Hymenoptera
Guides
Tiphiinae
Tiphiinae is the larger of two subfamilies in the family Tiphiidae, with worldwide distribution. Members are small to medium solitary wasps, up to 25 mm in length. The subfamily includes approximately twelve genera, with Tiphia being the most species-rich and widely studied. Males possess wings; females may be winged or wingless, with wingless females showing distinct thoracic segmentation.
Tiphioidea
Tiphiid Flower Wasps and Allies
Tiphioidea is a superfamily of stinging wasps in the infraorder Aculeata. It comprises three families: Bradynobaenidae, Tiphiidae, and Sierolomorphidae. These wasps are part of the broader group of aculeate Hymenoptera characterized by a modified ovipositor used for stinging.
Torymus advenus
Torymus advenus is a parasitoid wasp in the family Torymidae, part of a species group characterized by associations with oak galls. The species was described by Osten-Sacken in 1870. Members of the advenus species group are parasitoids of gall-forming insects, particularly cynipid wasps and gall midges on oaks. Direct biological data for T. advenus sensu stricto is limited; most ecological understanding derives from related species in the group.
Torymus atriplicis
Torymus atriplicis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Torymidae, described by Huber in 1927. The genus Torymus contains numerous species that parasitize insects developing within plant galls, including psyllids and gall wasps. Specific details regarding the biology and host associations of T. atriplicis remain poorly documented in available literature.
Torymus californicus
Torymus californicus is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Torymidae, first described by Ashmead in 1886. The species is recorded from the United States. Torymidae are primarily parasitoids associated with gall-forming insects and other hosts. Specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented in available literature.
Torymus fagopirum
Torymus fagopirum is a chalcid wasp in the family Torymidae. The species has been documented as a parasitoid of gall-forming insects, including psyllids. It is known from multiple provinces across Canada. Torymus species in general are associated with galls, where they develop as parasitoids of the gall inducers.
Torymus flavicoxa
Torymus flavicoxa is a parasitoid wasp in the family Torymidae, a group known for attacking insects within plant galls. The species has been recorded as a parasite of psyllid nymphs inhabiting hackberry leaf galls. It is distributed across Canada from British Columbia to Ontario.
Torymus racemariae
Torymus racemariae is a small parasitic wasp in the family Torymidae, first described by Ashmead in 1881. As with other members of the genus Torymus, it is presumed to be a parasitoid of gall-forming insects, though specific host records for this species are not documented in the provided sources. The species is currently listed as a synonym of Torymus recemareae in the Catalogue of Life. Torymid wasps are typically associated with galls on various host plants, where they develop by feeding on the gall inducer or other inhabitants.
Torymus rugglesi
Torymus rugglesi is a species of chalcidoid wasp in the family Torymidae, described by Milliron in 1959. The species is known from the eastern United States, with distribution records from Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Torymid wasps are typically parasitoids, with many species associated with gall-forming insects or plant galls. Specific biological details for T. rugglesi remain limited in published literature.
Torymus solitarius
Torymus solitarius is a small parasitic wasp in the family Torymidae, known to attack gall-forming insects. The species has been documented as a parasitoid of hackberry psyllid nymphs (Pachypsylla spp.) within their galls on hackberry trees. It is one of several Torymus species associated with psyllid galls in North America. Adults emerge from galls by chewing exit holes after completing larval development on the host nymph.
Torymus tubicola
Torymus tubicola is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Torymidae. The species is known to parasitize gall-forming insects, including psyllid nymphs within plant galls. It has been recorded from multiple provinces across Canada.
Torymus zabriskii
Torymus zabriskii is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Torymidae. The species was originally described as Diomorus zabriskii by Cresson in 1878 and subsequently transferred to the genus Torymus. Torymid wasps in this genus are known to develop as parasitoids within insect-induced plant galls.
Townsendiella pulchra
Townsendiella pulchra is a cuckoo bee (family Apidae, subfamily Nomadinae) known from the United States and Mexico. It is a kleptoparasite, meaning females lay eggs in the nests of host bees rather than constructing their own. The species specifically targets Hesperapis larreae as its host. As a member of the tribe Townsendiellini, it belongs to a small group of specialized nomadine bees with limited documented natural history.
Townsendiella rufiventris
Townsendiella rufiventris is a cuckoo bee species in the family Apidae, first described by Linsley in 1942. It belongs to the tribe Townsendiellini within the subfamily Nomadinae. The species has been recorded in the United States and Mexico. As a member of Nomadinae, it is presumed to be a cleptoparasite (cuckoo bee) that lays eggs in the nests of other bees, though specific host relationships remain undocumented.
Trachusa dorsalis
Stripe-backed Resin-Leafcutter
Trachusa dorsalis is a species of resin-leafcutter bee in the family Megachilidae. It is native to North America. Members of the genus Trachusa are known for using plant resins in nest construction, a trait that distinguishes them from many other megachilid bees that rely primarily on leaf pieces.
Trachusa manni
Trachusa manni is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Crawford in 1918. It is a member of the tribe Anthidiini, commonly known as resin bees or wool carder bees. The species is found in North America. Like other members of its genus, it is a solitary bee that constructs nests using plant resins and other materials.
Trathala extensor
Trathala extensor is a species of ichneumonid wasp described by Dasch in 1979. The genus Trathala belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of wasps. Specimens of related Trathala species are held in the University of California Riverside Entomology Research Museum. The species name 'extensor' likely refers to anatomical features associated with leg extension, a trait common in the context of jumping and grasping mechanisms studied in related insects.
Triaspis
Triaspis is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae. Species within this genus are biological control agents that parasitize weevil larvae and eggs, particularly those of agricultural pests. The genus includes species such as T. thoracicus, an egg-larval parasitoid of pea weevils, and T. aequoris, a larval parasitoid of sunflower seed weevils.
Trichapion troglodytes
Trichapion troglodytes is a species of sand wasp in the family Bembicidae. The species was originally described as Bembix troglodytes by Handlirsch. It is listed in the curated Bembicidae holdings of the UCR Entomology Research Museum, indicating it has been documented in North America. Beyond this collection record, specific biological details about this species remain poorly documented in available literature.
Trichiocampus
Trichiocampus is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. The genus includes species associated with poplar trees (Populus spp.), with at least one species, T. viminalis, known to cause significant defoliation during population outbreaks. Members occur across a broad circumpolar distribution spanning Europe and northern North America.
Trichiocampus grandis
Trichiocampus grandis is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae. It is currently recognized as a synonym of Cladius grandis, though the exact taxonomic status remains subject to nomenclatural revision. The species was originally described by Serville in 1823. Distribution records indicate presence in Belgium and Canada, specifically British Columbia.
Trichiosoma
Hairy-clubhorn Sawflies
Trichiosoma is a genus of large-bodied sawflies in the family Cimbicidae, comprising more than 30 described species. These insects are commonly known as Hairy-clubhorn Sawflies, reflecting their robust, often hairy appearance. Adults are active during summer months and are associated with woody vegetation. Larvae are solitary herbivores that feed on leaves.
Trichiosoma lanuginosum
Trichiosoma lanuginosum is a species of sawfly in the family Cimbicidae, a group of large, robust hymenopterans often mistaken for wasps. The genus Trichiosoma includes species associated with various deciduous trees, where larvae feed on foliage. Adults are typically encountered in spring and early summer. This species belongs to a family whose larvae are caterpillar-like herbivores, distinct from the carnivorous or parasitoid habits of many other Hymenoptera.
Trieces integer
Trieces integer is a species of ichneumonid wasp described by Townes & Townes in 1959. The genus Trieces belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. Very little published biological information exists for this species. The genus name Trieces derives from Greek, with 'tri-' meaning three and 'eces' likely referring to some morphological feature, though the specific meaning of 'integer' (Latin for 'whole' or 'intact') in this context is not documented in available sources.
Triepeolus distinctus
Triepeolus distinctus is a cleptoparasitic cuckoo bee in the family Apidae, subfamily Nomadinae. As a member of the tribe Epeolini, it is a brood parasite of other bees, likely targeting hosts in the family Apidae such as long-horned bees (Eucerini). The species occurs in North America, though specific details about its biology and host associations remain limited in published literature.
Triepeolus kathrynae
cuckoo bee
Triepeolus kathrynae is a species of cleptoparasitic cuckoo bee in the family Apidae, tribe Epeolini. The species was described by Rozen in 1989. Like other members of the genus Triepeolus, it is a brood parasite that does not construct nests or gather pollen. It has been recorded from the United States and Mexico.
Triepeolus loomisorum
Triepeolus loomisorum is a cleptoparasitic bee species in the family Apidae, first described by Rozen in 1989. As a member of the genus Triepeolus, it is a cuckoo bee that does not construct nests or gather pollen, instead laying eggs in the nests of host bees. The species is known from the United States and Mexico.
Triepeolus lunatus
Lunate Longhorn-cuckoo Bee, cuckoo bee
Triepeolus lunatus is a cleptoparasitic bee in the family Apidae, commonly known as the Lunate Longhorn-cuckoo Bee. It occurs across North America from Canada to northern Mexico, and has been observed in Central America. The species inhabits forest edges and meadows, where it parasitizes nests of host bees. As a member of the simplex species group, females possess a trapezoidal or triangular pseudopygidial area with bright, reflective setae and a concave apical margin.
Triepeolus martini
Triepeolus martini is a cleptoparasitic bee species in the family Apidae, first described by Cockerell in 1900. As a member of the genus Triepeolus, it functions as a cuckoo bee, laying eggs in the nests of host bees. The species has been documented in the United States and Mexico.
Triepeolus matildae
Matilda's Longhorn-Cuckoo
Triepeolus matildae is a cleptoparasitic bee species described by Rightmyer in 2014. As a member of the genus Triepeolus, it is commonly known as Matilda's Longhorn-Cuckoo. The species is documented from California in the United States and Baja California in Mexico. It has been recorded visiting flowers of several plant families including Asteraceae and Polygonaceae. Activity records span from mid-May through late September.
Triepeolus mexicanus
cuckoo bee
Triepeolus mexicanus is a cleptoparasitic (cuckoo) bee in the family Apidae, subfamily Nomadinae. It belongs to the simplex species group of the genus Triepeolus, characterized by females having a trapezoidal or triangular pseudopygidial area with bright, reflective setae and a concave apical margin. The species is found in Central America and North America.
Triepeolus rufithorax
Florida Longhorn-Cuckoo
Triepeolus rufithorax is a cleptoparasitic cuckoo bee in the family Apidae, subfamily Nomadinae. As a member of the genus Triepeolus, it parasitizes nests of long-horned bees (Melissodes and related genera). The species is known from North America, with records particularly from Florida and surrounding regions. Like other Triepeolus species, females enter host nests to lay eggs in brood cells provisioned by the host female.
Triepeolus simplex
cuckoo bee
Triepeolus simplex is a cleptoparasitic bee species in the family Apidae, described by Robertson in 1903. It belongs to the simplex species group, characterized by females possessing a trapezoidal or triangular pseudopygidial area with bright, reflective setae and a concave apical margin. As a cuckoo bee, it does not construct nests or collect pollen but instead parasitizes the nests of other bee species. The species occurs in North America and is part of an entirely New World group of Triepeolus species.
Triepeolus verbesinae
cuckoo bee
Triepeolus verbesinae is a cleptoparasitic bee species in the family Apidae. As a cuckoo bee, females lay eggs in the nests of host bees rather than constructing their own nests or provisioning brood cells. The species is distributed across the United States and Mexico. Like other members of the genus Triepeolus, it is associated with pollen-collecting host bees, though the specific host species for T. verbesinae has not been definitively documented.
Trigonaspis
Trigonaspis is a genus of cynipid wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Cynipini. These insects are gall wasps that induce galls on host plants. The genus was established by Hartig in 1840 and is part of the diverse radiation of oak gall wasps and related lineages.
Trigonaspis polita
Trigonaspis polita is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, originally described as Cynips polita by Bassett in 1881. The species was later transferred to the genus Trigonaspis. Like other cynipids, it is associated with the formation of plant galls, though specific gall morphology and host associations for this species require further documentation. The genus Trigonaspis is part of the diverse Cynipidae family, which contains numerous species that induce galls on oaks and related plants.
Triopasites penniger
Triopasites penniger is a cuckoo bee species in the family Apidae, subfamily Nomadinae. Like other members of the genus, it is a cleptoparasite that lays eggs in the nests of host bees. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico. It belongs to the tribe Brachynomadini, a group of small, often inconspicuous cuckoo bees.
Trioxys
Trioxys is a genus of aphid parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Aphidiinae (Braconidae). Species within this genus are internal parasitoids of aphids and have been studied for their biological control potential against agricultural pests. Some species, such as T. indicus, exhibit adaptive learning in host discrimination behavior, with experience reducing superparasitism and improving oviposition efficiency. Other species, including T. utilis and T. pallidus, have been deployed or studied for management of specific aphid pests in crops such as alfalfa and hazelnut.
Trissolcus euschisti
Trissolcus euschisti is a scelionid parasitoid wasp approximately 1.5 mm in length that attacks the eggs of stink bugs (Pentatomidae), particularly species in the genus Euschistus. The species exhibits habitat partitioning with the congeneric parasitoid Telenomus podisi, showing greater abundance on woody host plants while T. podisi dominates herbaceous vegetation. It has been investigated as a potential biological control agent for brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) and demonstrates flexible reproductive strategies, including the ability to develop in hosts where resources have been partially utilized by prior parasitoid activity.
Trjapitzinellus
Trjapitzinellus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, established by Viggiani in 1967. The genus is represented in major entomological collections, with specimens documented from India, Norway, and Sweden. The type species, Trjapitzinellus microrphanos Gordh, was described from material in the UCR Encyrtidae collection. Like other encyrtids, members of this genus are presumed to be parasitoids of scale insects or other Hemiptera, though specific host associations remain poorly documented.
Trogaspidiini
Trogaspidiini is a tribe of velvet ants (Mutillidae) characterized by morphological features of the male genitalia and body structure. The tribe includes genera such as Neotrogaspidia, which occurs across the Australasian, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. Members of this tribe exhibit complex taxonomic histories with frequent synonymies and transfers between genera.
Trogomorpha arrogans
Trogomorpha arrogans is a species of ichneumonid wasp in the genus Trogomorpha. The species was described by Cresson in 1874. As a member of Ichneumonidae, it is a parasitoid wasp, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented. It has been recorded in North America with 634 observations on iNaturalist, suggesting it is relatively frequently encountered by naturalists.
Trogus edwardsii
Trogus edwardsii is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, described by Cresson in 1877. Members of the genus Trogus are parasitoid wasps that attack butterfly and moth larvae. The species is part of a hyperdiverse family containing thousands of species, most of which are poorly known biologically. Like other ichneumonids, T. edwardsii likely plays a role in regulating lepidopteran populations, though specific host associations and detailed biology remain undocumented in available sources.
Trogus flavipennis
Trogus flavipennis is a species of ichneumon wasp described by Ezra Townsend Cresson in 1864. It belongs to the large family Ichneumonidae, one of the most diverse families within Hymenoptera. The genus Trogus comprises parasitoid wasps that attack lepidopteran hosts. The specific epithet "flavipennis" refers to yellowish wing coloration. Available records for this species are sparse, with limited observational data documented in biodiversity databases.
Tromatobia notator
Tromatobia notator is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It belongs to the genus Tromatobia, which comprises parasitoid wasps that attack spider egg sacs. The species was first described by Fabricius in 1804. Limited observational records exist for this species, with only one documented observation on iNaturalist.
Trybliographa
Trybliographa is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Figitidae. The most studied species, T. rapae, is an important biological control agent of cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) larvae in agricultural systems across Europe and North America. Members of this genus are koinobiont endoparasitoids that locate hosts using chemical cues and visual cues, with documented plasticity in behavioral responses to environmental stimuli.
Trychosis similis
Trychosis similis is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Cresson in 1864. It is a parasitoid wasp, placing it within a large and diverse group of insects that play important roles in regulating other insect populations. The genus Trychosis belongs to the ichneumonoid wasps, one of the most species-rich families within Hymenoptera. Like other members of this family, T. similis likely possesses the characteristic long, multi-segmented antennae and slender body form typical of ichneumonids.
Trychosis sulcata
Trychosis sulcata is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, described by Townes in 1962. The genus Trychosis belongs to the subfamily Cryptinae, a diverse group of koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack concealed larvae of Lepidoptera and other insects. Very few observations of this species exist in public databases, with only three records documented on iNaturalist as of the source date. The specific epithet 'sulcata' refers to grooved or furrowed sculpturing, likely describing some aspect of the species' morphology.
Tryphon seminiger
Tryphon seminiger is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Tryphoninae. It is a koinobiont ectoparasitoid, meaning its larva feeds externally on a living host that continues to develop until the wasp completes its development. The species has been recorded in central Canada (Saskatchewan, Alberta) based on GBIF distribution data. As a member of Tryphoninae, it likely shares traits with related species in the genus, including nocturnal activity and attraction to artificial lights.
Trypoxylon carinatum
Trypoxylon carinatum is a species of solitary spider-hunting wasp in the family Crabronidae. As a member of the subgenus Trypargilum, it is among the larger species in the genus. Like other Trypoxylon, females nest in pre-existing cavities and provision cells with paralyzed spiders for their offspring. The species is distributed across North America and Middle America.