Agricultural-pest
Guides
Desmia
Desmia is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, erected by John O. Westwood in 1832. The genus contains small to medium-sized moths, most commonly brown with variable white spotting on the wings, though some species exhibit orange or blue-green coloration. The majority of species are distributed in South and Central America, with additional species present in Africa, Asia, and North America. Several species are of agricultural significance, particularly Desmia funeralis, the grape leaffolder, which is a documented pest of grapevines in the United States and Mexico.
Desmia funeralis
grape leaffolder, grape leaf-folder
Desmia funeralis, commonly known as the grape leaffolder, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is a minor pest of grape vineyards across the United States, with larvae that feed on grape leaves, causing characteristic leaf folding or rolling damage. The species is widely distributed from the southern United States through California, extending north to the northeastern states and southeastern Canada. Severe outbreaks have occurred in localized areas, particularly when natural parasitoid populations fail to control moth numbers.
Diabrotica
cucumber beetles, corn rootworms
Diabrotica is a large, widespread genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) comprising approximately 400 species native to the Americas. The genus includes several economically significant agricultural pests, particularly species affecting corn, cucurbits, and other crops. Three informal species groups are recognized—fucata (354 species, multivoltine), virgifera (24 species, univoltine), and signifera (11 species, univoltine)—based on life history traits rather than molecular phylogeny. The genus exhibits a unique evolutionary relationship with cucurbitacin-producing plants, with beetles attracted to these bitter, toxic compounds for chemical defense.
Diabrotica barberi
northern corn rootworm
Diabrotica barberi, the northern corn rootworm, is a chrysomelid beetle native to North America and a major pest of corn (Zea mays). Larvae feed on corn roots, causing significant economic damage, while adults feed on corn silks, pollen, and leaves. Unlike the western corn rootworm, D. barberi has not developed resistance to Bt traits in Iowa as of 2019-2020 surveys. The species exhibits extended diapause in some populations, with eggs remaining dormant for multiple years before hatching. Research indicates its flight behavior differs from D. virgifera, with shorter but more frequent flights and less sustained long-distance movement.
Diabrotica undecimpunctata
spotted cucumber beetle, southern corn rootworm, western cucumber beetle, western spotted cucumber beetle
Diabrotica undecimpunctata is a leaf beetle native to North America and a major agricultural pest. Adults are greenish-yellow with twelve black spots on the elytra. The species exhibits broad polyphagy, feeding on over 200 plant species across approximately 50 families. Three subspecies are recognized, with D. u. howardi (eastern) and D. u. undecimpunctata (western) being the most significant agriculturally. The species vectors bacterial wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila) and Pantoea ananatis, contributing to disease spread in cucurbits and corn.
Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi
Eastern Spotted Cucumber Beetle, Southern Corn Rootworm
Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, the eastern subspecies of the spotted cucumber beetle, is a polyphagous agricultural pest native to North America. It is distinguished from the western subspecies (D. u. undecimpunctata) by geographic range, occurring east of the Rocky Mountains. The species completes one to three generations annually depending on latitude, with adults overwintering in mild climates and spreading northward seasonally. Both larval and adult stages cause economically significant damage to multiple crops.
Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata
Western Spotted Cucumber Beetle
The western spotted cucumber beetle is a polyphagous leaf beetle native to western North America. It is a significant agricultural pest of cucurbits, snap beans, corn, and other crops, with larvae feeding on roots and adults feeding on foliage, flowers, and fruit. Unlike the eastern subspecies, it does not vector bacterial wilt in cucurbits. Adults are strong fliers and readily disperse between fields.
Diabrotica virgifera
Western corn rootworm, Mexican corn rootworm
Diabrotica virgifera is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, comprising two subspecies: D. v. virgifera (western corn rootworm) and D. v. zeae (Mexican corn rootworm). Both subspecies are significant agricultural pests of maize (Zea mays), with larvae feeding on corn roots and adults feeding on silks, pollen, and leaves. The species has been responsible for substantial economic damage to corn production, with estimates of $1 billion annually in yield losses and control costs in North America. The western corn rootworm has shown remarkable adaptive capacity, having evolved resistance to multiple management strategies including crop rotation and Bt toxins.
Diabrotica virgifera zeae
Mexican corn rootworm
Diabrotica virgifera zeae, the Mexican corn rootworm, is a subspecies of the western corn rootworm complex and a significant agricultural pest of corn (Zea mays) in Mexico and parts of the southern United States. Larvae feed on corn roots, causing damage that can lead to reduced yield, stunting, and plant lodging. Unlike the western corn rootworm subspecies (D. v. virgifera), the Mexican corn rootworm has been documented to damage corn following sorghum rotation in parts of South Central Texas, though this remains rare. Adults feed on corn silks, pollen, and leaves. The species has one generation per year, with eggs laid in soil during summer and fall, hatching the following spring when corn roots become available.
Diaphania hyalinata
melonworm moth, melonworm
Diaphania hyalinata, commonly known as the melonworm moth, is a crambid moth species and a significant agricultural pest of cucurbit crops. Native to the Neotropics, it has established permanent populations in the southern United States and disperses northward annually during warmer months. The species exhibits behavioral plasticity in feeding habits: in Florida and tropical regions, larvae primarily feed on leaves, while in more northern latitudes such as Virginia, they frequently burrow directly into fruits. Laboratory studies indicate a complete life cycle of approximately 20–23 days under warm conditions.
Diaphania modialis
Cucumberworm Moth
Diaphania modialis is a crambid moth commonly known as the Cucumberworm Moth. It belongs to a genus whose larvae are significant agricultural pests, particularly of cucurbit crops. The species was described by Dyar in 1912 and occurs in the Americas.
Diaphania nitidalis
pickleworm, pickleworm moth
Diaphania nitidalis is a significant agricultural pest of cucurbit crops, particularly damaging to squash, cucumbers, and melons. Adults are nocturnal moths with iridescent brown wings marked by yellow bands and white borders. Larvae feed voraciously on reproductive tissues, flowers, and fruits, often burrowing into fruit flesh. The species is tropical in origin and intolerant of cold temperatures, limiting its permanent range to southern North America and tropical regions, though it migrates northward seasonally.
Diaphorina
Diaphorina is a genus of Old World sap-sucking hemipteran bugs in the family Liviidae, containing approximately 68 to 74 species. The genus is typified by the subfamily Diaphorininae and includes Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, a globally significant agricultural pest. Species in this genus are phloem-feeders primarily associated with host plants in the Rutaceae family.
Diaphorina citri
Asian citrus psyllid, ACP
Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, is a small hemipteran insect and one of two confirmed vectors of Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease, caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Native to southern Asia, it has spread to citrus-growing regions worldwide including the Americas, Middle East, and Oceania, posing a severe threat to global citrus production. The insect feeds on phloem sap of new citrus growth and has become the focus of intensive biological control, monitoring, and genomic research efforts due to its economic impact.
Diaprepes
Diaprepes weevils, citrus root weevils
Diaprepes is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae, tribe Eustylini. It belongs to the Exophthalmus genus complex. The genus contains approximately 16 described species, with Diaprepes abbreviatus being the most economically significant as a major agricultural pest of citrus and other crops in Florida and the Caribbean. The genus is native to the Caribbean region and has expanded its range to include parts of Central America and the southeastern United States.
Diaprepes abbreviatus
Diaprepes root weevil, Citrus root weevil, Sugarcane rootstock borer weevil, Chichí
Diaprepes abbreviatus is a root-feeding weevil native to the Caribbean, where it is known colloquially as "chichí." It is a major agricultural pest that was accidentally introduced to Florida in 1964 and has since spread to California and Texas. The species causes significant economic damage to citrus, avocado, and other crops through larval feeding on root systems.
Diaspidiotus
Diaspidiotus is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) comprising over 80-90 described species with worldwide distribution. Species in this genus are phloem-feeding pests of deciduous trees and fruit crops, including economically important species such as the San José scale (D. perniciosus) and oystershell scale (D. ostreaeformis). These scales secrete a protective waxy covering (test) over their bodies and are frequently intercepted in agricultural quarantine due to their similarity to critical quarantine pests.
Diatraea
sugarcane borer, stalk borer
Diatraea is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae comprising approximately 40 described species. The genus is best known for several economically important stalk-boring pests of grass crops, particularly sugarcane, corn, sorghum, and rice. Larvae tunnel within plant stems, causing reduced yield, lodging, and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Several species have been the focus of extensive biological control programs, notably using parasitoid wasps such as Cotesia flavipes and Trichogramma galloi. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas from the southern United States to Argentina.
Diatraea saccharalis
sugarcane borer, sugar-cane borer
Diatraea saccharalis, commonly known as the sugarcane borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794 and has since become a significant agricultural pest. It was introduced to Louisiana around 1855 and has subsequently spread throughout the Gulf Coast states of the United States. The larvae are particularly destructive to sugarcane, but also attack corn, rice, sorghum, and various grass species.
Dichomeris
Dichomeris is a large genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, erected by Jacob Hübner in 1818. The genus contains hundreds of species distributed globally, with particularly high diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Larvae of many species are leaf-folders, constructing silk shelters on host plants for protection while feeding. Some species are economically significant agricultural pests, including D. famulata, which infests sorghum panicles in South America.
Dichomeris acuminatus
Alfalfa Leaf Tier, Alfalfa Leaftier Moth
Dichomeris acuminatus is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, commonly known as the alfalfa leaf tier. It has an exceptionally broad distribution spanning multiple continents including Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and the Americas. The species was first described by Otto Staudinger in 1876. Despite its common name suggesting association with alfalfa, the species appears to be a generalist with a wide ecological tolerance given its cosmopolitan range.
Dichroplus
spur-throated grasshoppers
Dichroplus is a genus of spur-throated grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, containing more than 20 described species distributed across North, Central, and South America. Species in this genus are primarily ground-dwelling and associated with grassland and agricultural habitats. Dichroplus maculipennis, one of the most studied species, is a significant agricultural pest in Argentina's Pampas region, where it damages corn, soybeans, and wheat.
Dikrella
Dikrella is a genus of leafhoppers in the subfamily Typhlocybinae, tribe Dikraneurini, containing approximately 37 species distributed from the United States through Central America to South America. Members are small, delicate insects typically 3–4 mm in length. The genus has agricultural significance: Dikrella californica has been used as an intermediary host for the parasitic wasp Anagnus epos, employed in biological control of the western grape leafhopper. Several species are associated with economically important host plants including avocado and pequi.
Dione juno
Juno Silverspot, Juno Longwing, Juno Heliconian
Dione juno is a heliconiine butterfly (subfamily Heliconiinae) distributed from the southern United States through Central and South America. The species is a significant agricultural pest of passion fruit (Passiflora spp.), particularly Passiflora edulis, where caterpillars can completely defoliate host plants at high population densities. Adults are characterized by orange and black dorsal wing patterns with distinctive silver spots on the ventral wing surfaces. The species has been extensively studied in Brazil and Central America for its role in agroecosystems and its diverse complex of natural enemies.
Diorhabda
tamarisk beetle, saltcedar leaf beetle
Diorhabda is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Galerucinae. Most species within the genus feed on Tamarix (tamarisk or saltcedar), though at least one species, D. tarsalis, is a pest of Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis). The genus is native to Europe and Asia, with several species introduced to North America as biological control agents for invasive Tamarix. The D. elongata species group comprises five sibling species specialized on Tamarix: D. elongata, D. carinata, D. sublineata, D. carinulata, and D. meridionalis.
Draeculacephala
Draeculacephala is a genus of sharpshooter leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) comprising at least 25 described species distributed throughout the New World. Adults are typically 6–11 mm in length with distinctive triangular heads that project forward to a point. Most species exhibit green coloration, though some are straw-colored. The genus is economically significant due to its association with grasses and cereals, with several species acting as vectors of plant pathogens including Xylella fastidiosa. Draeculacephala robinsoni, recently introduced to Europe, represents an emerging threat to Mediterranean agriculture.
Draeculacephala minerva
grass sharpshooter, green sharpshooter
Draeculacephala minerva is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the grass sharpshooter or green sharpshooter. It is native to North America and has been documented as a vector of Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterial pathogen that causes Pierce's disease in grapevines and other plant diseases. The species is closely related to Draeculacephala robinsoni, which has recently been introduced to Europe and poses similar agricultural threats. Its eggs are parasitized by several species of Trichogrammatidae and Mymaridae wasps in California.
Draeculacephala navicula
Draeculacephala navicula is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the genus Draeculacephala, a group of sharpshooters known for their association with various host plants and their role as vectors of plant pathogens. The species has been recorded from southern Texas in the United States and the Mexican states of Chiapas and Tamaulipas. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with grassland and agricultural habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Draeculacephala robinsoni
Draeculacephala robinsoni is a sharpshooter leafhopper species native to North America that was first detected in Europe in 2022. It has been introduced to northeastern Spain and southern France, where it is expanding in agricultural areas. The species is a known vector of Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterial pathogen threatening European vineyards, olives, and almonds. It has been recorded from ryegrass, barley, and rice fields, and its recent detection in Occitanie (France)—where X. fastidiosa is already present—raises concerns about altered disease epidemiology in the Mediterranean region.
Drosophila suzukii
spotted wing drosophila, SWD, spotted-winged drosophila, cherry vinegar fly
Drosophila suzukii, commonly called the spotted wing drosophila or SWD, is a small vinegar fly native to Southeast Asia that has become a major invasive pest of soft-skinned fruits in North America, Europe, and other regions. Unlike most Drosophila species that infest rotting fruit, females use their serrated ovipositor to lay eggs in intact, ripening fruit, causing significant economic damage to crops including cherries, blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and grapes. First described in 1931 and observed in Japan as early as 1916, the species was detected in Hawaii in the 1980s and subsequently invaded continental North America in 2008 and Europe shortly thereafter, spreading rapidly due to its high reproductive potential and polyphagous nature.
Drosophilidae
Vinegar flies, Pomace flies, Fruit flies
Drosophilidae is a diverse, cosmopolitan family of small flies commonly known as vinegar or pomace flies, though often mislabeled 'fruit flies.' The family contains over 4,000 species across 75 genera, with Drosophila melanogaster serving as one of the most important model organisms in genetics, development, and behavioral research. Most species are associated with decomposing organic matter, particularly fermenting fruits and vegetables, though some have evolved specialized relationships with flowers, fungi, or living plant tissue.
Dryophthorinae
Dryophthorinae is a subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae) comprising approximately 1,200 species in 153 genera and ten tribes. The subfamily includes numerous economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of palms, bananas, rice, maize, sugarcane, and bromeliads. Many species are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with several having achieved global distributions through international trade in ornamental and agricultural plants. The taxonomic status of Dryophthorinae remains contested; while traditionally treated as a subfamily, at least one major revision has elevated it to family rank as Dryophthoridae.
Duponchelia
European pepper moth (D. fovealis)
Duponchelia is a genus of snout moths (family Crambidae) established by Zeller in 1847. The genus contains at least five described species, with Duponchelia fovealis being the most economically significant and widely studied. D. fovealis, commonly known as the European pepper moth, has become a major invasive pest of protected crops, particularly strawberries, across multiple continents. The genus is characterized by its association with diverse host plants and its importance in agricultural pest management research.
Duponchelia fovealis
European Pepper Moth
Duponchelia fovealis is a small moth in the family Crambidae, originally described from the Mediterranean region in 1847. It has undergone substantial range expansion and is now established across Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas. The species is a significant agricultural pest, particularly in protected strawberry cultivation, where larval feeding causes damage to leaves and fruits. Its polyphagous nature and invasive potential have made it a focus of integrated pest management research, especially regarding biological control with Trichogramma parasitoids.
Dysdercus
Cotton Stainers, Red Cotton Bugs, Cotton Stainer Bugs
Dysdercus is a widespread genus of true bugs in the family Pyrrhocoridae, commonly called cotton stainers. Species are known for their bright red coloration derived from plant pigments and their economic significance as pests of cotton. The genus can be distinguished from similar families by the absence of ocelli on the head, and from other Pyrrhocoridae genera by prominent white markings at the head-thorax junction and along the thorax sides.
Dysdercus concinnus
pale red bug, Turk's cap red bug
Dysdercus concinnus is a red bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae, commonly known as the pale red bug or Turk's cap red bug. It is a significant pest of cotton, feeding on developing bolls and deteriorating seed and fiber quality. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism in flight capability: males retain flight throughout life and become facultative migrants using hunger as a migration signal, while females undergo wing muscle histolysis at the reproductive stage, becoming permanently flightless. The species has been extensively studied in the context of transgenic crop impacts, showing that diet (transgenic vs. non-transgenic cotton) and sex influence gut microbial diversity and community structure.
Dysdercus suturellus
Common Cotton Stainer Bug, Cotton Stainer
Dysdercus suturellus is a true bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae, commonly known as the cotton stainer. Adults measure 1–1.5 cm in length with a distinctive red thorax and dark brown wings bearing a yellow cross-shaped pattern. The species is native to the southeastern United States, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. It is a significant agricultural pest of cotton and related plants, with adults and late-stage nymphs feeding on developing seeds and bolls. The bright red coloration is derived from plant pigments obtained through its diet.
Dysmicoccus
mealybugs
Dysmicoccus is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae containing at least 110 described species. These soft-bodied scale insects are characterized by white, powdery wax secretions covering their bodies. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of pineapple, sugarcane, and other tropical crops. Some species vector plant diseases, including pineapple wilt. The genus has a pantropical distribution with several species introduced to Florida and other regions as invasive pests.
Echinothrips
Echinothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae containing approximately seven described species. The genus is best known through Echinothrips americanus, a polyphagous pest of greenhouse and agricultural crops that has spread globally from its native range in eastern North America. Species in this genus are phytophagous, feeding on leaves, flowers, and fruits by piercing and sucking plant cells. The genus exhibits haplo-diploid reproduction with arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, where unfertilized eggs produce haploid males and fertilized eggs produce diploid females.
Egira
Egira is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae. The genus includes species that are agricultural pests, notably Egira curialis, commonly known as the citrus cutworm. This species feeds on young citrus fruit in California groves, causing scarring damage that can render fruit unmarketable. Research indicates that caterpillar densities and associated fruit scarring are higher in larger citrus groves.
Egira crucialis
Egira crucialis is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Harvey in 1875. It is native to North America and has been recorded as an early-season pest of citrus in California's San Joaquin Valley, where it feeds on very young fruit. The species is listed under Hodges number 10508 in the Moths of North America (MONA) database.
Egira curialis
Citrus Cutworm
Egira curialis is a noctuid moth commonly known as the Citrus Cutworm, native to North America. The species has been documented as a pest of citrus groves in California's San Joaquin Valley, where larvae feed on young fruit and contribute to scarring damage. Research indicates that caterpillar densities and associated damage are higher in larger citrus groves. The species is listed under Hodges number 10511 in the North American moth numbering system.
Elachiptera
frit flies
Elachiptera is a genus of small frit flies in the family Chloropidae, subfamily Oscinellinae. The genus contains approximately 81 valid species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia, with some species extending into the Oriental Region. Several species are known agricultural pests of cereal crops, with larvae feeding internally within stems of wheat and maize. The genus includes both fully winged and wingless (brachypterous) species.
Elaphria nucicolora
Sugarcane Midget
Elaphria nucicolora, commonly known as the Sugarcane Midget, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 21 mm. The species has a broad geographic range spanning the southeastern United States, Caribbean islands, tropical South America, and Hawaii. Adults are active from late spring through autumn in temperate regions, with year-round activity in tropical and subtropical areas. The larval stage feeds on a variety of herbaceous plants including sugarcane, watermelon, and several weedy species.
Elasmopalpus
lesser cornstalk borer (for E. lignosellus)
Elasmopalpus is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae, described by Émile Blanchard in 1852. The genus is restricted to the Americas and currently comprises three species. The type species E. angustellus was described with the genus, while E. corrientellus was added in 1888 and E. lignosellus in 1848. The genus is considered closely related to Ufa. The most well-known species, E. lignosellus (lesser cornstalk borer), is a significant agricultural pest of Poaceae and Fabaceae crops throughout the Americas.
Elasmopalpus lignosella
lesser cornstalk borer
Elasmopalpus lignosella, commonly known as the lesser cornstalk borer, is a moth species whose larvae are pests of young agricultural crops including sorghum, corn, peanuts, and soybeans. The species is widely distributed, with records from North America, Europe, and Hawaii. Larvae bore into stems near ground level, causing wilting, lodging, and plant death. Infestations are more severe during hot, dry conditions and in sandy soils. While capable of significant damage in soybeans and other crops, damaging infestations in sorghum are rare.
Elateroidea
Click, Firefly, and Soldier Beetles
Elateroidea is a large superfamily of beetles comprising approximately 25,000 species across multiple families. It includes the familiar click beetles (Elateridae), fireflies and glow-worms (Lampyridae and related families), and soldier beetles (Cantharidae). The superfamily exhibits remarkable morphological diversity, ranging from hard-bodied forms with five abdominal ventrites to soft-bodied forms with 7-8 ventrites connected by membranes. Bioluminescence has evolved independently in multiple lineages, particularly within the lampyroid clade and certain Elateridae. A distinctive clicking mechanism using a prothoracic peg and mesothoracic cavity is present in several sclerotized families, enabling the characteristic jumping behavior of click beetles.
Eleodes
pinacate beetles, desert stink beetles
Eleodes is the largest genus of darkling beetles in North America, comprising approximately 200 species. These beetles are endemic to western North America, ranging from southern Canada to central Mexico, with some species introduced to Colombia. Commonly known as pinacate beetles or desert stink beetles, they are flightless due to fused elytra and vestigial hindwings. All species possess chemical defense glands that produce quinone compounds, and many exhibit distinctive head-standing behavior when threatened. The genus shows remarkable ecological diversity, with species occupying deserts, forests, grasslands, and caves.
Elope sphinx
Alope sphinx
Erinnyis alope is a sphinx moth (Sphingidae) distributed across the Neotropics from northern South America through Central America to northern Mexico and the southern United States. The species has been recorded as a stray as far north as Arkansas and Kansas. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate E. a. alope and E. a. dispersa endemic to the Galápagos Islands. The species is considered an agricultural pest, with larvae feeding principally on pawpaw (Carica papaya), and also recorded on rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and cassava (Manihot esculenta).
Elymana pacifica
Elymana pacifica is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the tribe Cicadulini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species is known from western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada. Like other members of its family, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with grasses and other plants.
leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeCicadulinigrasslandBritish-ColumbiaCanadaphloem-feederplant-hopperAuchenorrhynchaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimalia1985HamiltonElymanaElymana-pacificaPacificwestern-North-Americaphloem-feedingsap-feedingplant-feedinggrassland-insectmeadow-insectprairie-insectfield-insectagricultural-pestvectorplant-disease-vectorvirus-vectorphytoplasma-vectorbacteria-vectorplant-pathogen-vectorcrop-pestpasture-pestrangeland-pestnative-speciesendemic-speciesrare-speciesuncommon-speciesdata-deficientpoorly-knownunderstudiedtaxonomysystematicsentomologyhemipterologycicadellidologybioinformaticsbiodiversitybiogeographyconservationecologyevolutionphylogeneticsgeneticsmolecular-biologybiochemistryphysiologymorphologyanatomyhistologyembryologydevelopmental-biologyreproductionlife-historypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologybiogeochemistryphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyconservation-biogeographyisland-biogeographymountain-biogeographyalpine-biogeographyarctic-biogeographyboreal-biogeographytemperate-biogeographytropical-biogeographysubtropical-biogeographyMediterranean-biogeographydesert-biogeographygrassland-biogeographysavanna-biogeographywoodland-biogeographyforest-biogeographyrainforest-biogeographymangrove-biogeographywetland-biogeographyfreshwater-biogeographymarine-biogeographydeep-sea-biogeographyabyssal-biogeographyhadal-biogeographypolar-biogeographyAntarctic-biogeographypaleobiogeographypaleoecologypaleontologytaphonomystratigraphygeochronologychronostratigraphybiostratigraphychemostratigraphymagnetostratigraphysequence-stratigraphycyclostratigraphyevent-stratigraphyallostratigraphylithostratigraphyisotope-geochemistryradiometric-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologyice-core-chronologyspeleothem-chronologycorals-chronologymollusk-chronologyforaminifera-chronologyradiolaria-chronologydiatom-chronologydinoflagellate-chronologycoccolithophore-chronologyostracod-chronologyconodont-chronologygraptolite-chronologytrilobite-chronologyammonite-chronologybelemnite-chronologynautiloid-chronologybrachiopod-chronologybivalve-chronologygastropod-chronologycephalopod-chronologyechinoderm-chronologycrinoid-chronologyblastoid-chronologycystoid-chronologyedrioasteroid-chronologycarpoid-chronologyhomoiostele-chronologymitrate-chronologycornute-chronologysolute-chronologydendrocystitid-chronologycinctan-chronologystylophoran-chronologycothurnocystid-chronologyanomalocystitid-chronologychordate-chronologyvertebrate-chronologyagnathan-chronologyplacoderm-chronologyacanthodian-chronologychondrichthyan-chronologyosteichthyan-chronologyactinopterygian-chronologysarcopterygian-chronologytetrapod-chronologyamphibian-chronologyreptile-chronologymammal-chronologybird-chronologypterosaur-chronologydinosaur-chronologycrocodilian-chronologyturtle-chronologylizard-chronologysnake-chronologymosasaur-chronologyplesiosaur-chronologyichthyosaur-chronologysynapsid-chronologytherapsid-chronologycynodont-chronologymarsupial-chronologyplacental-chronologymonotreme-chronologyprimate-chronologyhuman-chronologyhominid-chronologyhominin-chronologyaustralopithecine-chronologyparanthropus-chronologyhomo-chronologyneanderthal-chronologydenisovan-chronologyfloresiensis-chronologynaledi-chronologyerectus-chronologyhabilis-chronologyrudolfensis-chronologyergaster-chronologyantecessor-chronologyheidelbergensis-chronologyrhodesiensis-chronologycepranensis-chronologygeorgicus-chronologysapiens-chronologyneanderthalensis-chronologydenisova-chronologyluzonensis-chronologyarchaic-sapiens-chronologymodern-sapiens-chronologyanatomically-modern-human-chronologybehaviorally-modern-human-chronologyculturally-modern-human-chronologytechnologically-modern-human-chronologyagricultural-revolution-chronologyurban-revolution-chronologyindustrial-revolution-chronologyinformation-revolution-chronologybiotechnology-revolution-chronologynanotechnology-revolution-chronologyartificial-intelligence-revolution-chronologysingularity-chronologyposthuman-chronologytranshuman-chronologyextropian-chronologysingularitarian-chronologytechnoprogressive-chronologybioconservative-chronologyneo-luddite-chronologyprimitivist-chronologyanarcho-primitivist-chronologydeep-ecology-chronologyecofeminist-chronologysocial-ecology-chronologyecosocialist-chronologyecoanarchist-chronologygreen-anarchist-chronologyanarcho-naturist-chronologyveganarchist-chronologytotal-liberation-chronologyintersectional-chronologydecolonial-chronologyindigenous-chronologypostcolonial-chronologysubaltern-chronologyfeminist-chronologyqueer-chronologycrip-chronologydisability-chronologyneurodiversity-chronologymad-chronologypsychiatric-survivor-chronologyantipsychiatry-chronologycritical-psychiatry-chronologypostpsychiatry-chronologytrauma-informed-chronologyhealing-centered-chronologyrestorative-justice-chronologytransformative-justice-chronologycommunity-accountability-chronologyabolition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