Parasitoid
Guides
Euderus albitarsis
Euderus albitarsis is a parasitic wasp in the family Eulophidae, belonging to the subgenus Euderus s. str. and forming the namesake of the 'albitarsis species group' within the genus. It was originally described by Zetterstedt in 1838 under the basionym Entedon albitarsis. The species has been recorded from Canada (Alberta, Manitoba) and the Canary Islands.
Eudorylas
big-headed flies
Eudorylas is a genus of big-headed flies in the family Pipunculidae, characterized by their enlarged compound eyes and parasitoid life history. Species in this genus are known to parasitize leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), including agricultural pests such as Dalbulus maidis and D. elimatus that vector corn stunting pathogens. The genus has a global distribution across multiple biogeographic regions and contains over 400 described species. Taxonomic revisions rely heavily on male genitalia morphology and DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial COI gene.
Eudorylini
Eudorylini is a tribe of big-headed flies within the family Pipunculidae. The tribe comprises at least eight described genera, including the type genus Eudorylas. Members of this tribe are parasitoids, with larvae developing inside other insects. The tribe is distinguished from related groups by specific morphological characteristics of the head and genitalia.
Eulasiona
Eulasiona is a genus of tachinid flies established by Townsend in 1892. The genus currently contains 12 described species distributed primarily in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. As members of the family Tachinidae, these flies are parasitoids, though specific host associations for most Eulasiona species remain undocumented. The genus is classified in the subfamily Dexiinae and tribe Voriini.
Eulonchus
North American jewelled spider flies, sapphires, emeralds
Eulonchus is a genus of small-headed flies in the family Acroceridae, comprising six described species endemic to North America. Adults are strikingly metallic blue, green, or purple, earning them the common names 'sapphires' and 'emeralds.' They are important pollinators of diverse flowering plants, with elongated mouthparts adapted for nectar feeding. Their larvae are parasitoids of spiders, specifically targeting trapdoor spiders in the families Euctenizidae and Antrodiaetidae.
Eulonchus marginatus
jewelled spider fly
Eulonchus marginatus is a species of small-headed fly in the family Acroceridae, commonly known as a jewelled spider fly. The species has a Nearctic distribution and is known to visit flowers from over ten different plant families. Like other members of the genus, adults exhibit metallic coloration and serve as pollinators, while larvae are parasitoids of spiders.
Eulonchus marialiciae
Eulonchus marialiciae is a species of jewelled spider fly in the family Acroceridae, endemic to the Great Smoky Mountains of eastern North America. Unlike its congeners, which are locally abundant across western North America, this species is known from only a few specimens collected within a small contiguous area. Adults are brilliantly coloured pollinators, while larvae are parasitoids of tarantulas.
Eulonchus sapphirinus
Sapphire spider fly
Eulonchus sapphirinus is a species of small-headed fly in the family Acroceridae, commonly known as the sapphire spider fly. Adults are metallic blue in coloration and are specialized flower visitors, particularly abundant on Geranium robertianum in Olympic National Park, Washington. The species exhibits sexually dimorphic flower-visiting behavior related to mating, with females moving more slowly among flowers than males. Like other members of its genus, the larvae are parasitoids of spiders, though specific host records for this species remain unconfirmed.
Eulonchus tristis
small-headed fly
Eulonchus tristis is a small-headed fly (family Acroceridae) native to western North America. Adults are known flower visitors, particularly of Brodiaea elegans and Iris douglasiana in California, where they carry substantial pollen loads. The species has been documented as a potential pollinator, especially for B. elegans. Like other acrocerids, larvae are parasitoids of spiders.
Eulophinae
Eulophinae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae, comprising over 90 genera. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown it to be a derived group within Eulophidae, not an ancestral one as previously thought. The subfamily contains three recognized tribes: Eulophini, Elasmini, and Cirrospilini. Members are primarily ectoparasitoids, with some species functioning as hyperparasitoids or gall-formers.
Eulophus anomocerus
Eulophus anomocerus is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae. The genus Eulophus comprises small chalcidoid wasps known primarily as ectoparasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae. This species was described by Crawford in 1912 and has been recorded in several Canadian provinces. As with most Eulophidae, the species likely exhibits koinobiont parasitoid biology, allowing the host to continue developing while the parasitoid feeds.
Eunotidae
Eunotidae is a family of small parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea, elevated to family status in 2022 from the former subfamily Eunotinae of Pteromalidae. The family comprises approximately 23 genera and 17 species worldwide, with most species known as parasitoids of scale insects (Coccoidea). The taxonomic revision was based on integrated molecular, morphological, and life history data.
Eunotus
Eunotus is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Eunotidae, first described by Walker in 1834. Most species are parasitoids of scale insects (Coccoidea), including coccid scales, felt scales (Eriococcidae), and mealybugs. The genus has a wide geographic distribution spanning the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Oriental regions, with records from Europe, Asia, and North America. Species exhibit morphological traits typical of the family, including distinctive antennal structure and thoracic sculpture.
Eupathocera
Eupathocera is a genus of twisted-wing parasites in the order Strepsiptera, family Xenidae. Currently considered a synonym of Paraxenos, species historically placed in this genus are obligate endoparasites of insects. As with other strepsipterans, they exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism and complex life cycles involving host manipulation.
Eupathocera auripedis
Eupathocera auripedis is a species of twisted-wing parasite in the order Strepsiptera, family Xenidae. As an obligate endoparasite, it infects host insects and completes its life cycle within their bodies. The species has been documented parasitizing the grass-carrying wasp Isodontia mexicana. Like other strepsipterans, it exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism and complex life history traits associated with its parasitic lifestyle.
Eupathocera westwoodii
Eupathocera westwoodii is a species of twisted-wing parasite in the order Strepsiptera. These insects are obligate endoparasites of other insects, with larvae entering hosts through joints or sutures. The species has been documented parasitizing wasps, including the Great Black Wasp (Sphex pensylvanicus). Females are neotenic and remain permanently within host abdomens, while males emerge as free-flying adults that live only a few hours and must mate within that brief window.
Eupelmidae
Eupelmidae is a family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea, containing approximately 905-1100 described species across 39-45 genera. The family is currently defined to include three subfamilies: Eupelminae, Calosotinae, and Eusandalinae. Members exhibit remarkable sexual dimorphism, with females of many species possessing modified mesothoracic musculature that enables powerful jumping using the middle legs. The majority are parasitoids of other insects, with hosts including beetle larvae, spider eggs, mantid oothecae, and various other arthropods. Some species are facultative hyperparasitoids. The group has significant potential as biological control agents for agricultural and forest pests.
Eupelminae
Eupelminae is a subfamily of parasitic wasps within the family Eupelmidae (Chalcidoidea). Members exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism, with females possessing a remarkable jumping ability powered by modified mesothoracic musculature and resilin energy storage. Females of many species have reduced flight capability and rely on walking, while males fly readily. The subfamily includes important biological control agents such as species of Anastatus, which parasitize the eggs of diverse hosts including moths, true bugs, cockroaches, and stick insects.
Eupelmus
Eupelmus is a large genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eupelmidae, comprising over 330 species with cosmopolitan distribution. Species exhibit dual life histories: most are ectoparasitoids attacking larval and nymphal stages of diverse holometabolous insects, while some are phytophagous with larvae feeding on plant tissues. The genus has been subject to extensive taxonomic revision, with molecular studies challenging the traditional three-subgenus classification (Eupelmus, Episolindelia, Macroneura) in favor of approximately twelve species groups. Several species have demonstrated potential for biological control of agricultural pests.
Eupelmus cushmani
Eupelmus cushmani (Crawford, 1908) is a chalcidoid wasp in the family Eupelmidae, classified within the subgenus Eupelmus (Eupelmus). It is known as a parasitoid of the avocado branch borer Copturus aguacatae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with documented occurrences in Mexico, Brazil, and Hawaii. The species was previously described under the synonym Eupelmus amicus Girault.
Eupelmus dryohizoxeni
Eupelmus dryohizoxeni is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eupelmidae. Like other members of the genus Eupelmus, this species possesses a highly specialized, flexible ovipositor adapted for drilling into substrates to access hosts. The genus Eupelmus includes species known for exceptional drilling capabilities, with some able to penetrate materials beyond natural plant tissues.
Eupelmus messene
Eupelmus messene is a tiny parasitoid wasp in the family Eupelmidae. Females are brachypterous (short-winged) and reproduce via thelytoky, producing only daughters. The species is a specialized idiobiont ectoparasitoid of the gall wasp Aulacidea hieracii, attacking both concealed and exposed larvae and pupae of its host. Females possess a remarkably thin, flexible, and mobile ovipositor capable of drilling through hard substrates, including polystyrene Petri dish walls in laboratory observations.
Eupelmus meteori
Eupelmus meteori is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eupelmidae, first described by Gahan in 1913. It belongs to a genus known for gall-associated parasitoid biology. The species is accepted in the Catalogue of Life and iNaturalist taxonomic databases, though direct observational records remain sparse.
Euperilampus
Euperilampus is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Perilampidae, first described by Walker in 1871. The genus comprises approximately 18 described species. These wasps belong to the superfamily Chalcidoidea, a diverse group of small parasitic wasps. Members of this genus are known primarily from taxonomic descriptions and museum specimens, with limited ecological documentation available.
Euperilampus triangularis
Euperilampus triangularis is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Perilampidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1829. It belongs to a group of parasitoid wasps characterized by their metallic coloration and compact body form. The species has been recorded across multiple North American jurisdictions including Colorado, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, and Ontario.
Euphorinae
The Euphorinae are a large subfamily of Braconidae parasitoid wasps comprising over 1,270 described species worldwide. They are characterized as koinobiont endoparasitoids, typically attacking adult insects or nymphs of hemimetabolous hosts—a notably broad host range among parasitoid wasps. The subfamily is sister to the Meteorinae and has been used in biological pest control programs.
Euphyto
Euphyto is a genus of flies in the family Sarcophagidae, subfamily Miltogramminae. Members of this genus are parasitoid flies that develop in the nests of solitary bees and wasps. The genus was established by Townsend in 1908. Miltogrammine flies are known for their kleptoparasitic or parasitoid lifestyle, laying eggs in or near host provisions.
Euplectrus
Euplectrus is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, distinguished by unique morphological and biological traits. All species are ectoparasitoids of caterpillars from diverse moth families. The genus exhibits distinctive larval adaptations, including the ability to spin silk cocoons—a feature unique within Eulophidae. Species-level identification is challenging due to morphological conservatism.
Euplectrus platyhypenae
Euplectrus platyhypenae is a gregarious ectoparasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae that develops externally on lepidopteran host larvae. The species has been documented attacking fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in laboratory studies and peanut foliage-feeding caterpillars in Oklahoma. Females exhibit host strain preference, ovipositing preferentially on corn-strain fall armyworm over rice-strain hosts. Development is rapid, with egg-to-adult times of approximately 9.8–10.5 days depending on host strain.
Euptilopareia vicinalis
Euptilopareia vicinalis is a species of tachinid fly described by Reinhard in 1956. It belongs to the tribe Voriini within the subfamily Dexiinae. The genus Euptilopareia contains relatively few described species, and this species is known from North America. Like other tachinid flies, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host records for this species are not documented.
Euryphthiria grandis
Euryphthiria grandis is a species of bee fly (family Bombyliidae) described by Evenhuis in 1986. It belongs to the subfamily Phthiriinae and tribe Poecilognathini. The genus Euryphthiria is part of a diverse group of parasitoid flies whose larvae develop in the nests of solitary bees and wasps. Very little is documented about this particular species beyond its taxonomic description.
Euryproctini
Euryproctini is a tribe of parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Ctenopelmatinae (Ichneumonidae). The tribe includes the genus Syndipnus, which has been recorded from the West Palaearctic region. Members of this tribe are endoparasitoids, though direct host records for the tribe are limited and some associations remain speculative.
Euryproctus
Euryproctus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Holmgren in 1855. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes species such as Euryproctus geniculosus and Euryproctus regenerator. As ichneumonids, members of this genus are presumed to be parasitoids of other insects, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The genus is recorded from Europe, including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Eurytoma
Eurytoma is a large genus of chalcid wasps in the family Eurytomidae, containing at least 620 described species. Members are primarily parasitoids, attacking a diverse range of hosts including gall-forming insects and seeds of fruit crops. The genus is currently recognized as polyphyletic based on morphological and phylogenomic studies, indicating that extensive taxonomic revision is required. Species occupy varied habitats from agricultural orchards to natural gall systems on wild plants.
Eurytoma gigantea
Eurytoma gigantea is a specialist parasitoid wasp in the family Eurytomidae. It is known to parasitize the tephritid gallmaker Eurosta solidaginis, which forms galls on goldenrod (Solidago). The species has been studied for the relationship between host gall size and oviposition success, with field observations showing higher parasitism rates in smaller galls.
Eurytoma hecale
Eurytoma hecale is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eurytomidae. The species was described by Walker in 1843. As a member of the genus Eurytoma, it is likely a parasitoid or seed-feeding wasp, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented. The genus Eurytoma contains numerous species associated with galls, seeds, and other insects as hosts.
Eurytomidae
seed chalcids, eurytomid wasps
Eurytomidae is a family of chalcid wasps within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, comprising approximately 1,420 described species across 87 genera. Members exhibit diverse life histories: larvae are endophytic, developing within plant tissues (stems, seeds, or galls) as phytophages, parasitoids of other insects, or both. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in virtually all terrestrial habitats. Some species are agricultural pests, notably the almond seed wasp (Eurytoma amygdali) and plum seed wasp (Eurytoma schreineri), while others serve as biocontrol agents. Phylogenomic studies have confirmed monophyly of the four recognized subfamilies (Buresiinae, Eurytominae, Heimbrinae, Rileyinae), though many large genera remain para- or polyphyletic.
Eusemion
Eusemion is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, first described by Dahlbom in 1857. The genus is represented in the UCR Encyrtidae collection by specimens identified as Eusemion longipennis (Ashmead) and additional undetermined species. Encyrtidae are small chalcidoid wasps that parasitize other insects, particularly scale insects and other Hemiptera. The family is one of the most species-rich groups within Chalcidoidea, with the UCR collection containing representatives of 261 valid genera.
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaEustalomyia
Eustalomyia is a genus of root-maggot flies in the family Anthomyiidae, comprising approximately five described species. The genus is notable for its kleptoparasitic relationship with solitary wasps, particularly those in the family Crabronidae. Adults are typically found near wood harboring wasp nests, where they deposit eggs. The larvae develop within the stored prey provisions of their hosts.
Eusterinx
Eusterinx is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Förster in 1869. These parasitoid wasps are part of the diverse Terebrantes group within Hymenoptera. The genus is poorly documented in literature, with limited species-level information available. Records indicate presence in northern Europe, particularly Norway and Sweden.
Eutanyacra
Eutanyacra is a genus of ichneumonid wasps erected by Cameron in 1903. Members of this genus are parasitoid wasps within the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of Hymenoptera. The genus has been documented from Scandinavia and Denmark. Specific biological details remain poorly documented in published literature.
Eutanyacra vilissima
Eutanyacra vilissima is a species of ichneumon wasp described by Heinrich in 1961. It belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. The genus Eutanyacra comprises species that are parasitoids of other insects. E. vilissima is a poorly documented species with limited published biological information.
Euthera
Euthera is a small cosmopolitan genus of tachinid flies in the family Tachinidae, characterized by distinctive smoky black transverse bands on the wings. The genus contains approximately 13 described species distributed across multiple continents. Some North American taxonomic treatments place this genus within the subfamily Dexiinae. Species in this genus are parasitoids of true bugs in the family Pentatomidae.
Eutherini
Eutherini is a tribe of tachinid flies within the subfamily Dexiinae. The tribe contains two genera: Euthera Loew, 1854 and Redtenbacheria Schiner, 1861. Members are parasitoid flies whose larvae develop inside other insects.
Eutrichosoma
Eutrichosoma is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Eutrichosomatidae (Chalcidoidea). The genus is notable for its planidial first-instar larvae—highly mobile, host-seeking forms that actively locate hosts rather than being deposited directly on or in them. At least two species are recognized: E. mirabile Ashmead and E. burksi Baker & Heraty. The subfamily Eutrichosomatinae belongs to the Planidial Larva Clade within Chalcidoidea.
Eutrichosoma mirabile
Eutrichosoma mirabile is a parasitoid wasp in the family Eutrichosomatidae (Chalcidoidea) that attacks weevil larvae. The species possesses planidial larvae—mobile, morphologically specialized first-instar larvae with a cranial spine, tubercles, and cerci that actively seek and attach to host weevil larvae. Eggs are small and stalked, laid directly on top of host eggs within seed pods of whitethorn acacia. This species has been collected in southeastern Arizona and is documented from multiple U.S. states including District of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, and Maryland.
Eutrichosomatinae
Eutrichosomatinae is a subfamily of chalcidoid wasps established by Peck in 1951. The group has undergone significant taxonomic revision, having been placed in Eutrichosomatidae by some authorities and in Pteromalidae by others. Members are small parasitoid wasps within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The subfamily contains relatively few described species and remains poorly known biologically.
Evania appendigaster
blue-eyed ensign wasp
Evania appendigaster is a parasitoid wasp in the family Evaniidae, commonly known as the blue-eyed ensign wasp. It is one of the larger ensign wasps, with forewings reaching about 7 mm and body length up to 11 mm. The species is a solitary oothecal parasitoid that attacks the egg cases of multiple cockroach species. It likely originated in Asia and has become widespread globally, particularly in tropical, subtropical, and temperate urban environments.
Evaniella californica
ensign wasp
Evaniella californica is a species of ensign wasp in the family Evaniidae, first described by William Harris Ashmead in 1901. The species is endemic to North America and represents one of approximately 20 recognized species in the genus Evaniella. Ensign wasps are characterized by their distinctive metasomal morphology and are known for their association with cockroach oothecae as hosts for larval development. The specific epithet "californica" suggests the type locality or primary distribution is associated with California, though records indicate broader North American occurrence.