Holarctic
Guides
Nematoproctus
Nematoproctus is a genus of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) established by Loew in 1857. Its subfamilial placement remains unresolved, with different authors assigning it to either Diaphorinae or Rhaphiinae. The genus contains approximately 13 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, including North America, Europe, and East Asia.
Nemotelinae
Nemotelinae is a subfamily of soldier flies (family Stratiomyidae) comprising four recognized genera: Brachycara, Lasiopa, Nemotelus, and Pselaphomyia. These flies are characterized by their distinctive wing venation and are primarily found in temperate regions. The genus Nemotelus is the most species-rich and well-known within the subfamily. Members are generally small to medium-sized flies often associated with wetland and grassland habitats.
Nemoura trispinosa
Nemoura trispinosa is a stonefly species described by Claassen in 1923, currently treated as a synonym of Nemoura arctica. It belongs to the family Nemouridae, a group of small, generally cold-adapted stoneflies. The species was described from North American material and has been recorded across boreal and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. As a synonym, its biological characteristics are subsumed under the senior name Nemoura arctica.
Nemouridae
spring stoneflies, brown stoneflies, forestflies, tiny winter blacks
Nemouridae is a family of stoneflies (Plecoptera) comprising over 700 described species, primarily distributed in the Holarctic region. Members are commonly known as spring stoneflies, brown stoneflies, or forestflies, and are important indicators of water quality in aquatic ecosystems. The family is characterized by small size, with adults typically measuring 5–8 millimeters in body length. Nemouridae occupy diverse flowing-water habitats, though they are most prevalent in smaller streams.
Neoascia
Fen Flies
Neoascia is a genus of small hoverflies (Syrphidae) characterized by black and yellow or mostly black coloration with a narrow, wasp-like waist between the thorax and abdomen. Adults are typically found in damp, low-vegetation habitats including fens, marshes, and pond margins. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with records across Northern and Central Europe, Western Siberia, and Scandinavia. Larvae are saprophagous, developing in wet organic matter such as decaying vegetation, compost, and wet manure associated with aquatic margins.
Neoephemeridae
large squaregill mayflies
Neoephemeridae is a small family of mayflies in the suborder Furcatergalia, containing approximately 13-17 described species across four genera: Neoephemera (Nearctic), Ochernova (Central Asia), Leucorhoenanthus (West Palearctic), and Potamanthellus (East Palearctic and Oriental). Nymphs are characterized by distinctive fimbriate (fringed) dorsal-oriented gills on abdominal segments, giving rise to the common name "large squaregill mayflies." The family has a disjunct Holarctic-Oriental distribution with recent findings in southwestern and northwestern China linking previously isolated genera biogeographically.
Neolimnophila placida
Placid Crane Fly
Neolimnophila placida is a crane fly species in the family Limoniidae, subfamily Chioneinae. It is widely distributed across the Holarctic region, occurring in both the Nearctic and Palaearctic realms. The species has been documented from northern North America through much of Europe and across northern Asia to Japan. Like other limoniid crane flies, it is associated with moist habitats where larvae develop in decaying organic matter.
Neoxorides
Neoxorides is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Poemeniinae. The genus was established by Clément in 1938 and has undergone taxonomic revision, with some species formerly placed here now reassigned to other genera such as Podoschistus. Members are ectoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with records from Europe and North America.
Neriene clathrata
Latticed Sheet-web Weaver
Neriene clathrata is a sheetweb spider in the family Linyphiidae, commonly known as the Latticed Sheet-web Weaver. The species has an exceptionally wide geographic distribution spanning the Holarctic region, occurring across North America, Europe, North Africa, the Caucasus, Russia (from European to Far East), China, Korea, and Japan. Despite its broad range, detailed biological information remains limited. As a member of the Linyphiidae, it constructs sheet webs rather than orb webs.
Neriene montana
Old World Dome Sheetweaver
Neriene montana is a small sheetweb-weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae, formerly known as Linyphia montana. It has a holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Russia, Central Asia, and Japan. The species constructs distinctive hammock-shaped webs and is commonly found in vegetation, under logs, and on tree trunks. It is one of the more frequently observed linyphiid spiders, with over 3,400 records on iNaturalist.
Neriene radiata
Filmy Dome Spider
Neriene radiata, commonly known as the filmy dome spider, is a sheet-weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. It constructs a distinctive dome-shaped web of fine silk, hanging upside-down beneath it to capture prey. The species is notable for its delicate web architecture and has been frequently observed in natural history studies.
Neureclipsis
tube maker caddisflies
Neureclipsis is a genus of net-spinning caddisflies in the family Polycentropodidae, containing at least eight described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and Australia. Larvae construct elaborate silken catchnets to capture drifting invertebrate prey in lotic freshwater habitats. The genus includes the well-studied species N. bimaculata, whose life history and feeding ecology have been investigated in North American and European populations.
Nicrophorus vespilloides
Lesser Vespillo Burying Beetle
Nicrophorus vespilloides is a burying beetle in the family Silphidae, characterized by its distinctive orange-yellow elytral bands and black antennae. The species exhibits facultative biparental care, with both parents cooperating to locate, bury, and prepare small vertebrate carcasses as food resources for their larvae. This species serves as a prominent model organism for studying social immunity, parental care, and the evolution of complex social behaviors in insects. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Eurasia and North America, with documented associations with phoretic mites and nematodes that influence its fitness and reproduction.
Niditinea
Niditinea is a genus of small moths in the family Tineidae, subfamily Tineinae. The genus contains 12-13 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Several species have been documented using bird nests as larval habitats, particularly in North America. The genus was established by Petersen in 1957.
Nitidula bipunctata
two-spotted sap beetle, two-dots sap beetle
Nitidula bipunctata, commonly known as the two-spotted sap beetle, is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae. It has a holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is associated with carrion and decomposing organic matter, though its specific ecological relationships remain incompletely documented.
Nostima
Nostima is a genus of shore flies (family Ephydridae) established by Coquillett in 1900. These are minute flies measuring 0.72–1.72 mm in body length, characterized by distinctive microtomentum patterns on the body and wings. The genus contains 11 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with larvae occupying semiaquatic habitats where they feed on blue-green algae.
Notaris aethiops
marsh weevil
Notaris aethiops is a species of marsh weevil in the beetle family Brachyceridae. It is a small to medium-sized weevil associated with wetland and marsh habitats across the Holarctic region. The species has been documented in North America, including Alberta, British Columbia, and Labrador in Canada. Like other members of the genus Notaris, it is likely associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic vegetation, though specific ecological details remain limited in published sources.
Notiophilus aquaticus
black-legged springtail-stalker
Notiophilus aquaticus is a Holarctic ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the black-legged springtail-stalker. It occupies diverse open and semi-open habitats including moraines, meadows, and forest edges. The species is one of several in the genus Notiophilus, which are recognized for their specialized predation on springtails (Collembola).
Notiophilus borealis
northern big-eyed beetle
Notiophilus borealis is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the northern big-eyed beetle. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It inhabits open or partially shaded gravelly and sandy ground with sparse vegetation, including moraines, meadows, roadsides, and open forests. The genus Notiophilus is characterized by large, prominent eyes, an adaptation for visual predation.
Nymphomyiidae
nymph flies
Nymphomyiidae are a family of minute (approximately 2 mm), delicate flies with highly reduced morphology. They are considered among the most archaic living Diptera, sometimes placed in their own suborder Archidiptera. Larvae are strictly aquatic, inhabiting cold, fast-flowing streams in northern and high-altitude regions. Adults are short-lived, non-feeding, and form aggregative swarms; their wings fracture at the base after mating. The family contains approximately one dozen extant species, currently classified in the single genus Nymphomyia.
Nysson
Nysson is a Holarctic genus of kleptoparasitic wasps in the family Crabronidae. Over 100 species are known. These wasps are obligate kleptoparasites, meaning females exploit the food caches of other solitary wasps by locating host burrows, digging them open, destroying the host egg, and replacing it with their own. The larva then consumes the prey provisioned by the host mother.
Ochlerotatus dorsalis
Salt Marsh Mosquito
Ochlerotatus dorsalis is a Holarctic mosquito species with a transcontinental distribution spanning the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. Genetic studies have identified two highly distinctive COI mtDNA phylogroups corresponding to these regions, suggesting Pleistocene vicariance of an ancestral range due to geographical barriers and climatic changes. The species is epidemiologically relevant as a potential pathogen vector.
Ochlerotatus pullatus
Ochlerotatus pullatus is a boreoalpine mosquito species with a discontinuous Holarctic distribution. In eastern North America, it has been recorded from alpine and subalpine habitats, with a notable range extension documented in the Chic-Chocs mountains of eastern Québec. The species develops in temporary snowmelt pools at elevations around 1000 m, where it can be locally dominant. Its presence in disjunct mountain populations has been discussed in relation to postglacial dispersal patterns.
Ochlodes
Ochlodes is a Holarctic genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae, tribe Hesperiini. The genus contains approximately 25 species distributed across North America, Europe, Asia, and parts of the Caribbean. Several species have been subject to taxonomic revision, with some forms debated as subspecies or synonyms. The woodland skipper (Ochlodes sylvanoides) and large skipper (Ochlodes sylvanus) are among the most frequently referenced species in ecological studies.
Ochthera mantis
mantis fly, mantis shore fly
Ochthera mantis is a predatory shore fly in the family Ephydridae, first described by Charles De Geer in 1776. The species is notable for its raptorial forelegs, which are modified for seizing prey and resemble those of praying mantises—hence its common name. Both adults and larvae are predatory, with adults hunting small insects along shorelines and larvae feeding aquatically on midge and mosquito larvae. It is a Holarctic species with a limited distribution in Europe.
Odontocolon
Odontocolon is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the subfamily Xoridinae, containing at least 40 described species. These wasps are parasitoids that target wood-boring beetle larvae and sawfly larvae living in tree bark. Females possess elongated ovipositors used to drill through wood to reach their hosts, while males lack this structure. The genus is distinguished by teeth on the hind femur and exhibits holarctic distribution patterns.
Odontocolon albotibiale
Odontocolon albotibiale is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Xoridinae. The genus Odontocolon comprises 23 species north of Mexico, several with holarctic distributions. Members of this genus are recognized by teeth on the hind femur and are parasitoids of wood-boring beetles. Females possess long ovipositors for drilling into wood to reach hosts, while males lack this structure.
Odontocolon mellipes
Odontocolon mellipes is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Xoridinae. The genus Odontocolon comprises 23 species found north of Mexico, with several exhibiting holarctic distributions across the entire northern hemisphere. Females possess long ovipositors used to drill into wood to reach hosts, while males lack this structure. The species is recognized in part by teeth on the hind femur, a characteristic feature of the genus.
Odynerus
potter wasps, mason wasps
Odynerus is a primarily Holarctic genus of potter wasps in the subfamily Eumeninae. The genus has been widely used as a root for constructing names of other potter wasp genera with non-petiolated metasoma, including Euodynerus, Acarodynerus, Stenodynerus, Parodontodynerus, and Incodynerus. Species within this genus are solitary wasps that construct nests using mud or soil, often with distinctive turrets or chimneys. The genus contains hundreds of species, with Odynerus spinipes being particularly notable for exhibiting exceptional intrasexual cuticular hydrocarbon dimorphism in females.
Oedalea
Oedalea is a genus of predaceous flies in the family Hybotidae, subfamily Oedaleinae. Members are characterized by robust bodies, conspicuously long antennae, and raptorial hind legs adapted for capturing prey. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults are typically associated with vegetation, where they hunt small arthropods.
Oedemopsini
Oedemopsini is a tribe of ichneumon wasps within the subfamily Ctenopelmatinae. Members are parasitoid wasps whose larvae develop within host insects. The tribe contains relatively few described genera and species compared to other ctenopelmatine tribes. These wasps are poorly studied, with limited biological data available.
Oeneis melissa
Melissa Arctic
Oeneis melissa, the Melissa Arctic, is a Holarctic butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It inhabits cold, high-elevation and high-latitude environments including arctic tundra and alpine zones. The species exhibits a biennial or partially biennial life cycle adapted to short growing seasons. Multiple subspecies have been described across its range, including the endemic O. m. semidea in the White Mountains of New Hampshire.
Oiceoptoma
Oiceoptoma is a genus of carrion beetles in the family Silphidae, comprising approximately ten described species distributed across the Holarctic region. These beetles are necrophagous, specializing in the consumption of vertebrate carcasses. The genus includes species of forensic importance due to their predictable habitat associations and seasonal activity patterns. Oiceoptoma noveboracense, the margined carrion beetle, is among the most studied species and serves as a model for understanding carrion beetle ecology in North America.
Olisthaerus substriatus
Striped Bark Rove Beetle
Olisthaerus substriatus is a small rove beetle in the subfamily Olisthaerinae, one of the few rove beetle lineages adapted to life under bark. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning northern North America and Eurasia. The species is associated with dead and decaying wood, where it inhabits the space beneath bark on standing or fallen trees. Its common name refers to the longitudinal striations on the elytra.
Olophrum
Olophrum is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) distributed across Eurasia and North America. The genus contains at least seven recognized North American species, including four Holarctic species (O. latum, O. boreale, O. consimile, O. rotundicolle), one eastern North American endemic (O. obtectum), and two western North American species (O. cascadense, O. idahoense). Species-level taxonomy has been revised with lectotype designations and synonymies established.
Olophrum boreale
Olophrum boreale is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Russia, and North America. The species occurs in boreal and montane habitats. Limited observational records suggest it is not frequently encountered.
Olophrum consimile
Olophrum consimile is a Holarctic rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) found across northern North America and Eurasia. First described by Gyllenhal in 1810, this species has accumulated multiple junior synonyms due to morphological variability. The species is part of a genus of small, ground-dwelling beetles associated with moist forest habitats.
Olophrum latum
Olophrum latum is a holarctic rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) first described by Mäklin in 1853. It is one of seven North American species in the genus Olophrum, distinguished from congeners by specific morphological features detailed in taxonomic revisions. The species was previously known under the synonym O. brevicolle Bernhauer. It occurs across northern regions of North America and Eurasia.
Omalium
Omalium is a genus of ocellate rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) containing at least 70 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus has been subject to extensive taxonomic revision, with species organized into morphologically-based species groups including the Acutangulum, Amplissimum, Caesum, Oxyacanthae, and Rivulare groups. Recent revisions have described numerous new species from the Himalayan region, China, Siberia, and the Far East.
Omalium rivulare
Omalium rivulare is a Holarctic ocellate rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. Originally described as Staphylinus rivularis by Paykull in 1789, it serves as the type species for the Rivulare species group within the genus Omalium. The species has been recorded across Europe, northern Asia, and has been introduced to North America. Synonymy with O. kabakovi was established in 2025.
Oncopsis
Oncopsis is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Macropsinae. The genus is characterized by pronotal striations that run parallel to the hind margin. Species occur across the Holarctic region, with documented diversity in Europe, Asia, and North America. Many species exhibit strong host plant specificity, particularly for trees in the families Betulaceae and Corylaceae.
Opilio
Opilio is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones, family Phalangiidae) containing over 60 described species. The genus name derives from Latin "opilio," meaning shepherd or sheep-master. These arachnids are characterized by long legs and a compact, oval body, with species distributed across the Holarctic region. The type species, Phalangium opilio, is a widespread synanthropic predator that has been introduced to North America and other regions.
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
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dwarf spiders
Oreonetides is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Embrik Strand in 1901. The genus contains 17 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from North America, Europe, Russia, and East Asia. Species occupy diverse habitats ranging from boreal and alpine regions to temperate forests. The type species, Oreonetides vaginatus, has the broadest distribution, spanning from North America across Eurasia to Japan.
Oreonetides vaginatus
Undergrowth Sheet-web Weaver
Oreonetides vaginatus is a small sheet-web weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae. It has been documented across a broad Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. The species inhabits undergrowth and ground-level vegetation, constructing characteristic sheet webs. Despite its wide geographic range, detailed natural history information remains limited.
Orgichneumon
Orgichneumon is a genus of ichneumon wasps established by Heinrich in 1961. Members belong to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. The genus is poorly documented in published literature, with limited species-level descriptions and biological data available. Records indicate presence in northern North America.
Orsodacninae
Orsodacninae is a subfamily of beetles containing a single genus, Orsodacne, with four Holarctic species. These beetles are small leaf beetles in the family Orsodacnidae, a group historically placed within Chrysomelidae. The subfamily is characterized by distinctive morphological features and a restricted geographic distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.
Ortholepis
Ortholepis is a genus of small moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae, established by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1887. The genus contains approximately 12 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe and North America. Species within this genus are associated with various woody host plants including birch, blueberry, and rhododendron. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some species transferred from related genera.
Orthopelma
Orthopelma is a Holarctic genus of parasitoid wasps, the sole genus in the subfamily Orthopelmatinae (Ichneumonidae). Species are idiobiont endoparasitoids that develop within cynipid galls on Rosaceae, primarily attacking gall wasps in the genus Diplolepis on Rosa species. The genus contains 13 extant species distributed across the Nearctic and Palearctic regions.
Orthopelmatinae
Orthopelmatinae is a monogeneric subfamily of Ichneumonidae containing only the genus Orthopelma. Members are Holarctic idiobiont endoparasitoids specialized on cynipid gall wasps, primarily Diplolepis species on roses. The subfamily exhibits the rare egg-larval parasitoid strategy, with females ovipositing directly into host eggs.