hind femora, and by unique natatory lamellae on the hind tibiae that function as swimming paddles. Some species can jump from water surfaces and even dive. Despite their common name, they are basal grasshoppers (Caelifera), not crickets.
Orthoptera Caelifera burrowing jumping swimming riparian sand-dwelling detritivore pygmy-mole-cricket