Hymenoptera
Guides
Taeniogonalos gundlachii
Taeniogonalos gundlachii is a species of hyperparasitoid wasp in the family Trigonalidae. It has been documented as a hyperparasitoid of the giant silkmoth Hyalophora cecropia. The species is recorded from eastern Canada, with observations in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec. As a member of Trigonalidae, it likely exhibits the family's characteristic biology of hyperparasitism, though direct observations of its complete life history remain limited.
Tanaops basalis
Tanaops basalis is a species of mining bee in the family Andrenidae. The species is native to North America, with records from the western United States. Like other members of Andrenidae, females are solitary ground-nesters that provision brood cells with pollen and nectar. Males are often observed patrolling areas near female nesting sites.
Tanaostigmatidae
Tanaostigmatidae is a small family of chalcidoid wasps comprising approximately 90 species in 9 genera. Unlike most chalcidoids, they are almost exclusively phytophagous rather than parasitoid, inducing galls in plant stems, leaves, or seeds. The family is primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Members are typically short, squat wasps with distinctive morphological features including a protruding prepectus and a strongly arched mesonotum that renders the pronotum nearly vertical.
Tanaostigmodes albiclavus
Tanaostigmodes albiclavus is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Tanaostigmatidae, first described by Girault in 1917. The species is known from the southwestern United States. Members of this family are gall wasps associated with plants, though specific host relationships for this species remain poorly documented.
Taxonus
Taxonus is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Allantinae. It is recognized as the largest and most complicated genus within the Allantinae. The genus contains approximately 8 described species, with additional species described from Asia. Taxonus is placed in the tribe Allantini and forms the subtribe Taxonina, which is sister to the subtribe Allantina.
Taxonus pallipes
Taxonus pallipes is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1823. It belongs to a genus of sawflies whose larvae feed on various plant hosts. The species is recorded from eastern Canada, specifically Ontario and Quebec. Like other members of Tenthredinidae, adults are wasp-like in appearance but lack the constricted waist characteristic of true wasps.
Taxonus spiculatus
Taxonus spiculatus is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It belongs to the order Hymenoptera, which includes ants, bees, and wasps, though sawflies are distinguished by their lack of the narrow "wasp waist" characteristic of other Hymenoptera. The genus Taxonus contains multiple species, but specific information about T. spiculatus is limited in available sources.
Taxonus terminalis
White-tipped Sawfly
Taxonus terminalis is a species of common sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1824. It is known from multiple Canadian provinces including Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. The species has been recorded in iNaturalist with 69 observations and is referred to by the common name 'White-tipped Sawfly'.
Temelucha ferruginea
Temelucha ferruginea is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Davis in 1898. The genus Temelucha comprises parasitoid wasps that attack lepidopteran hosts. This species is part of a genus characterized by slender bodies and long antennae typical of many ichneumonids. Limited specific information is available for this particular species beyond taxonomic records.
Temnothorax americanus
Slave-raiding Acorn Ant
Temnothorax americanus is an obligatory slave-making ant species endemic to the northeastern United States and adjacent Canadian regions. Adults measure 2–3 mm in length. The species does not forage for food; instead, scout workers locate nearby host colonies, raid them for larvae and pupae, and integrate these into their own colony as slave workers. A typical colony consists of a queen, two to five workers, and thirty or more slaves. The species is a member of the tribe Crematogastrini within the subfamily Myrmicinae.
Temnothorax andrei
Andre's Acorn Ant
Temnothorax andrei is a small ant species in the genus Temnothorax, commonly known as Andre's Acorn Ant. The genus Temnothorax comprises over 350 species worldwide, with approximately 60 species known from North America. These ants are typically cavity-nesting, often inhabiting hollow nuts, acorns, or twigs. The species was first described by Emery in 1895 and is part of a genus known for its ecological importance in forest floor communities and its use in studies of social insect behavior, caste differentiation, and community ecology.
Temnothorax nevadensis
Nevada Acorn Ant
Temnothorax nevadensis is a species of acorn ant in the family Formicidae, originally described by Wheeler in 1903. Like other members of the genus, it is a small ant species that typically nests in preformed cavities such as hollow nuts or acorns. The species is part of a diverse genus containing over 350 species worldwide, with approximately 60 species known from North America.
Temnothorax obliquicanthus
Temnothorax obliquicanthus is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae, originally described by Cole in 1953. As a member of the genus Temnothorax, it belongs to a diverse group of small ants commonly known as acorn ants or rock ants due to their frequent nesting habits. The genus contains over 350 species worldwide, with approximately 60 species documented from North America. Like other Temnothorax species, T. obliquicanthus is likely a cavity-nesting ant that utilizes pre-existing small spaces such as hollow acorns, twigs, or rock crevices for colony establishment.
Temnothorax obturator
Temnothorax obturator is a species of small myrmicine ant in the genus Temnothorax, described by Wheeler in 1903. Like other members of this genus, it is a cavity-nesting ant that typically inhabits pre-existing hollow spaces such as acorns, twigs, or rock crevices. The species is part of a diverse genus containing over 350 species worldwide, with approximately 60 species known from North America. Temnothorax ants are frequently studied in behavioral ecology due to their manageable colony sizes and accessible nesting habits.
Temnothorax pergandei
Pergande's Acorn Ant
Temnothorax pergandei is a small ant species in the family Formicidae, commonly known as Pergande's Acorn Ant. Like other members of its genus, it is a cavity-nesting species that typically inhabits pre-existing spaces such as hollow acorns, twigs, or other small plant cavities. The species was first described by Emery in 1895 and is part of a diverse genus containing over 350 species worldwide, with approximately 60 species known from North America.
Temnothorax whitfordi
Temnothorax whitfordi is a species of ant in the genus Temnothorax, family Formicidae. The species was described by Mackay in 2000 and is accepted as valid in taxonomic databases. Very little specific information about this species' biology, distribution, or ecology has been published in the provided sources. The genus Temnothorax comprises over 350 species worldwide, with approximately 60 species known from North America. Members of this genus are typically small ants that nest in pre-existing cavities such as hollow twigs, acorns, or rock crevices.
Tenthredinidae
Common Sawflies
Tenthredinidae is the largest family of sawflies, comprising over 7,500 species in 430 genera worldwide. Adults lack the constricted "wasp waist" typical of many Hymenoptera, instead showing broad connection between thorax and abdomen. Larvae are primarily external feeders on foliage of trees and shrubs, with some species exhibiting leaf-mining, stem-boring, or gall-forming habits. The family is divided into seven subfamilies, with Tenthredininae and Allantinae forming sister groups.
Tenthredo basilaris
Tenthredo basilaris is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae. Sawflies in this genus lack the narrow "wasp waist" characteristic of many other Hymenoptera, with the abdomen broadly attached to the thorax. Adults are often observed on flowers and consume both plant material and small insects. The species is part of a diverse genus containing approximately 118 species in the United States and Canada.
Tenthredo fernaldii
Tenthredo fernaldii is a species of common sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. Like other members of the genus, it lacks the narrow 'wasp waist' characteristic of many Hymenoptera, with the abdomen attached broadly to the thorax. Adults are active in late summer and early autumn, and may be encountered on flowers or foliage. The species has been documented from the southwestern United States, with observations from Arizona.
Tenthredo leucostoma
Tenthredo leucostoma is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae. Like other members of the genus Tenthredo, adults lack the narrow "wasp waist" characteristic of many Hymenoptera, with the abdomen broadly attached to the thorax. Females possess a saw-like ovipositor used to insert eggs into plant tissues. The species has been recorded in Canada, specifically from Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.
Tenthredo maxima
Tenthredo maxima is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, characterized by a broad connection between thorax and abdomen lacking the narrow 'wasp waist' of other Hymenoptera. The species comprises two recognized subspecies: T. m. maxima and T. m. retura (formerly T. retura). It occupies a unique phylogenetic position within the genus, forming its own species group with no close relatives in North America. The species has been extensively studied for its geographic variation across western North American mountain systems.
Tenthredo verticalis
Tenthredo verticalis is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. Sawflies in this genus lack the narrow 'wasp waist' characteristic of many other Hymenoptera, with the abdomen broadly attached to the thorax. Adults are often observed on flowers and have been recorded feeding on pollen, nectar, and smaller insects. The genus Tenthredo includes approximately 118 species in the United States and Canada.
Tenuipetiolus ruber
Tenuipetiolus ruber is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eurytomidae, first described by Bugbee in 1951. The species is characterized by its slender petiole, as indicated by the genus name. It is known from multiple Canadian provinces including British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. Like other eurytomids, it is likely associated with plant tissues or other insects, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Tetracnemoidea
Tetracnemoidea is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, subfamily Tetracneminae. Species in this genus are known primarily from association with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). The genus was established by Howard in 1898. Specimens have been collected from Australia, Brazil, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and other regions.
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
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hotographydrone-imageryLiDARradarsonarseismicgeophysicalgeochemicalbiogeochemicalecoinformaticsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologysynthetic-biologybiotechnologynanotechnologygenetic-engineeringgenome-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasetransgeniccisgenicintragenicsubgenicagrobacterium-mediated-transformationbiolisticselectroporationmicroinjectionprotoplast-fusionsomatic-hybridizationcybridasymmetric-hybridsynthetic-polyploiddoubled-haploidhaploid-inductionanther-culturemicrospore-cultureovule-cultureembryo-cultureendosperm-cultureprotoplast-culturecell-culturetissue-cultureorgan-cultureshoot-cultureroot-culturecallus-culturesuspension-culturebioreactorhairy-root-culturetransformationhardeningmicropropagationclonal-propagationmeristem-cultureshoot-tip-cultureaxillary-bud-culturenodal-cultureleaf-culturepetiole-culturestem-cultureinternode-culturerhizome-culturebulb-culturecorm-culturetuber-cultureseed-culturezygotic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryogenesisorganogenesiscaulogenesisrhizogenesisadventitious-shoot-formationdirect-regenerationindirect-regenerationprimary-metabolismsecondary-metabolismbiosynthesisbiotransformationbioconversionbiodegradationbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationbioaugmentationbiostimulationnatural-attenuationmonitored-natural-attenuationengineered-natural-attenuationpermeable-reactive-barrierpump-and-treatsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingthermal-desorptionincinerationlandfillingcontainmentcappingslurry-wallgrout-curtainsheet-pilingclay-linergeomembranegeotextilegeogridgeocompositegeosyntheticgeofabricgeonetgeocellgeopipegeostripgeofoamgeobaggeotubegeocontainergeomatgeoblanketgeospacergeodraingeoinjectiongeogroutgeopiergeocolumngeopilegeowallgeobermgeotrenchgeocutgeofillgeoliftgeoslabgeopanelgeoblockgeobrickgeotilegeopavergeowebgeomattressgeocushionTetramorium hispidum
Tetramorium hispidum is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae, first described by Wheeler in 1915. It is distinguished from similar ants by the structure surrounding its antennal insertions. The species possesses short, stubble-like hairs on the pronotum and frontal carinae, and has 11-segmented antennae. As a member of the genus Tetramorium, it belongs to a diverse group of ants commonly known as pavement ants.
Tetramorium lanuginosum
Downy Pennant Ant
Tetramorium lanuginosum is a species of ant in the family Formicidae, first described by Mayr in 1870. The species is distributed across the Caribbean region and the Galápagos Islands, with confirmed presence in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, and Spain (likely referring to the Canary Islands). It belongs to the genus Tetramorium, a diverse group of myrmicine ants commonly known as pavement ants or pennant ants. The common name "Downy Pennant Ant" refers to the species' characteristic appearance.
Tetrastichinae
Tetrastichinae is one of the largest subfamilies of Eulophidae, containing over 100 genera and nearly 3,000 species of minute chalcid wasps. Members exhibit exceptionally diverse biology: most are parasitoids attacking hosts across 10 insect orders and over 100 families, including nematodes, mites, and spider eggs. Some species are phytophagous (typically as inquilines in galls), gall formers, or inquilines. Endoparasitism predominates over ectoparasitism, with both solitary and gregarious forms known; gregarious species may produce over 2,000 individuals from a single host. Reproduction is often by thelytokous parthenogenesis, though arrhenotoky occurs in some taxa.
Thaumatodryininae
Thaumatodryininae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps within the family Dryinidae (Hymenoptera). Members of this subfamily are characterized by specialized morphological adaptations that distinguish them from other dryinid subfamilies. The group is relatively poorly studied compared to other dryinid lineages, with limited published information on their biology and diversity. They share the family-level trait of parasitizing Hemiptera, though specific host records for this subfamily remain sparse.
Therion
Therion is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Anomaloninae. The genus contains at least 20 described species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Members are external or internal parasitoids of moth caterpillars, with several species serving as biological control agents of pest species. The genus has been subject to recent taxonomic revision in Japan, where four species are now recognized.
Therion longipes
Therion longipes is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It is currently treated as a synonym of Therion californicum. The species was described by Provancher in 1886. Distribution records indicate occurrence in western North America, including California, Alberta, and other locations in Canada and the United States.
Therion petiolatum
Therion petiolatum is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus Therion comprises parasitoid wasps whose larvae develop as internal parasites of moth caterpillars. Members of this genus are known to target tiger moths and related species.
Therion tenuipes
Therion tenuipes is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. Little specific information is documented for this species, though it belongs to a genus whose members are parasitoids of moth caterpillars. The species was described by Norton in 1863.
Therion texanum
Therion texanum is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, described by Ashmead in 1890. It belongs to a genus whose members are parasitoids of moth caterpillars. The species epithet "texanum" indicates a geographic association with Texas. Like other Therion species, it likely functions as a biological control agent of lepidopteran pests.
Theronia atalantae fulvescens
Theronia atalantae fulvescens is a subspecies of ichneumonid wasp in the genus Theronia. It belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, a diverse group of parasitoid wasps. The subspecies was described by Cresson in 1865. It has been recorded in Belgium and Canada (Calgary), suggesting a transatlantic distribution pattern. As a member of Theronia, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations for this subspecies remain undocumented.
Theronia hilaris
Theronia hilaris is a species of ichneumonid wasp described by Thomas Say in 1829. It belongs to the genus Theronia, a group of parasitoid wasps within the family Ichneumonidae. The species has been recorded in the northeastern United States, with distribution records from Vermont. As with many ichneumonid wasps, specific biological details about this species remain limited in available literature.
Thynnidae
thynnid wasps, flower wasps, thynnid flower wasps
Thynnidae is a family of solitary wasps formerly classified within Tiphiidae but now recognized as a distinct lineage based on molecular and morphological studies. Adults feed on nectar and function as minor pollinators, with some species involved in specialized pollination systems including orchid sexual deception. Larvae are parasitoids, primarily attacking scarab beetle larvae (Scarabaeoidea), though some species parasitize tiger beetle larvae (Cicindelinae) and other hosts including bees and ants. The family exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: in many subfamilies, females are wingless and fossorial while males are winged and aerial.
Thynnoidea
Thynnid and Chyphotid Wasps
Thynnoidea is a superfamily of aculeate wasps comprising two families: Thynnidae (thynnid wasps) and Chyphotidae (chyphotid wasps). Members are parasitoid wasps, with females typically wingless and males winged. The superfamily contains hundreds of described species distributed across tropical and temperate regions.
Thyreodon atricolor atricolor
Thyreodon atricolor atricolor is a subspecies of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus Thyreodon includes large, striking wasps that are often mistaken for tarantula hawks due to their similar coloration. Members of this genus are diurnal and have been observed visiting flowers for nectar. This subspecies has been recorded from California and Vermont in the United States.
Thyreodon rivinae
Thyreodon rivinae is a species of ichneumon wasp described by Porter in 1980. The genus Thyreodon belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. Members of this genus are known from the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. The species is poorly documented in scientific literature, with limited published information on its biology and ecology.
Thyreodon umbrifer
Thyreodon umbrifer is a species of ichneumon wasp described by Porter in 1989. The genus Thyreodon belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. Very little published information exists about this specific species. A specimen initially identified as possibly belonging to this genus was observed in Arizona, where experts noted difficulty distinguishing Thyreodon from related genera in the southwestern United States. The genus is poorly known taxonomically, and species-level identification requires specialist examination.
Timulla barbata
Timulla barbata is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae. Velvet ants are wingless female wasps known for their dense, velvety pubescence and potent sting. The genus Timulla is frequently cited as a model for mimicry by spiders in the genus Sergiolus, particularly S. capulatus. T. barbata inhabits sun-dappled patches in deciduous forest floors and similar open, dry habitats.
Timulla contigua
Timulla contigua is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae, a group of wingless wasps known for their potent sting and aposematic coloration. Like other members of the genus Timulla, females are wingless while males possess wings. The genus Timulla is frequently implicated in mimicry relationships with spiders in the genus Sergiolus, which bear similar bold color patterns.
Timulla dubitata
Timulla dubitata is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae. The species was described by Smith in 1855. Like other members of the genus Timulla, females are wingless while males possess wings. The species is part of a group of velvet ants that are mimicked by certain ground spiders in the genus Sergiolus.
Timulla grotei
Timulla grotei is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae. Like other members of this genus, females are wingless and wasp-like in appearance, while males possess wings. The genus Timulla is known for species that are frequently mimicked by spiders in the genus Sergiolus, which share similar bold coloration patterns. This particular species occurs in North America and is one of numerous Timulla species documented in the region.
Timulla leona
Timulla leona is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae, a group of wingless female wasps known for their potent sting and striking coloration. The genus Timulla is frequently mimicked by ground spiders in the genus Sergiolus, which share similar habitats in sun-dappled deciduous forest floors. Like other mutillids, T. leona likely exhibits sexual dimorphism with winged males and wingless, ant-like females.
Timulla oajaca
Timulla oajaca is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae, a group of wingless wasps known for their potent sting and aposematic coloration. The genus Timulla is frequently cited as a model for Müllerian mimicry complexes in North America, with spiders in the genus Sergiolus (Gnaphosidae) among their documented visual mimics. Like all mutillids, females are wingless while males possess wings. The species name refers to Oaxaca, Mexico, suggesting a geographic association with this region.
Timulla ocellaria
Timulla ocellaria is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae. Velvet ants are actually wingless female wasps, not true ants, and are known for their potent sting. The genus Timulla is frequently imitated by spiders in the genus Sergiolus as a form of protective mimicry.
Timulla vagans
velvet ant
Timulla vagans is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae) distributed across North America including the United States, Mexico, and Canada. As with all velvet ants, females are wingless and wasp-like in appearance, while males possess wings. The species exhibits the characteristic dense, velvety pubescence that gives the family its common name.
Tiphia
Tiphia is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Tiphiidae. Species in this genus are specialized ectoparasitoids of scarab beetle larvae (white grubs) that inhabit soil. The genus includes notable biological control agents such as Tiphia vernalis, which was introduced to the United States from Asia in 1925 to manage Japanese beetle populations.