Western-north-america
Guides
Lasiopogon flammeus
Lasiopogon flammeus is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Cannings in 2002. It belongs to a genus of predatory flies commonly found in western North America. As with other robber flies, it is presumed to be an aerial predator of other insects.
Lasiopogon opaculus
Lasiopogon opaculus is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Loew in 1874. It belongs to the opaculus section of the genus Lasiopogon, a group of predatory flies found in western North America. The species is part of a taxonomically complex group that has undergone recent revision based on molecular phylogenetic data.
Lasiopogon schizopygus
Lasiopogon schizopygus is a species of robber fly described by Cannings in 2002. It belongs to the genus Lasiopogon, a group of small to medium-sized Asilidae known for their slender bodies and preference for riparian and moist habitats. The species epithet 'schizopygus' refers to a characteristic of the male terminalia. Like other robber flies, it is presumed to be a predatory insect, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Lasiopogon shermani
Lasiopogon shermani is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Cole and Wilcox in 1938. The genus Lasiopogon comprises small to medium-sized robber flies commonly found in sandy habitats. As with other Asilidae, this species is predatory, capturing other insects in flight. The species is documented from a limited number of observations, suggesting it may be uncommon or underrecorded.
Lasiopogon tumulicola
Lasiopogon tumulicola is a species of robber fly (Diptera: Asilidae) described in 2020 during a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the bivittatus section of the genus Lasiopogon. The species name 'tumulicola' (from Latin tumulus, mound or hill, and -cola, dweller) suggests an association with elevated or hummocky terrain. It is one of 13 new species described in this revision of western Nearctic Lasiopogon species, which was based on both molecular phylogenetic analysis and morphological examination.
Lasiopogon wilcoxi
Lasiopogon wilcoxi is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described by McKnight in 2020. It belongs to the bivittatus section of the genus Lasiopogon, a group of Nearctic predatory flies. The species was established as part of a comprehensive taxonomic revision and molecular phylogenetic study of western Nearctic Lasiopogon species. No specific ecological or behavioral data for this species has been published in the available literature.
Leptarctia californiae
California Tiger Moth
Leptarctia californiae, the California Tiger Moth, is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1855, this western North American species inhabits montane environments including open forests, meadows, and clearings. It is one of few species in the genus Leptarctia, which belongs to the tiger moth tribe Arctiini.
Leptinillus
mammal-nest beetles
Leptinillus is a genus of small beetles in the family Leiodidae, commonly known as mammal-nest beetles. The genus contains at least two described species, both specialized inhabitants of rodent nests. These beetles are part of the subfamily Platypsyllinae, which includes other nest-dwelling beetles associated with mammals.
Leptogaster hesperis
Leptogaster hesperis is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Martin in 1957. It belongs to the subfamily Leptogastrinae, a group characterized by slender, elongated bodies and distinctive predatory habits. The species name 'hesperis' refers to the western regions, suggesting a western North American distribution. Like other Leptogaster species, it is likely an aerial predator of small insects. Specific ecological details remain poorly documented due to limited study.
Leptoglossus clypealis
western leaf-footed bug
Leptoglossus clypealis, commonly known as the western leaf-footed bug, is a phytophagous true bug native to western North America. Adults measure 18–19 mm in length and are characterized by brown coloration with leaf-like expansions on the hind tibiae and a pale band across the wings. The species has been documented as a pest of agricultural crops, particularly almonds and pistachios, causing kernel damage and fruit drop. Its range has expanded eastward in recent decades, with genetic studies confirming populations in Texas represent native range extensions rather than recent introductions.
Lepturopsis dolorosa
Lepturopsis dolorosa is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lepturinae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1861. The species is found in western North America, including British Columbia, California, and other parts of the United States. As a member of the flower longhorn group (Lepturini), adults are likely associated with flowering plants, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in the available literature.
Libellula forensis
Eight-spotted Skimmer
The eight-spotted skimmer (Libellula forensis) is a dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is a medium-sized skimmer native to western North America. Like other dragonflies in the genus Libellula, it is a predatory species with aquatic larvae and aerial adults. The species is named for the distinctive pattern of spots on its wings.
Lichnanthe rathvoni
bumble bee scarab beetle
Lichnanthe rathvoni is a species of scarab beetle in the family Glaphyridae, commonly referred to as a bumble bee scarab beetle. It was first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1863 under the basionym Dasydera rathvoni. The species is named in honor of Simon Rathvon, a 19th-century American entomologist. It is distributed in western North America, with records from California, Nevada, Oregon, and British Columbia.
Ligidium gracile
Western Rockslater
Ligidium gracile is a species of terrestrial isopod commonly known as the Western Rockslater. It belongs to the family Ligiidae, a group of semi-terrestrial crustaceans often found in moist coastal or riparian habitats. The species is native to western North America and is distinguished from other rock slaters by its relatively slender body form. Like other ligiids, it occupies an ecological niche between fully aquatic and fully terrestrial isopods.
Lignyodes varius
Lignyodes varius is a species of leguminous seed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is classified within the tribe Lignyodini, a group specialized on legume hosts. The species was originally described by LeConte in 1876 and has been recorded under the synonym Ophryastes varius in some taxonomic databases.
Limenitis archippus lahontani
Nevada Viceroy
Limenitis archippus lahontani is a subspecies of the Viceroy butterfly, commonly known as the Nevada Viceroy. It is part of a well-known mimicry complex with the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), though recent research suggests the Viceroy itself may also be chemically protected rather than a pure Batesian mimic. This subspecies is found in western North America, particularly in the Great Basin region.
Limenitis arthemis arizonensis
Arizona Red-spotted Purple
Limenitis arthemis arizonensis is a subspecies of the red-spotted purple butterfly complex found in western North America. It represents one of several stable hybrid wing patterns within the nominal species L. arthemis, which has been extensively studied for its evolution of mimicry. The subspecies occurs from Arizona to southern California and Mexico, overlapping with the range of the white admiral and red-spotted purple forms. Like other members of the complex, males are known to defend territories along riparian corridors.
Limenitis weidemeyerii
Weidemeyer's Admiral
Weidemeyer's Admiral is a medium-sized butterfly in the brush-footed family Nymphalidae, found across western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada and California. Adults display distinctive black and white dorsal wing patterns with rows of white spots, while the ventral surface shows brown with gray marginal markings. The species is named after 19th-century entomologist John William Weidemeyer, whose Rocky Mountain specimen was used for the original description. Larvae develop on woody plants in the genera Populus, Salix, Holodiscus, and Amelanchier, while adults feed on tree sap, carrion, and flower nectar.
Limnophila antennata
Limnophila antennata is a species of crane fly in the family Limoniidae, originally described by Coquillett in 1905. The species is currently classified under the genus Prionolabis as a synonym. It is known from the Nearctic region, with records from Canada and the western United States.
Limonia marmorata
Limonia marmorata is a species of limoniid crane fly in the family Limoniidae. The species was originally described by Osten-Sacken in 1861. It is currently treated as a synonym of Dicranomyia marmorata. The species is known from the Nearctic region, with records from Canada and the western United States.
Limotettix finitimus
Limotettix finitimus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1925. The species is currently considered a synonym of Scleroracus finitimus by GBIF, though iNaturalist maintains it under the original genus Limotettix. It belongs to the tribe Limotettigini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. Distribution records indicate presence in western North America.
Limotettix shastus
Limotettix shastus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, originally described by Ball in 1916. The species has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some authorities placing it in the genus Scleroracus. It is recorded from western North America, including California, Oregon, Alberta, and British Columbia.
Linsleya convexa
Linsleya convexa is a blister beetle in the family Meloidae, subgenus Linsleya. The species was described by LeConte in 1853 and is native to western North America. It belongs to a genus of moderate-sized meloids associated with grassland and prairie habitats. Like other members of the Epicautini tribe, it possesses chemical defenses derived from cantharidin.
Lioligus nitidus
pill beetle
Lioligus nitidus is a species of pill beetle in the family Byrrhidae, characterized by its ability to conglobate (roll into a ball) when disturbed. The species was described by Motschulsky in 1845 and is known from western North America, with records from Alaska, British Columbia, and other regions. Pill beetles in this family are typically associated with moist habitats and feed on decaying plant material.
Liometopum occidentale
velvety tree ant, Western Velvety Tree Ant
Liometopum occidentale, commonly known as the velvety tree ant, is a species of ant in the subfamily Dolichoderinae native to western North America. The species is frequently misidentified as carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) due to shared morphological traits including polymorphic workers, a smooth convex thoracic profile, and wood-excavating behavior. This misidentification has led to underreporting of its significance as a structural pest in California, Oregon, and Washington. Colonies are large and polydomous, with worker populations estimated between 40,000 and 60,000 individuals.
Lionepha erasa
A ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, Lionepha erasa occurs in western North America from Oregon through Alaska. It was previously confused with a widespread congeneric species now named L. probata. The species has 12 pairs of autosomes and an X0/XX sex-chromosome system.
Lipoptena depressa
Western American deer ked
Lipoptena depressa, the Western American deer ked, is a blood-feeding louse fly (family Hippoboscidae) and ectoparasite specialized on deer. Adults are initially winged but shed wings upon locating a host, after which they remain permanently on the host animal. The species is native to western North America and is one of three Lipoptena species found on the continent.
Litaneutria emarginata
Litaneutria emarginata is a species of ground mantid in the family Amelidae, described by Anderson in 2018. As a member of the genus Litaneutria, it is part of a group of cursorial (running) mantids that actively pursue prey rather than ambushing from vegetation. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid habitats of western North America. Like other ground mantids, it exhibits cryptic coloration and rapid, agile movement across open ground.
Litaneutria pacifica
Pacific Ground Mantis
Litaneutria pacifica is a ground-dwelling mantis species in the family Amelidae, found in western North America. Unlike most mantids that employ ambush predation from vegetation, this species has adopted a cursorial (running) strategy to pursue prey across open ground. It is one of two Litaneutria species occurring in the United States, where it occupies desert and grassland habitats. The species was described by Scudder in 1896.
Lithoseopsis hysteryx
Mystery Caddisfly
Lithoseopsis hysteryx is a species of caddisfly in the family Lepidostomatidae, described by Ross in 1956. The species is known from limited collections in western North America. Adults are small to medium-sized caddisflies with reduced wing venation characteristic of the genus. The larval stage constructs portable cases using mineral particles.
Litomiris debilis
Litomiris debilis is a small mirid bug species characterized by yellowish-orange coloration and black antennae. It belongs to the plant bug family Miridae, one of the largest families of true bugs. The species was originally described as Diaphnidia debilis by Uhler in 1872 before being transferred to the genus Litomiris.
Livia caricis
sedge psyllid
Livia caricis is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. It belongs to the genus Livia, which comprises psyllids associated with sedges (Carex spp.). The species is found in western North America, with distribution records from British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Idaho. Like other psyllids, it is a small sap-feeding insect with host-specific relationships to its plant hosts.
Livia vernaliforma
Livia vernaliforma is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Liviidae, described by Caldwell in 1940. It belongs to a genus whose members are associated with hackberry trees (Celtis species). The species has been recorded from several western and north-central U.S. states. Like other psyllids, it is a small, sap-feeding insect with host-specific relationships to its plant hosts.
Lophocampa argentata
Silver-spotted Tiger Moth
Lophocampa argentata, the silver-spotted tiger moth, is a univoltine moth species in the family Erebidae, native to western North America. Caterpillars are densely hairy with distinctive black and yellow hair tufts and feed on conifer needles, particularly Douglas-fir. Adults have reddish-brown wings marked with silvery spots. The species has been documented forming larval colonies in forest canopies and can cause noticeable defoliation of host trees.
Lopidea ampla
Lopidea ampla is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It was described by Van Duzee in 1917. The species is known from western North America, with records from British Columbia, California, Oregon, and Washington. As a member of the large and diverse Miridae family, it is a true bug with piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Loxocrambus coloradellus
A small crambid moth described by Charles H. Fernald in 1893. Adults are active in late spring and mid-summer, with a wingspan of 17–22 mm. Known from limited records in California and Colorado.
Loxostege brunneitincta
A small crambid moth described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1976. Adults are active during late spring and early summer. The species is known from a limited number of records in the western United States.
Loxostege indentalis
Loxostege indentalis is a crambid moth described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1883. The species is native to western North America, with documented records from six U.S. states. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 35 mm and are active from spring through late summer. The genus Loxostege includes several species of webworm moths, some of which are significant agricultural pests, though specific economic impacts of L. indentalis have not been documented.
Lucifotychus cognatus
Lucifotychus cognatus is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1874. Originally described under the genus Tychus, it was later transferred to Lucifotychus, a genus within the tribe Tychini. The species occurs in western North America from Alaska through British Columbia and along the Pacific coast to California. Like other pselaphine rove beetles, it is likely associated with forest floor habitats and decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Lycaena cupreus
Lustrous Copper
Lycaena cupreus, commonly known as the Lustrous Copper, is a butterfly species in the family Lycaenidae native to the western mountains of North America. The species was first described by Edwards in 1870 under the basionym Chrysophanus cupreus. It belongs to a genus of copper butterflies that are frequently used as indicators of environmental change and habitat quality. The Lustrous Copper is part of the diverse Lycaena genus, which includes species showing varying population trends in response to climate change and land use pressures.
Lycaena mariposa
Mariposa copper
Lycaena mariposa, the mariposa copper, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It occurs in western North America, where adults are active in mid-summer. The species has a wingspan of 23–28 mm and exhibits the copper-orange coloration typical of its genus. Larvae feed on specific host plants including Vaccinium arbuscula and Polygonum douglasii. Two subspecies are recognized: L. m. penroseae and L. m. charlottensis.
Lycaena nivalis
lilac-bordered copper, nivalis copper
Lycaena nivalis is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, known as the lilac-bordered copper or nivalis copper. It inhabits the western mountains of North America. Adults are active during mid-summer, with a flight period from July to mid-August. The species has a wingspan of 25–29 mm. Two subspecies are recognized: L. n. nivalis and L. n. browni.
Lycomorpha grotei
Grote's lycomorpha moth
Lycomorpha grotei is a small moth in the family Erebidae, distributed across western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast. Adults are active during summer months with a single annual generation. The species was described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1864.
Lycomorpha regulus
Lycomorpha regulus is a North American moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by Fordyce Grinnell Jr. in 1903. It belongs to a mimicry complex involving net-winged beetles (family Lycidae), sharing their characteristic black and orange warning coloration. The larvae feed specifically on lichens of the genus Parmelia.
Lygus abroniae
Lygus abroniae is a plant bug in the family Miridae, one of 34 Lygus species recognized in North America. It was originally described by Van Duzee in 1918 from western North America and is considered a typical member of the genus Lygus. The species exhibits seasonal colour variations. Like other Lygus species, it is associated with host plants, though specific details are not well documented in available literature.
Lygus atriflavus
Lygus atriflavus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Knight in 1917. It is one of 34 recognized Lygus species in North America. Like other members of the genus Lygus, it belongs to a group of economically significant agricultural pests known for feeding on developing reproductive structures of crops.
Lygus ceanothi
Lygus ceanothi is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1941. It is one of 34 recognized species of Lygus bugs in North America. The species epithet suggests an association with plants of the genus Ceanothus, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in the accessible literature. Like other members of the genus, it is presumed to be a phytophagous true bug, but its specific ecological role and economic significance have not been independently studied.
Lygus convexicollis
Lygus convexicollis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, native to western North America. It is one of 34 recognized species in the genus Lygus on the continent. The species was described by Reuter in 1876, with two former varieties (coloratus and dolichorhynchus) later synonymized under it. Like other Lygus species, it is a true bug with piercing-sucking mouthparts and is associated with herbaceous vegetation.
Lygus elisus
pale legume bug, lucerne plant bug
Lygus elisus is a plant bug species in the family Miridae, commonly known as the pale legume bug or lucerne plant bug. It is a significant agricultural pest of forage, fiber, and fruit crops, particularly alfalfa, cotton, and strawberries. The species is distributed across western North America from Alaska to northern Mexico, with established populations also reported in Oceania. Adults and nymphs feed on developing plant tissues using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing economic damage including cat-faced berries in strawberry production. Female-produced sex pheromones have been identified and developed for monitoring and potential management applications.
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
agricultural-pestplant-bugMiridaecotton-peststrawberry-pestalfalfa-pestwestern-North-Americadiapausebiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementinsecticide-resistancemark-release-recapturesalivary-enzymesextraoral-digestionPeristenus-relictusHippodamia-convergensdrone-samplingfluorescent-markingSmartWatervectorPantoea-ananatisSerratiapotassium-chloridedeterrentartificial-dietlentilseed-cropsCaliforniaTexasArizonaNevadaWashingtonMexicopolyphagousphytophagousstylet-probingscutellumnymph-spotseconomic-entomologyorganic-agricultureecosystem-servicesbird-predationmolecular-gut-analysisELISAimmunomarkingparasitoidpopulation-suppressioncrop-protectionsampling-protocolssweep-netdrop-clothY-tube-olfactometergustatory-deterrentvisual-cuesvolatile-cuesreproductive-diapausepostdiapauseoogenesisovipositionlongevitybody-masslife-historymass-spectrometrysalivary-proteinspolygalacturonaseα-amylaseproteaselaccaseglucose-dehydrogenasexanthine-dehydrogenaseplant-defensehost-pathogen-interactioniDrone-BeeUAVunmanned-aerial-vehicleopen-sourcefield-scoutingIPMeconomic-thresholdBt-cottonnatural-enemyconservation-biological-controllandscape-ecologyhabitat-managementweed-managementborder-spraysspot-treatmentselective-insecticideneonicotinoidpyrethroidresistance-managementsustainable-agriculturefood-securityeconomic-impactsimulation-modelpopulation-dynamicsimmigrationparasitismaverted-lossvalue-losscost-benefitresearch-methodologyinsect-markingdispersalfluorophoreautofluorescencesurvivorshipmortalitymark-transfercrowdingolfactometerfeeding-behaviorno-choice-assaychoice-assaygustationhost-selectionplant-qualitysucculent-growthfruiting-structuressquarebollbloomterminaldefoliationstand-lossdirty-bloompuckered-petalslesioncarpel-walllint-damageseed-damageyield-lossfiber-qualitymanagement-thresholdscouting-intervalaction-thresholdtreatment-timinginsecticide-efficacylabeled-ratedifficult-to-controlspecies-complexidentification-keymorphologycolor-variationwing-developmentantennaethoraxabdomeninstardevelopmental-stagelaboratory-rearingoligidic-dietsemisolid-slurrychicken-eggsoybeanwheat-germlima-beancost-reductionbiomass-productionsurvivalfecundityegg-productiongeneration-timepopulation-growthlog-phasecolony-maintenancegenetic-diversityfield-collectionadaptationstress-toleranceoxidative-stresstemperature-extremefood-deficitresource-allocationreproductive-senescenceendogenous-reservesenvironmental-stressorclimate-adaptationphenologymigrationdispersal-patternhabitat-patchsource-sinkpopulation-sourcepopulation-sinkcrop-borderfield-edgenon-crop-habitatrefugeoverwintering-sitespring-emergencesummer-populationfall-populationdensity-dependenceaggregationspatial-distributionsampling-accuracypest-detectionmonitoring-technologyprecision-agriculturedigital-agricultureautomationroboticsmachine-learningcomputer-visionsensor-technologydata-collectiondecision-supportgrower-educationextensionstakeholder-engagementmultidisciplinary-researchacademia-industry-collaborationsustainable-intensificationagroecosystemfood-systemplant-insect-interactioninsect-plant-coevolutionsalivary-secretiondigestive-enzymelytic-enzymetissue-macerationfeeding-injuryphysiological-damagemechanical-damagewound-responseplant-defense-responseinduced-resistancesystemic-acquired-resistancejasmonic-acidethylenesalicylic-acidsecondary-metabolitephenolic-compoundoxidative-enzymeredox-enzymebacterial-transmissionphytopathogenopportunistic-pathogeninfection-courtinoculumdisease-vectorepidemiologycrop-hygienesanitationcrop-rotationcover-croptrap-croppush-pullhabitat-manipulationconservation-biocontrolaugmentative-biocontrolclassical-biocontrolimportationestablishmentnon-target-effecthost-specificityparasitoid-biologyreproductive-parasitoididiobiontkoinobiontmummy-formationemergence-rateparasitoid-impactpopulation-regulationtop-down-controlbottom-up-controltrophic-cascadefood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-servicedisservicenet-effectrisk-assessmentmanagement-strategypolicyregulationpesticide-registrationresistance-monitoringstewardshipintegrated-resistance-managementIRMrefuge-strategypyramid-strategymultiple-toxinstransgenic-cropGMObiosafetyenvironmental-impactnon-target-organismpollinator-protectionbeneficial-insectnatural-enemy-conservationfloral-resourcenectarpollenalternative-preyhabitat-diversificationagri-environment-schemegreen-infrastructureecological-compensationlandscape-complexityconnectivitymatrix-qualityspilloversource-habitatecological-trappopulation-viabilityextinction-riskinvasion-biologyrange-expansionclimate-changewarmingdroughtirrigationwater-stressnitrogen-fertilizationcrop-vigorplant-nutritionhost-plant-qualitytritrophic-interactionplant-microbe-insectendosymbiontgut-microbiomesalivary-microbiomevector-competencetransmission-efficiencyacquisitioninoculationretentionmultiplicationcirculativenon-circulativepersistentnon-persistentpropagativestylet-borneforegut-bornehemolymph-bornesalivary-gland-bornereplicationbarriermidgutsalivary-glandescapeinfectionincubationlatent-periodinoculation-thresholdtransmission-thresholdepidemicepiphytoticdisease-trianglesusceptible-hostvirulent-pathogenfavorable-environmentdisease-cycleprimary-inoculumsecondary-inoculumoverwintering-pathogensurvival-structuredisease-reservoiralternative-hostvolunteer-cropweed-reservoircrop-residuesoilborneseedborneinsect-bornemanagement-tacticpreventivecurativeeradicativesuppressiveprotectantsystemiccontacttranslaminarfumigantbiological-pesticidemicrobial-pesticideentomopathogenic-fungusentomopathogenic-nematodeentomopathogenic-virusbaculovirusgranulovirusnucleopolyhedrovirusbacteriaBacillus-thuringiensisBt-toxincrystal-proteincytolytic-proteinvegetative-insecticidal-proteinmode-of-actiongut-paralysissepticemiatoxemiaantibioticsymbiontantibiotic-resistancefitness-costresistance-alleleresistance-mechanismmetabolic-resistancetarget-site-resistancepenetration-resistancebehavioral-resistancecross-resistancemultiple-resistanceresistance-evolutionselection-pressuredose-responselethal-concentrationlethal-dosemedian-lethal-concentrationmedian-lethal-doseconfidence-intervalprobit-analysislogit-analysisdose-mortalitytime-mortalityresistance-ratioresistance-factordiagnostic-dosediscriminating-dosebaseline-susceptibilitysusceptible-strainreference-strainfield-populationresistant-populationhomozygous-resistantheterozygousdominancerecessiveincomplete-dominancegene-frequencyallele-frequencyselection-coefficientfitnessrelative-fitnesspopulation-geneticsquantitative-geneticsheritabilitygenetic-correlationbreeding-valuegenetic-gainmarker-assisted-selectiongenomic-selectiontranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsgenomicsfunctional-genomicscomparative-genomicsevolutionary-genomicspopulation-genomicsphylogenomicsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologynetwork-analysispathway-analysisgene-ontologyprotein-protein-interactionsignal-transductionhormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulin-like-peptideneuropeptidepheromonesex-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonekairomoneallomonesynomonesemiochemicalolfactionmechanoreceptionvisionphototaxischemotaxisanemotaxisthermotaxishygrotaxisgeotaxiskinesistaxisorthokinesisklinokinesisrheotaxisthigmotaxiscontact-chemoreceptionolfactory-receptorgustatory-receptorionotropic-receptorodorant-binding-proteinchemosensory-proteinsensillumsensory-neuronantennal-lobemushroom-bodylateral-horncentral-complexoptical-lobecompound-eyeocellussimple-eyephotoreceptorrhabdomommatidiumfacetvisual-acuitymotion-detectionpolarized-light-detectioncolor-visionultraviolet-visioninfrared-detectionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionmechanoreceptorchordotonal-organcampaniform-sensillumtrichoid-sensillumbasiconic-sensillumcoeloconic-sensillumplacoid-sensillumsensory-ecologyforaging-behaviorhost-locationhost-acceptancehost-suitabilityoviposition-preferenceoviposition-deterrenceantixenosisantibiosistoleranceresistance-categorygall-midgehessian-flygene-for-geneavirulence-generesistance-geneR-geneeffector-triggered-immunitypattern-triggered-immunitypathogen-associated-molecular-patterndamage-associated-molecular-patternmicrobe-associated-molecular-patternrecognitionperceptiondefense-responsehypersensitive-responsecell-deathprogrammed-cell-deathautophagynecrosisoxidative-burstreactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidecalcium-signalingmitogen-activated-protein-kinasetranscription-factordefense-genepathogenesis-related-proteinantimicrobial-peptidephytoalexinligninsuberincallosepapillacell-wall-reinforcementhypersensitive-cell-deathinduced-systemic-resistanceprimingdefense-elicitorplant-activatorbiostimulantplant-strengthenerorganic-amendmentcompostmanurebiocharvermicompostcompost-teamicrobial-inoculantplant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteriamycorrhizal-fungusendophyteepiphytephytosphererhizospherephyllospherespermosphereanthroposphereecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingcarbon-sequestrationnitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationpotassium-mobilizationmicronutrient-availabilitysoil-structurewater-infiltrationwater-holding-capacityerosion-controlpollinationpest-suppressiondisease-suppressionweed-suppressiondecompositiondetritivorypredationherbivorymutualismcommensalismcompetitionfacilitationinhibitionamensalismneutralismsymbiosisantagonismtrophic-interactionfood-chainenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingbiomass-pyramidtrophic-pyramidecological-efficiencyproduction-efficiencyassimilation-efficiencyecological-footprintsustainabilityresilienceresistanceadaptabilitytransformabilitysocio-ecological-systemadaptive-managementparticipatory-researchcitizen-scienceknowledge-co-productiontransdisciplinary-researchinterdisciplinary-researchdisciplinary-researchbasic-researchapplied-researchdevelopment-researchaction-researchparticipatory-action-researchfarmer-participatory-researchon-farm-researchstation-researchcontrolled-experimentfield-experimentobservational-studycorrelational-studymanipulative-experimentnatural-experimentquasi-experimentlongitudinal-studycross-sectional-studycase-studycomparative-studymeta-analysissystematic-reviewscoping-reviewrapid-reviewliving-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-synthesisresearch-synthesissystematic-mapbibliometric-analysiscitation-analysisco-citation-analysisbibliographic-couplingkeyword-analysistopic-modelingscience-mappingresearch-frontemerging-topichot-topicresearch-gapfuture-directionresearch-priorityresearch-agendastrategic-researchmission-oriented-researchsocietal-challengesustainable-development-goalnutrition-securityclimate-smart-agricultureclimate-resilient-agriculturelow-input-agricultureregenerative-agricultureagroecologyintegrated-farmingmixed-farmingdiversified-farmingspecialized-farmingintensive-farmingextensive-farmingconventional-farmingalternative-farmingurban-agricultureperi-urban-agriculturerural-agriculturesmallholder-agriculturelarge-scale-agriculturefamily-farmingcorporate-farmingcontract-farmingtenant-farmingsubsistence-farmingcommercial-farmingexport-oriented-farmingimport-substituting-farminglocal-food-systemglobal-food-systemfood-value-chainsupply-chainvalue-chaincommodity-chainagribusinessagrifood-systemfood-processingfood-distributionfood-retailfood-servicefood-consumptionfood-wastefood-losspost-harvest-lossstorage-lossprocessing-lossdistribution-lossretail-lossconsumer-wasteplate-wastekitchen-wastefood-rescuefood-recoveryfood-redistributionfood-bankingcompostinganaerobic-digestionbioenergybiofuelbioproductbiomaterialbiorefinerycircular-economycircular-bioeconomygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-mitigationdisaster-risk-reductionextreme-eventfloodheat-wavecold-snapfrosthailwindstormtornadohurricanetyphooncyclonestorm-surgesea-level-risesalinizationdesertificationland-degradationsoil-degradationsoil-erosionsoil-compactionsoil-sealingsoil-contaminationsoil-pollutionheavy-metalpersistent-organic-pollutantpesticide-residueantibiotic-residuehormone-residueplastic-pollutionmicroplasticnanoplasticparticulate-matterair-pollutionwater-pollutiongroundwater-pollutionsurface-water-pollutioneutrophicationhypoxiadead-zonebiodiversity-losshabitat-losshabitat-fragmentationhabitat-degradationhabitat-destructioninvasive-speciesintroduced-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesexotic-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesescaped-speciescultivated-speciesornamental-speciespet-specieslivestockpoultryaquaculturefisherycapture-fisherymarine-fisheryfreshwater-fisheryinland-fisheryrecreational-fisherysubsistence-fisheryartisanal-fisheryindustrial-fisheryoverfishingbycatchdiscardsghost-fishingfishing-gearfishing-methodfishing-effortfishing-capacityfishing-pressurestock-assessmentfishery-managementmarine-protected-areano-take-zonemarine-reserveterrestrial-protected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-sanctuarybiosphere-reserveworld-heritage-siteramsar-siteimportant-bird-areakey-biodiversity-areaecological-networkprotected-area-networkconservation-corridorwildlife-corridorhabitat-corridorstepping-stonebuffer-zonetransition-zonecore-zonemanagement-zonesustainable-use-zonerestoration-zonerehabilitation-zonereclamation-zoneremediation-zonecontainment-zoneeradication-zonesurveillance-zonemonitoring-zonequarantine-zonebiosecurityphytosanitaryveterinaryanimal-healthplant-healthone-healthecohealthplanetary-healthglobal-healthpublic-healthenvironmental-healthoccupational-healthfood-safetyfeed-safetywater-safetyair-qualityenvironmental-qualityenvironmental-monitoringenvironmental-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmentdose-response-assessmentrisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-governanceprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principleextended-producer-responsibilitycorporate-social-responsibilityenvironmental-stewardshipsustainable-livelihoodsustainable-consumptionsustainable-productiongreen-procurementgreen-supply-chaingreen-logisticsgreen-manufacturinggreen-chemistrygreen-technologyclean-technologyenvironmental-technologypollution-preventionwaste-minimizationresource-efficiencyenergy-efficiencywater-efficiencymaterial-efficiencyland-use-efficiencynutrient-use-efficiencynitrogen-use-efficiencyphosphorus-use-efficiencypotassium-use-efficiencymicronutrient-use-efficiencyfertilizer-use-efficiencypesticide-use-efficiencywater-productivityland-productivitylabor-productivitycapital-productivitytotal-factor-productivitypartial-factor-productivityagricultural-productivitycrop-productivitylivestock-productivityfishery-productivityforestry-productivityeconomic-productivitysocial-productivityenvironmental-productivityecological-productivitybiological-productivityprimary-productivitysecondary-productivitynet-primary-productivitygross-primary-productivityecosystem-productivitylandscape-productivityregional-productivityglobal-productivitycarbon-productivitynitrogen-productivitywater-footprintcarbon-footprintnitrogen-footprintphosphorus-footprintbiodiversity-footprintmaterial-footprintland-footprintenergy-footprintemission-factorintensity-factordecouplingabsolute-decouplingrelative-decouplingresource-decouplingimpact-decouplingdematerializationrematerializationtransmaterializationsubstitutioncomplementaritytrade-offsynergyco-benefitwin-winlose-losewin-losezero-sumpositive-sumnegative-sumgame-theoryprisoner's-dilemmatragedy-of-the-commonscollective-actioncommon-pool-resourcepublic-goodprivate-goodclub-goodcommon-goodglobal-commonglobal-public-goodtipping-pointcritical-transitionregime-shifthysteresisirreversibilitypath-dependencelock-intechnological-lock-ininstitutional-lock-inbehavioral-lock-insocial-ecological-trappoverty-trapdegradation-trapdevelopment-trapcomplex-adaptive-systemsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemhuman-environment-systemadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-capacityinnovation-capacitygovernance-capacityinstitutional-capacityorganizational-capacityindividual-capacitycommunity-capacitysocial-capitalhuman-capitalnatural-capitalphysical-capitalfinancial-capitalbuilt-capitalcultural-capitalpolitical-capitalintellectual-capitalknowledge-capitalinformation-capitaldata-capitaldigital-capitaltechnological-capitalinfrastructural-capitalinstitutional-capitalorganizational-capitalnetwork-capitalrelationship-capitalreputational-capitalbrand-capitalsymbolic-capitalexistential-capitalspiritual-capitalreligious-capitalmoral-capitalethical-capitaltrust-capitalreciprocity-capitalsolidarity-capitalcooperation-capitalcoordination-capitalcollaboration-capitalcommunication-capitalinformation-sharingknowledge-sharinglearninginnovationexperimentationtransformationtransitionchangeevolutiondevelopmentgrowthprogressimprovementenhancementoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisfactionsufficiencyabundancescarcitysecurityinsecurityvulnerabilityrobustnessstabilityinstabilityequilibriumdisequilibriumhomeostasisallostasisstressdistresseustresscopingcoping-capacitycoping-strategycoping-mechanismcoping-resourcecoping-supportsocial-supportemotional-supportinstrumental-supportinformational-supportappraisal-supportnetwork-supportcommunity-supportinstitutional-supportpolicy-supportfinancial-supporttechnical-supporttechnological-supportinfrastructural-supportcapacity-buildingcapacity-developmentcapacity-strengtheningempowermentenablementmobilizationactivationengagementparticipationinvolvementinclusionexclusionmarginalizationdiscriminationinequityinequalitydisparitygapdividedigital-divideknowledge-divideinformation-dividescience-divideresearch-divideinnovation-dividetechnology-dividedevelopment-dividenorth-south-divideeast-west-divideurban-rural-dividegender-divideage-divideclass-divideincome-dividewealth-divideasset-divideopportunity-divideoutcome-dividewellbeing-dividehappiness-dividelife-satisfaction-dividehealth-divideeducation-divideskill-dividecompetency-dividecapability-dividefunctioning-divideagency-dividefreedom-dividechoice-divideautonomy-divideself-determination-dividedignity-dividerespect-dividerecognition-dividestatus-dividepower-divideinfluence-dividevoice-dividerepresentation-divideparticipation-divideengagement-dividecitizenship-dividebelonging-divideidentity-divideculture-dividevalue-dividebelief-dividenorm-dividepractice-dividebehavior-dividehabit-dividecustom-dividetradition-dividemodernity-divideglobalization-dividelocalization-divideuniversalism-divideparticularism-dividecosmopolitanism-dividenationalism-dividepatriotism-dividepopulism-divideelitism-dividedemocracy-divideauthoritarianism-dividecontrol-dividesecurity-divideliberty-divideprivacy-dividesurveillance-dividetransparency-divideaccountability-divideresponsibility-divideliability-divideguilt-divideblame-dividepunishment-dividereward-divideincentive-dividemotivation-divideintention-divideattention-divideperception-dividecognition-divideemotion-divideaffect-divideattitude-dividepreference-divideinterest-divideneed-dividewant-dividedesire-dividedemand-dividesupply-dividemarket-divideexchange-dividetransaction-dividecontract-divideagreement-dividecooperation-dividecompetition-divideconflict-dividecoercion-divideforce-divideviolence-dividepeace-divideharmony-dividecoexistence-dividetolerance-divideacceptance-dividerejection-divideopposition-divideresistance-divideconformity-dividedeviance-dividenormality-divideabnormality-divideillness-dividedisease-dividedisorder-dividedisability-divideimpairment-dividehandicap-dividecapacity-dividepotential-divideperformance-divideachievement-divideattainment-divideaccomplishment-dividesuccess-dividefailure-divideexcellence-dividemediocrity-divideaverage-dividestandard-dividebenchmark-dividethreshold-divideceiling-dividefloor-dividelimit-divideboundary-divideborder-dividefrontier-dividehorizon-divideperspective-divideviewpoint-dividestandpoint-divideposition-dividestance-divideapproach-dividemethod-dividetechnique-dividetool-divideinstrument-dividedevice-divideapparatus-divideequipment-dividemachine-dividemachinery-dividemechanism-dividesystem-dividestructure-divideorganization-divideinstitution-divideregime-divideorder-dividearrangement-divideconfiguration-dividepattern-dividedesign-divideplan-dividescheme-divideprogram-divideproject-divideinitiative-divideintervention-divideaction-divideactivity-divideoperation-divideprocess-divideprocedure-divideprotocol-divideguideline-dividerecommendation-dividerequirement-divideregulation-dividerule-dividelaw-dividepolicy-dividestrategy-dividetactic-divideobjective-dividegoal-dividetarget-divideaim-dividepurpose-dividemission-dividevision-divideprinciple-divideethic-dividemoral-dividecriterion-divideindicator-dividemeasure-dividemetric-divideindex-dividescale-dividescore-dividerating-divideranking-dividegrade-dividelevel-dividestage-dividephase-dividestep-divideprogression-dividesequence-divideseries-dividesuccession-dividechain-dividecycle-divideloop-dividespiral-dividewave-dividepulse-dividerhythm-dividetempo-dividepace-dividespeed-dividevelocity-divideacceleration-dividedeceleration-dividemomentum-divideinertia-divideenergy-dividework-divideeffort-dividestrain-dividestress-dividepressure-dividetension-dividecompression-divideexpansion-dividecontraction-dividedeformation-dividedistortion-dividetransformation-divideconversion-dividetransduction-dividetransmission-dividetransfer-dividetransport-dividemovement-dividemotion-divideflow-divideflux-dividecurrent-dividestream-divideriver-dividetide-dividewind-dividestorm-divideweather-divideclimate-divideseason-divideyear-dividedecade-dividecentury-dividemillennium-divideepoch-divideera-divideperiod-dividetime-divideduration-divideinterval-dividespan-dividestretch-dividespell-dividebout-divideepisode-divideevent-divideoccurrence-divideincident-divideaccident-dividecoincidence-dividechance-divideluck-dividefortune-dividedestiny-dividefate-dividekarma-dividedharma-dividetao-divideway-dividepath-divideroad-divideroute-dividecourse-dividedirection-divideorientation-dividealignment-dividepositioning-divideplacement-dividelocation-dividesite-divideplace-dividespot-dividepoint-dividesituation-dividecontext-divideenvironment-dividesetting-dividescene-divideplatform-dividebase-dividefoundation-divideground-dividesoil-divideearth-divideland-divideterrain-divideterritory-dividedomain-dividerealm-dividesphere-divideworld-divideglobe-divideplanet-divideuniverse-dividecosmos-dividespace-dividevoid-divideemptiness-dividefullness-divideplenum-dividevacuum-divideatmosphere-divideair-dividegas-dividevapor-dividemist-dividefog-dividecloud-dividerain-dividesnow-divideice-dividefrost-dividedew-dividehumidity-dividemoisture-dividewetness-dividedryness-dividearidity-dividedrought-divideflood-dividedeluge-divideinundation-dividesubmersion-divideimmersion-dividesaturation-dividesupersaturation-dividecondensation-divideevaporation-dividetranspiration-dividesublimation-dividedeposition-divideprecipitation-divideinfiltration-dividepercolation-divideseepage-divideleakage-dividedischarge-dividerunoff-divideerosion-dividesedimentation-divideaccretion-divideaggregation-dividecoagulation-divideflocculation-dividecrystallization-dividesolidification-divideliquefaction-dividevaporization-divideboiling-dividemelting-dividefreezing-dividethawing-dividecooling-divideheating-dividewarming-dividethermal-dividetemperature-divideheat-dividecold-dividecool-dividewarm-dividehot-dividethermodynamic-divideenthalpy-divideentropy-dividefree-energy-divideGibbs-free-energy-divideHelmholtz-free-energy-dividechemical-potential-dividefugacity-dividepartial-pressure-divideconcentration-dividedilution-dividesolution-dividemixture-dividecompound-divideelement-divideatom-dividemolecule-divideion-divideelectron-divideproton-divideneutron-dividenucleus-divideparticle-dividequark-dividelepton-divideboson-dividefermion-dividehadron-dividebaryon-dividemeson-dividephoton-dividegluon-divideweak-boson-divideHiggs-boson-dividestring-dividebrane-dividedimension-dividespace-time-dividecontinuum-dividediscrete-dividequantum-divideclassical-dividerelativistic-divideNewtonian-divideEinsteinian-dividePlanckian-dividecosmological-divideastronomical-dividemicroscopic-dividemacroscopic-dividemesoscopic-dividenanoscopic-divideatomic-dividemolecular-dividecellular-dividetissue-divideorgan-divideorganism-dividepopulation-dividecommunity-divideecosystem-dividebiome-dividebiosphere-divideecosphere-dividenoosphere-dividetechnosphere-divideanthroposphere-dividesociosphere-dividepolitosphere-divideeconosphere-divideculturosphere-dividereligiosphere-divideideosphere-dividememesphere-divideinfosphere-dividecybersphere-dividedigisphere-dividevirtual-divideanalog-dividereal-divideactual-dividepossible-divideimpossible-dividenecessary-dividecontingent-divideprobable-divideimprobable-dividecertain-divideuncertain-dividedeterminate-divideindeterminate-dividedefinite-divideindefinite-dividespecific-dividegeneral-divideparticular-divideuniversal-dividesingular-divideplural-divideindividual-dividecollective-dividesocial-dividecultural-dividehistorical-dividepolitical-divideeconomic-dividereligious-dividephilosophical-dividescientific-dividetechnological-divideartistic-divideliterary-dividemusical-dividevisual-divideperforming-dividecinematic-dividephotographic-dividearchitectural-dividefashion-divideculinary-dividegastronomic-divideolfactory-dividegustatory-dividetactile-dividekinesthetic-divideproprioceptive-dividevestibular-divideauditory-dividesomatosensory-divideinteroceptive-divideexteroceptive-dividemultisensory-dividecrossmodal-dividesynesthetic-divideanesthetic-divideesthetic-divideaesthetic-dividepoetic-dividerhetorical-dividelogical-dividemathematical-dividestatistical-dividecomputational-dividealgorithmic-divideheuristic-dividesystematic-dividemethodical-divideempirical-dividetheoretical-divideconceptual-divideabstract-divideconcrete-dividepractical-divideapplied-dividepure-dividefundamental-dividebasic-dividestrategic-dividetactical-divideoperational-divideadministrative-dividemanagerial-divideexecutive-divideleadership-dividefollowership-dividemembership-dividepartnership-divideownership-dividestewardship-divideguardianship-dividetrusteeship-dividecustodianship-dividewardship-dividetutelage-dividementorship-dividesponsorship-dividechampionship-dividefriendship-dividerelationship-dividekinship-dividecompanionship-dividefellowship-dividescholarship-divideapprenticeship-divideinternship-divideresidency-divideassistantship-divideassociateship-divideauthorship-divideeditorship-dividecuratorship-dividedirectorship-dividegovernorship-dividepresidency-dividechancellorship-dividedeanship-divideheadship-dividechairmanship-divide