Parasitoid
Guides
Myiopharus
Myiopharus is a New World genus of tachinid flies containing at least 15 species north of Mexico. Species in this genus are parasitoids of chrysomelid beetles, with documented hosts including the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and the sunflower beetle (Zygogramma exclamationis). The genus belongs to the M. dorsalis species group, characterized by distinctive morphological features in females.
Myiopharus doryphorae
Myiopharus doryphorae is a tachinid fly native to North America and a specialized parasitoid of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). It develops internally within host larvae, with parasitism rates reaching 45–67% during peak season. The species has been extensively studied for biological control applications against this major agricultural pest.
Myiophasiini
Myiophasiini is a tribe of bristle flies within the family Tachinidae, subfamily Tachininae. The tribe comprises at least nine genera and approximately 18 described species. Members are parasitoid flies, though specific host associations remain poorly documented for most species.
Mymar taprobanicum
Mymar taprobanicum is a species of fairyfly in the family Mymaridae, described by Ward in 1875 from Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon). The genus Mymar is one of the oldest-established genera in Mymaridae and serves as the type genus for the family. Mymar taprobanicum represents one of approximately 100 species currently recognized in this genus, though species-level taxonomy within Mymar remains challenging due to the minute size of these wasps and subtle morphological differences.
Mymarommatidae
False Fairy Wasps
Mymarommatidae, known as false fairy wasps, comprise a minute family of parasitic wasps with approximately 20 described extant species across three genera (Mymaromma, Mymaromella, Zealaromma), plus numerous fossil species. These insects are among the smallest known wasps, measuring approximately 0.3 mm in length. For over a century, their biology remained enigmatic until 2022, when Mymaromma menehune was confirmed as a solitary endoparasitoid of barklice eggs (Psocodea: Lepidopsocidae). The family exhibits a distinctive relictual morphology, including a pleated head membrane and unique wing structure, and has been proposed as "living fossils" potentially related to the extinct Serphitoidea.
Mymarommatoidea
fairyfly-like parasitic wasps
Mymarommatoidea is a minute superfamily of parasitoid wasps containing a single extant family, Mymarommatidae, and three extinct families known from Cretaceous amber. Adults measure approximately 0.3 mm in length, making them among the smallest insects. The superfamily remained without a confirmed host record for nearly a century until 2022, when a Hawaiian species was documented as an egg parasitoid of barklice (Psocodea). Most described species are fossils; extant species are globally distributed but easily overlooked due to their microscopic size.
Myopa clausa
Thick-headed Fly
Myopa clausa is a species of thick-headed fly in the family Conopidae, a group of parasitic flies known for their stout build and broad heads. Like other conopids, this species is an internal parasite of bees and wasps. The genus Myopa is seldom recorded, partly due to identification difficulties.
Myopa rubida
Myopa rubida is a species of thick-headed fly in the family Conopidae, first described by Bigot in 1887. Like all conopids, it is an internal parasite of bees and wasps. The genus Myopa is seldom recorded, partly due to identification difficulties. Species in this genus are sometimes known as 'beegrabbers' for their habit of intercepting host insects in flight to oviposit eggs between abdominal segments.
Myopa vesiculosa
Myopa vesiculosa is a species of thick-headed fly in the family Conopidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1823. The genus Myopa comprises internal parasitoids of bees and wasps, with females intercepting hosts in flight to oviposit eggs between abdominal segments. Species within Myopa are generally poorly recorded, partly due to identification difficulties.
Myopa vicaria
Myopa vicaria is a species of thick-headed fly in the family Conopidae. Members of this family are internal parasitoids of bees and wasps, with females intercepting hosts in flight to oviposit eggs between abdominal segments. The genus Myopa is generally poorly recorded, likely due to identification difficulties.
Myopinae
Myopinae is a subfamily of thick-headed flies (family Conopidae) comprising three recognized tribes: Myopini, Sicini, and Zodionini. Members are parasitoids, with females typically attacking host insects such as bees and wasps. The subfamily has a broad distribution including the Neotropics, as documented by species such as Myopa metallica in Chile.
Myosoma
Myosoma is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). The genus was described by Brullé in 1846 and has priority over a later homonym in Entoprocta. At least two species are known from the Old World: M. chinensis and M. nyanzaensis, the latter described from Kenya as a gregarious ectoparasitoid of the stem-borer pest Chilo partellus.
Myrmilloides grandiceps
Myrmilloides grandiceps is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae) in the order Hymenoptera. Originally described as Mufilla grandiceps by Blake in 1872, it was later transferred to the genus Myrmilloides. The species epithet 'grandiceps' refers to the notably large head characteristic of this species. As with other mutillids, females are wingless and ant-like in appearance, while males possess wings. The genus Myrmilloides is part of the diverse velvet ant fauna of the New World.
Myrmosa
Myrmosa is a genus of solitary wasps in the family Myrmosidae. These insects are part of a small family of wasps that exhibit sexual dimorphism and unusual life history traits. The genus contains several described species, including Myrmosa atra, Myrmosa moesica, and Myrmosa unicolor. Taxonomic placement has been historically unstable, with some sources placing Myrmosidae as a subfamily within Mutillidae.
Myrmosa bradleyi
Myrmosa bradleyi is a species of velvet ant wasp in the family Myrmosidae. The family Myrmosidae comprises small, parasitoid wasps that are closely related to Mutillidae (true velvet ants). Species in this family are typically wingless females and winged males, with females resembling ants in their terrestrial, ground-dwelling habits. Very little specific information is available for M. bradleyi, which has been documented from only a handful of observations.
Myrmosula
Myrmosula is a genus of small parasitic wasps in the family Myrmosidae (sometimes historically placed in Mutillidae). These insects are part of a poorly studied group of velvet ant relatives, with winged males and wingless females. The genus was established by Bradley in 1917 and remains taxonomically challenging due to limited specimen availability and morphological convergence with other myrmosid genera.
Myrmosula exaggerata
Myrmosula exaggerata is a species of velvet ant in the family Myrmosidae, a small family of solitary parasitoid wasps. Members of this genus are rarely encountered and poorly documented in scientific literature. The species name 'exaggerata' likely refers to some pronounced morphological feature, though the specific etymology has not been formally published. Based on family-level characteristics, individuals are expected to be wingless females or winged males with reduced wing venation.
Myrmosula nasuta
Myrmosula nasuta is a species of myrmosid wasp in the family Myrmosidae, a small group of parasitoid wasps within the aculeate Hymenoptera. Members of this family are poorly known and rarely encountered, with limited biological data available. The genus Myrmosula contains species characterized by distinctive morphological features, though specific details for M. nasuta remain sparse in published literature.
Myrmosula rutilans
Myrmosula rutilans is a species of myrmosid wasp in the family Myrmosidae, a small group of parasitoid wasps. The family Myrmosidae is part of the superfamily Pompiloidea and is closely related to spider wasps (Pompilidae). Species in this family are parasitoids of other insects, though specific host records for M. rutilans appear to be limited in the literature. The genus Myrmosula contains multiple species distributed in North America.
Mystacella
Mystacella is a genus of tachinid flies established by Wulp in 1890. It comprises nine described species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region. As members of the tribe Goniini within subfamily Exoristinae, these flies are parasitoids whose larvae develop inside other insects. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including facial bristle patterns.
Myzininae
Myzininae is a subfamily of aculeate wasps within the family Thynnidae (formerly placed in Tiphiidae). The subfamily is best known through the genus Myzinum, which exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism. Females are robust, fossorial parasitoids of scarab beetle grubs, while males are slender, non-stinging, and frequently observed on flowers. Species in this subfamily are found primarily in the Nearctic region, with ten recognized species north of Mexico.
Myzinum
New World Banded Thynnid Wasps
Myzinum is a genus of thynnid wasps containing approximately 63 recognized species, with 10 species occurring in North America. Adults measure 7–24 mm and exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism: males are slender with long, straight antennae and a prominent curled pseudostinger at the abdomen tip, while females are robust with short, coiled antennae and stout legs adapted for digging. These wasps are parasitoids of scarab beetle grubs, particularly Phyllophaga species, and are used as biological control agents. They are most diverse in the Neotropics and are commonly observed visiting autumn wildflowers such as goldenrod and thoroughwort.
Myzinum carolinianum
Myzinum carolinianum is a thynnid wasp species native to North America. Like other members of its genus, it is a parasitoid of scarab beetle grubs, particularly those in the genus Phyllophaga. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: males are slender with long, straight antennae and a prominent curved pseudostinger (external genitalia), while females are larger-bodied with robust abdomens, stouter legs adapted for digging, and short, coiled antennae. Adults are active in late summer and autumn, frequently visiting flowers such as goldenrod and thoroughwort.
Myzinum dubiosum
Myzinum dubiosum is a species of thynnid wasp in North America. Like other members of the genus, it exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: males are slender with long, straight antennae and a prominent curled pseudostinger (part of the external genitalia), while females are larger-bodied with robust abdoments, stouter legs adapted for digging, and short, coiled antennae. The species is a parasitoid of scarab beetle grubs, particularly Phyllophaga species. Adults are active in late summer and autumn, frequently visiting flowers such as goldenrod and thoroughwort.
Myzinum frontalis
Myzinum frontalis is a species of thynnid wasp native to North America. Like other members of the genus, it is a parasitoid of scarab beetle grubs, particularly those in the genus Phyllophaga. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males being slender with long, straight antennae and a prominent pseudostinger, while females are larger-bodied with robust abdoments, stouter legs, and short, coiled antennae. Adults are active in late summer and autumn, visiting flowers such as goldenrod and thoroughwort.
Myzinum maculatum
Myzinum maculatum is a species of thynnid wasp native to North America. It is a parasitoid of scarab beetle grubs, particularly Phyllophaga (May beetle) larvae, and has been employed as a biological control agent for turf grass pests. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: males are slender with long straight antennae and a prominent curled pseudostinger, while females are robust with short coiled antennae and stout legs adapted for digging.
Myzinum obscurum
Myzinum obscurum is a species of thynnid wasp native to the Eastern United States. Like other members of its genus, it is a parasitoid of scarab beetle grubs, particularly those in the genus Phyllophaga. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: males have slender bodies, long straight antennae, and a prominent curled pseudostinger (modified genitalia), while females are larger and more robust with short coiled antennae and stout legs adapted for digging. Taxonomic placement has shifted historically, with the genus formerly placed in Tiphiidae but now recognized in Thynnidae.
Myzinum quinquecinctum
five-banded thynnid wasp
Myzinum quinquecinctum is a species of thynnid wasp found primarily in eastern North America. Like other members of the genus Myzinum, it is a parasitoid of scarab beetle grubs, with females locating and paralyzing hosts underground to lay eggs. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: males are slender with long, straight antennae and a prominent pseudostinger, while females are larger and more robust with short, coiled antennae adapted for digging. Males are frequently observed visiting flowers such as goldenrod and thoroughwort, often in aggregations.
Nasonia
jewel wasp
Nasonia is a genus of small pteromalid parasitoid wasps comprising four described species: N. vitripennis, N. giraulti, N. longicornis, and N. oneida. These wasps are ectoparasitoids of fly pupae, primarily targeting blow flies and flesh flies. The genus has become a prominent model system in behavioral genetics and evolutionary biology due to its short generation time, ease of laboratory rearing, and the ability to hybridize species in controlled crosses. Nasonia wasps exhibit a distinctive emerald sheen on their exoskeleton, earning them the common name 'jewel wasps.'
Nasonia vitripennis
Blowfly Chalcid Wasp
Nasonia vitripennis is a small parasitoid wasp and the best-studied member of the genus Nasonia. It parasitizes pupae of carrion flies, particularly blowflies (Calliphora spp.) and flesh flies. The species exhibits haplodiploid sex determination, with diploid females developing from fertilized eggs and haploid males from unfertilized eggs. It has become a major model organism for studies of genetics, development, behavior, and Wolbachia-mediated cytoplasmic incompatibility. The genome was fully sequenced in 2010, facilitating research on venom proteins, sex pheromones, and epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation.
Nealiolus
Nealiolus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Brachistinae. The genus comprises nine described species, with three occurring in the Neotropical region. Members are specialized parasitoids of stem-boring and fruit-boring weevils (Curculionidae), including significant agricultural pests such as the sunflower stem weevil and cotton boll weevil. The genus has recognized potential as a biological control agent due to its host specificity and high parasitism rates.
Nemestrinidae
tangle-veined flies
Nemestrinidae, commonly called tangle-veined flies, is a family of brachyceran flies comprising approximately 300 species in 34 genera. The family is distributed worldwide but is most diverse in the southern hemisphere. Adults are characterized by distinctive wing venation with numerous crossveins creating a tangled appearance, and many species possess exceptionally long proboscises adapted for nectar feeding from tubular flowers. Larvae are endoparasitoids, with subfamily Trichopsideinae parasitizing grasshoppers and Hirmoneurinae parasitizing scarab beetles.
Nemoraeini
Nemoraeini is a tribe of tachinid flies (family Tachinidae) within the subfamily Tachininae. The tribe contains approximately ten genera, including Nemoraea, Macromya, and Lasion. Members are parasitoid flies, though specific host associations remain poorly documented for most genera. The tribe has a broad distribution with records across multiple continents.
Nemorilla
Nemorilla is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) established by Rondani in 1856. Species within this genus are parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae, with documented hosts including the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) and the box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis). At least one species, N. maculosa, has been studied for its use of herbivore-induced plant volatiles to locate hosts. The genus contains approximately 15 described species distributed across multiple continents.
Neochrysocharis
Neochrysocharis is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species in this genus are endoparasitoids of leafmining insects, particularly agromyzid flies. Some species exhibit host-feeding behavior and possess both thelytokous (asexual) and arrhenotokous (sexual) reproductive strains. Multiple species have been evaluated as biological control agents for invasive leafminer pests in agricultural systems.
Neochrysocharis diastatae
Neochrysocharis diastatae is a minute parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described from Hawaii in 1881. It has been documented as an egg parasitoid of tettigoniid orthopterans in the genus Letana in India, representing a newly recorded host association for this species. The species belongs to a genus whose members are generally associated with parasitism of insect eggs or larvae.
Neochrysocharis epimeralis
Neochrysocharis epimeralis is a small parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, described by Christer Hansson in 1995. The species belongs to a genus known for parasitizing leaf-mining insects, particularly agromyzid flies. It has been recorded from multiple states in the eastern and central United States.
Neochrysocharis formosa
Neochrysocharis formosa is a small parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae. It is a larval parasitoid of leafminers (Agromyzidae) and has been recorded as a parasitoid of Tuta absoluta (Gelechiidae) and Diprion pini (Diprionidae). The species exhibits host-feeding behavior and is widely used as a biological control agent in agricultural systems. Both thelytokous and arrhenotokous strains exist, with thelytokous strains showing superior biocontrol potential. Sex ratios are typically female-biased.
Neoconocephalus
common coneheads, conehead katydids
Neoconocephalus is a genus of large katydids in the tribe Copiphorini, commonly known as conehead katydids. Members are characterized by a prominent cone-shaped projection on the head, which varies in shape and size among species. The genus is distributed across the Americas, with many species in North America and additional diversity in Central and South America. Conehead katydids are notable for their acoustic communication, with males producing species-specific songs to attract females. Some species exceed seven centimeters in length, making them among the largest katydids in their range.
Neodiprion pinetum
White Pine Sawfly
Neodiprion pinetum is a conifer-feeding sawfly native to eastern North America. Adults are broad-bodied, stingless wasps with females bearing a saw-like ovipositor used to insert eggs into pine needles. Larvae are creamy-yellow with black heads and four longitudinal rows of black spots, resembling caterpillars but possessing more prolegs. The species is frequently monophagous on eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), though larvae have been documented on several other pine species. Localized outbreaks occur regularly and can kill small stands of host trees, though natural enemies including egg and larval parasitoids typically provide substantial biological control.
Neodusmetia
Neodusmetia is a genus of encyrtid parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae. The genus contains at least one described species, Neodusmetia sangwani, which has achieved international recognition as one of the most successful examples of classical biological control. This species was introduced from India to multiple countries to control the invasive Rhodes grass scale, Antonina graminis, a major pest of pasture grasses.
Neodusmetia sangwani
Neodusmetia sangwani is a minute encyrtid parasitoid wasp native to India, renowned as one of the most successful classical biological control agents ever deployed. It was introduced to the United States in the 1950s and Brazil in 1967 to combat the Rhodesgrass mealybug (Antonina graminis), a destructive pest of pasture grasses. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: females are wingless, short-lived, and sedentary, while males are winged. Its introduction saved an estimated $17 million annually in turf management costs in Texas alone.
Neoethilla
Neoethilla is a genus of tachinid flies established in 2012 following taxonomic revision. Species in this genus were previously classified under Winthemia. As a tachinid, members are parasitoid flies, though specific host relationships for Neoethilla remain poorly documented.
Neomintho
Neomintho is a genus of tachinid flies in the tribe Euthelairini, characterized by taxonomic instability and recent revision. The genus was substantially redefined in 2024, with three genus-group names (Euthelaira, Iteuthelaira, Neominthoidea) newly synonymized under it, while Eupelecotheca was revived as a separate genus. Most species occur in the Neotropics, with only one confirmed Nearctic species, N. beckersi, described from Florida and the Cayman Islands. This species represents the first documented host association for the entire tribe, having been reared from the katydid Neoconocephalus triops.
Neoneurini
Neoneurini is a tribe of braconid wasps in the subfamily Euphorinae, historically treated as a separate subfamily but now placed within Euphorinae based on molecular data. The tribe contains three European genera—Elasmosoma, Kollasmosoma, and Neoneurus—comprising koinobiont endoparasitoids of adult ants. These wasps possess highly specialized morphological adaptations for attacking ants, including a strongly curved, hook-shaped ovipositor directed forward, and modified legs with vestigial tarsal claws and enlarged pulvilli for grasping ant metasomas. The tribe has a fossil record extending to Baltic amber.
Neoneurus
Neoneurus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, tribe Neoneurini. These wasps are specialized ant parasitoids, with females attacking adult ant workers in flight to deposit their eggs. The genus includes species such as Neoneurus vesculus, which has been filmed ovipositing into Formica cunicularia workers. Neoneurus species are among the few parasitoids capable of overcoming ant defenses, representing a highly specialized ecological adaptation.
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tangle-veined flies
Neorhynchocephalus is a genus of tangle-veined flies (family Nemestrinidae) first described by Lichtwardt in 1909. The genus comprises seven extant species and three fossil species. Members of this genus are parasitoids whose larvae develop inside grasshopper hosts. Neorhynchocephalus sackenii has been documented as a significant parasite of rangeland grasshoppers in western North America, with parasitism rates reaching up to 24 percent in field studies.
Neorhynchocephalus sackenii
tangle-veined fly
Neorhynchocephalus sackenii is a species of tangle-veined fly in the family Nemestrinidae. It is known primarily as a parasitoid of grasshoppers, with documented associations to at least two rangeland grasshopper species in western North America. The species constructs specialized respiratory pores in its host and has been observed to cause significant mortality in grasshopper populations, with parasitism rates varying from 0 to 40 percent in field studies.
Neothlipsis cincta
Neothlipsis cincta is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, first described by Cresson in 1873. It belongs to a genus of small wasps that are parasitoids of other insects. Records indicate this species has been documented in North America and Oceania. As with many braconid wasps, it likely plays a role in biological control by parasitizing host insects, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented.
Neotibicen canicularis
dog-day cicada, dog-day harvestfly, heatbug, Northern Dog-day Cicada
Neotibicen canicularis is an annual cicada species found across much of North America, commonly known as the dog-day cicada or dog-day harvestfly. Unlike periodical cicadas that emerge in synchronized broods every 13 or 17 years, this species appears every summer, though individuals require several years to develop underground. Adults are active during the hot midsummer period traditionally called the "dog days." The species has been documented as a host for multiple flesh fly parasitoids in the family Sarcophagidae, including several first-record associations.
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