Palearctic
Guides
Homotropus
Homotropus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Diplazontinae. The genus is distributed across the Palearctic region, with confirmed records from Japan, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Twelve species are recognized in the Japanese fauna, including the recently described H. japonicum. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with several species transferred from the related genus Syrphoctonus and multiple synonymies established.
Hoplocyrtoma
Hoplocyrtoma is a genus of dance flies in the family Hybotidae, first described by Melander in 1928. The genus contains five described species distributed across the Palearctic region and Japan, with one fossil species known from Eocene Baltic amber. Species are characterized by distinctive leg modifications, particularly enlarged femora in some taxa. The genus belongs to the tribe Bicellariini within the subfamily Hybotinae.
Hyalochloria
Hyalochloria is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Reuter in 1907. Members of this genus are small, soft-bodied true bugs (Hemiptera) characterized by their pale green or yellowish coloration. The genus is relatively poorly documented, with limited published information on species diversity and biology.
Hydroporus
Hydroporus is a genus of small diving beetles (family Dytiscidae) with approximately 180 described species worldwide. The genus exhibits substantial morphological diversity organized into multiple species groups, including the longiusculus-group, longulus-group, memnonius-group, and nigellus-group. Members occur across the Palearctic, Nearctic, Near East, and North Africa. Several species complexes within the genus show convergent adaptations to specialized habitats, including semi-subterranean environments.
Hylaeus communis
Common Masked Bee
Hylaeus communis is a small, nearly hairless solitary bee native to the Palearctic region and recently introduced to North America. It is one of the most common and adaptable species in its genus, exhibiting extreme generalism in habitat use and floral visitation. Females transport nectar and pollen internally in a crop, rather than on body hairs, and nest in pre-existing cavities. The species is partially bivoltine with flight activity from late May through September.
Hylaeus leptocephalus
Slender-faced Masked Bee
Hylaeus leptocephalus is a small solitary bee in the family Colletidae, commonly known as the Slender-faced Masked Bee. Native to the Palearctic region, it has been established in North America since 1912. Like other masked bees, it is nearly hairless and transports pollen and nectar internally rather than on body hairs. The species nests in pre-existing cavities such as hollow stems and twigs.
Hypocera
Hypocera is a genus of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in the subfamily Hypocerinae. The genus was taxonomically revised in 1998, which clarified species identities and provided new diagnostic characters for distinguishing closely related Nearctic species. At least one species, H. mordellaria, has been documented as a scavenger on dead insects, with its larval stage described.
Hypochilidae
Lampshade Spiders
Hypochilidae is an ancient and relict family of true spiders (Araneae) containing two genera: Hypochilus (11 species, North America) and Ectatosticta (22 species, Asia). The family originated in the Late Jurassic and exhibits a classic inter-continental disjunct distribution. These spiders are considered among the most primitive of araneomorphs, retaining plesiomorphic traits including two pairs of book lungs in most species. They are microhabitat specialists with naturally small geographic distributions and low vagility, making them important subjects for conservation and biogeographic research.
Hypovoria
Hypovoria is a genus of tachinid flies in the tribe Voriini, subfamily Dexiinae. The genus was established by Villeneuve in 1912 and currently includes five described species. It is distributed across northern Europe, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As with other tachinid flies, members of this genus are parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented.
Hysteropterini
Hysteropterini is a tribe of planthoppers within the family Issidae, subfamily Hysteropterinae. Members of this tribe are characterized by their compact body form and reduced wings, adaptations associated with a ground-dwelling or low-vegetation lifestyle. The tribe was established by Melichar in 1906 and contains multiple genera distributed primarily in the Palearctic region. These insects are part of the diverse fulgoromorph fauna but are less frequently encountered than their more volant relatives.
Idiodonus
Idiodonus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Ball in 1936. The genus belongs to the tribe Platymetopiini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. Species of Idiodonus are found in Europe and North America, with confirmed records from Scandinavia, Denmark, and the northeastern United States. At least two species are recognized: Idiodonus acus and Idiodonus albifrons.
Inocelliidae
Square-headed Snakeflies, inocelliid snakeflies
Inocelliidae is a small family of snakeflies (order Raphidioptera) containing eight extant genera plus fossil taxa. Members are commonly known as square-headed snakeflies due to their distinctive head shape. The family is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with extant species found in temperate forests of Eurasia and North America. Inocelliidae are holometabolous predators with larvae that inhabit bark and wood of coniferous and deciduous trees, where they prey on other insects. The family includes notable fossil representatives such as Fibla carpenteri from Baltic amber, the largest known snakefly species.
Ixodes affinis
Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.
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Kalama is a genus of true bugs in the family Tingidae, commonly known as lace bugs. These small, flattened insects are characterized by their intricate, reticulated wing covers that give them a lace-like appearance. The genus was established by Puton in 1876 and contains species distributed across northern Europe, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Kessleria
Kessleria is a genus of small moths in the family Yponomeutidae, first described by Nowicki in 1864. The genus contains approximately 35 recognized species distributed primarily across the Palearctic region, with additional species found in Madagascar, New Guinea, and Japan. Many species exhibit narrow geographic ranges and are associated with high-elevation or insular habitats. The genus has been subject to significant taxonomic revision, particularly by Huemer and colleagues, who used DNA barcoding to clarify species boundaries.
Kyboasca
Kyboasca is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. The genus was established by Zakhvatkin in 1953. Members of this genus are small, sap-feeding insects commonly found in the Palearctic region. The genus is placed in the tribe Empoascini, which includes many economically important agricultural pests.
Kyboasca bipunctata
Kyboasca bipunctata is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Originally described as Chloria bipunctata by Oshanin in 1871, this small true bug belongs to the tribe Empoascini, a group known for containing many economically significant agricultural pests. The genus Kyboasca is part of the diverse leafhopper fauna found across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. As a member of the Typhlocybinae, it possesses the characteristic reduced wing venation and specialized mouthparts for piercing-sucking plant feeding typical of this subfamily.
Kybos sublactea
Kybos sublactea is a small leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It belongs to a genus of leafhoppers characterized by reduced wing venation and pale coloration. The species is part of the diverse Erythroneurini tribe, which contains many economically significant agricultural pests. Specific biological details for K. sublactea remain poorly documented in scientific literature.
Lagynodes acuticornis
Lagynodes acuticornis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Megaspilidae, first described by Kieffer in 1906. The species belongs to a small family of tiny wasps (typically 1–4 mm) that are understudied and poorly known ecologically. Megaspilids are generally internal parasitoids of other insects, though specific host associations for most species remain undocumented. The genus Lagynodes is distinguished by reduced wing venation and distinctive antennal morphology.
Lampetis
Eyed Jewel Beetles
Lampetis is a large genus of jewel beetles (Buprestidae) comprising nearly 300 species worldwide. Adults are typically large, conspicuous beetles with brilliant metallic coloration. The genus has a broad geographic distribution spanning North America, South America, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Larval biology remains poorly known for most species, with development suspected to occur in living wood below the soil line—a habit that explains the rarity of larval discoveries.
Lamproniinae
Lamproniinae is a subfamily of small moths within the family Prodoxidae (order Lepidoptera). These insects are part of the superfamily Adeloidea, which includes primitive moth lineages. The subfamily contains relatively few species, most notably including the genus Lampronia. Members are characterized by reduced wing venation and are associated with specific host plants, particularly in the Rosaceae family.
Lasiomma
Lasiomma is a genus of flies in the family Anthomyiidae, established by Stein in 1916. Several species are known to be significant pests of cones and seeds of European larch (Larix decidua), causing damage in the natural range of this tree in the French Alps and Italian Piedmont. The genus has been recorded from multiple European countries including France, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Leiomyza scatophagina
Leiomyza scatophagina is a small fly species in the family Asteiidae, first described by Fallén in 1823. It is distributed across the Palearctic region, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Members of the family Asteiidae are generally small, slender flies often associated with decaying organic matter.
Leistus ferrugineus
Palearctic rusty basket-throat
Leistus ferrugineus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, native to the Palearctic region and introduced to northeastern North America. It inhabits mixed forests, where it occurs on moist gravelly ground, grassy areas, hedges, and open woodland. Adults are brachypterous, possessing reduced wings that limit flight capability. The species is part of the subfamily Nebriinae, a group of ground beetles often associated with cool, moist habitats.
Lema cyanella
Californian Thistle Leaf Beetle
Lema cyanella is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae investigated as a biological control agent for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). In Europe, it has been observed breeding primarily on C. arvense, though laboratory studies demonstrate broader feeding and reproductive capacity on Cirsium, Carduus, and Silybum genera. The species was introduced to New Zealand in 1981 and evaluated for release in North America. Females lay an average of 1564 eggs, with development from egg to adult taking approximately 17.6 days under controlled temperature conditions.
Leptopa
Leptopa is a genus of scathophagid flies (Diptera: Scathophagidae) established by Zetterstedt in 1838. The genus was recently resurrected as a senior synonym of Parallelomma (Ozerov & Krivosheina, 2023). It occurs primarily in the Palearctic region, with documented species from Japan, Korea, and northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. At least four species are recognized from Japan, including two recently described species: L. kanmiyai and L. yezonica. The genus belongs to the subfamily Delininae within the dung fly family Scathophagidae.
Lepyrus
Lepyrus is a genus of true weevils in the family Curculionidae, first described by Germar in 1817. The genus contains more than 70 described species. Members of this genus are distributed across northern Europe, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The group is part of the diverse weevil fauna associated with temperate and boreal environments.
Leschius
Leschius is a genus of millipedes in the family Anthroleucosomatidae, established in 2004 to accommodate Leschius mcallisteri from Washington State, USA. This genus represents the first and only North American representative of a family otherwise restricted to the Palearctic region. The genus is distinguished by morphological features including small body size, reduced segment number, and highly modified male ninth legs.
Liatongus
Liatongus is a genus of dung beetles in the subfamily Scarabaeinae, family Scarabaeidae. The genus contains 38–46 species, with 17 species occurring in Africa. Members are small to medium-sized beetles, ranging from 7.4 to 10.9 mm in length. The genus is distributed across three major biogeographic regions: Afrotropical, Oriental to eastern Palearctic, and western Nearctic.
Limnohydrobius
Limnohydrobius is a genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae, tribe Hydrobiusini. The genus was established by Reitter in 1909 and contains species associated with freshwater habitats. Members of this genus are small to medium-sized hydrophilid beetles with the characteristic clubbed antennae of the family. The genus is distinguished from related hydrobiusine genera by specific features of the maxillary palps and genitalia.
Limonia duplicata
Limonia duplicata is a species of limoniid crane fly originally described by Doane in 1900. The species is currently treated as a synonym of Rhipidia maculata. It has been recorded across a broad geographic range spanning the Nearctic, West Palearctic, and East Palearctic regions, including North America from Alaska to California and Tennessee, much of Europe, and eastward through Russia, Central Asia, East Asia, and China.
Lipara
Lipara is a genus of frit flies (family Chloropidae) established by Meigen in 1830. Species in this genus are notable for inducing galls on the stems of common reed (Phragmites australis). The galls created by Lipara species, particularly L. lucens, serve as nesting sites for a specialized community of aculeate hymenopterans including solitary bees and digger wasps. This genus represents a well-documented example of ecological interactions between gall-inducing insects and cavity-nesting invertebrates.
Lispe tentaculata
A muscid fly with Holarctic distribution, widespread across the Palearctic from the Iberian Peninsula to Kamchatka. Males exhibit distinctive modified fore tarsi with brush-like setulae and a finger-like yellow process on tarsomere 1. The species inhabits riparian environments including river banks, pond margins, and forest streams. Taxonomic identification relies on male genitalic structures and specific leg chaetotaxy patterns.
Listrini
Listrini is a tribe of soft-bodied beetles within the family Melyridae, subfamily Dasytinae. Members of this tribe are characterized by their relatively compact body form and association with dry, sandy, or rocky habitats. The tribe was established by Majer in 1990 and contains multiple genera distributed primarily in the Palearctic region, with some representation in other regions. Listrini beetles are often found in xeric environments and are part of the diverse soft-winged flower beetle fauna.
Lobesia spiraeae
Lobesia spiraeae is a species of tortrix moth (family Tortricidae) described by McDunnough in 1938. It is currently treated as a synonym of Lobesia bicinctana. The species epithet 'spiraeae' refers to the plant genus Spiraea, suggesting an association with that host plant. Records indicate presence in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Lomographa
Lomographa is a genus of geometrid moths in the tribe Baptini, erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus contains multiple species distributed across the Palearctic region, with some extending into North America. The best-studied species is Lomographa bimaculata (White-pinion Spotted), which has served as a model for genomic studies. Adult moths are generally small with white or pale wings and distinctive dark markings.
Lonchodryinus
Lonchodryinus is a genus of wasps in the family Dryinidae (Hymenoptera), established by Kieffer in 1905. Species in this genus are distributed across the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, with documented occurrences in North America, Japan, and northern Europe including Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The genus is taxonomically characterized by specific morphological traits of the head and scutum sculpture, with recent taxonomic revisions clarifying Nearctic species boundaries and the first description of the female of L. woodi from Norway.
Lonchopteridae
spear-winged flies
Lonchopteridae is a small family of Diptera commonly known as spear-winged flies, characterized by distinctive lanceolate wings with pointed tips. The family contains approximately 50 species worldwide, primarily in the genus Lonchoptera. Species are found in diverse habitats including upland blanket bogs, mineral soils, peatlands, and lowland bogs. Some species exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction, with males rare or absent across most of the range. The family has been documented in the Palearctic, Nearctic, and other regions.
Lotophila atra
Lotophila atra is a species of lesser dung fly in the family Sphaeroceridae, distributed across the Palearctic region. The species is characterized by its small size and association with decaying organic matter. Larvae develop in moist, decomposing substrates where they feed on microorganisms.
Lozotaenia
Lozotaenia is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Archipini, established by Stephens in 1829. The genus was recently discovered in Taiwan with the description of Lozotaenia xiaofengkouensis Lu & Hsu sp. nov. Most species are found in the Palearctic region, particularly northern Europe. The genus comprises small to medium-sized moths with characteristic tortricid wing patterns and resting posture.
Lygocoris rugicollis
Apple Capsid
Lygocoris rugicollis is a widespread plant-feeding bug in the family Miridae, commonly known as the Apple Capsid. Adults are small, yellow, and distinguished by a strongly wrinkled prothorax. The species has a broad geographic range spanning Europe, North Africa, Central Asia, and North America. It is primarily associated with willows and alders but has been reported as an occasional pest on cultivated fruit crops.
Lygus punctatus
plant bug
Lygus punctatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It reaches a body length of approximately 6–7 mm. The species has a broad distribution across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Southern Asia. Adults have been recorded in high abundance on alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
Lyonetia prunifoliella
Blackthorn Blister Moth
Lyonetia prunifoliella is a small leaf-mining moth in the family Lyonetiidae. Adults have a wingspan of 9–10 mm and are active in autumn, overwintering before reappearing in spring. The larvae create distinctive leaf mines on a broad range of host plants in the Rosaceae family, including Prunus, Betula, Crataegus, and Sorbus species. The species is widespread across northern Europe and Asia, with populations also established in North America.
Macropsis graminea
Macropsis graminea is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Fabricius in 1798. It belongs to the subfamily Eurymelinae and tribe Macropsini, a group associated with grasses and sedges. The species has been recorded across a broad geographic range spanning Eurasia and North America.
Macropsis infuscata
Macropsis infuscata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Eurymelinae. The species was described by Sahlberg in 1871. It is recorded from scattered locations across northern and central Europe including England, Karelia, Komi, Chuvash, and Emilia-Romagna. As a member of the genus Macropsis, it is associated with woody host plants, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Macropsis mendax
Macropsis mendax is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Eurymelinae. It belongs to the tribe Macropsini, a group of leafhoppers often associated with woody host plants. The species was described by Fieber in 1868. Records indicate occurrence in California, District of Columbia, England, and parts of Russia (Lipetsk, Moskovsskaya).
Macrotylus
Macrotylus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae, first described by Fieber in 1858. The genus comprises at least 60 described species distributed across multiple continents, with documented occurrences in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Species within this genus exhibit considerable morphological variation, particularly in coloration and male genitalia structure. Some species are host-plant specialists with documented associations to specific plant families.
Malloewia
frit flies
Malloewia is a genus of small frit flies in the family Chloropidae, established by Sabrosky in 1980. The genus contains approximately eight described species, most originally described by Becker in 1912. These flies belong to the subfamily Oscinellinae and tribe Incertellini. The genus name honors dipterist John Russell Malloch.
Mansonia
Mansonia mosquito
Mansonia is a genus of mosquitoes in the family Culicidae. Adults are large, dark-colored mosquitoes with distinctive iridescent scaling on wings and legs. The genus is notable for its unique larval and pupal biology: immature stages attach to submerged rootlets of aquatic plants using modified siphons to obtain oxygen, rather than surfacing to breathe. Several species serve as vectors of human and animal pathogens, including filarial worms and arboviruses. The genus has a global distribution, with particular abundance in tropical and subtropical regions associated with permanent freshwater habitats.
Mantura chrysanthemi
Mantura chrysanthemi is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, described by Koch in 1803. It is widely distributed across the Palearctic region, including Western Europe, Turkey, and North Africa. The species has also been introduced to North America.