Stonefly
Guides
Isoperlinae
Stripetail Stoneflies, Springflies
Isoperlinae is a subfamily of stoneflies in the family Perlodidae, distributed across the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Members are commonly known as stripetails or springflies. The subfamily includes approximately 12 genera, with Isoperla being the most speciose and well-known. These stoneflies are aquatic insects whose nymphs inhabit running waters.
Kathroperla takhoma
Slenderhead Sallfly
Kathroperla takhoma is a species of stonefly in the family Kathroperlidae, commonly known as the slenderhead sallfly. It was described by Stark & Surdick in 1987. The species is part of the green stonefly group within the order Plecoptera. It has been documented in western North America, with records from California and Washington.
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
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nchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteranLeuctra duplicata
Atlantic Needlefly
Leuctra duplicata, known as the Atlantic needlefly, is a rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. It is a univoltine species with a life cycle adapted to intermittent streams. Adults emerge in mid-to-late May over a 3-4 week period. The species has been recorded from northeastern North America, with notable rarity in some parts of its range.
Leuctra ferruginea
Eastern Needlefly
Leuctra ferruginea, commonly known as the eastern needlefly, is a species of rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. It is found in North America, with distribution records from the eastern and southeastern United States including Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee. As a member of the order Plecoptera, it is associated with aquatic habitats during its immature stages.
Leuctra laura
Hampshire needlefly
Leuctra laura, commonly known as the Hampshire needlefly, is a species of rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. It was described by Hitchcock in 1969. The species is known from the northeastern United States, specifically New Hampshire and Vermont. As a member of Plecoptera, it is an aquatic insect whose immature stages develop in freshwater environments.
Leuctra truncata
Truncate Needlefly
Leuctra truncata, known as the truncate needlefly, is a species of rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. The species was described by Claassen in 1923 and is distributed in eastern North America, with records from Connecticut, Maine, Newfoundland, New York, and Pennsylvania. As a member of Plecoptera, it has aquatic immature stages and terrestrial adults.
Leuctra variabilis
variable needlefly
Leuctra variabilis, known as the variable needlefly, is a species of rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. It was described by Hanson in 1941. The species is found in eastern North America, with records from Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Hampshire, and New Jersey.
Leuctrinae
Leuctrinae is a subfamily of stoneflies (order Plecoptera) within the family Leuctridae. Members of this group are small to medium-sized stoneflies commonly known as 'rolled-winged stoneflies' due to their distinctive wing posture at rest. The subfamily was established by Klapálek in 1905 and represents one of the major lineages within the Nemouroidea superfamily. Leuctrinae species are primarily associated with cool, clean running waters and are widely distributed across the Holarctic region.
Malenka
Malenka is a genus of small stoneflies in the family Nemouridae, first described by Ricker in 1952. These insects belong to the suborder Arctoperlaria and are part of the diverse stonefly fauna of North America. Members of this genus are associated with freshwater habitats and are characterized by features typical of the Nemouridae family.
Malirekus hastatus
Brook Springfly
Malirekus hastatus, commonly known as the brook springfly, is a species of stonefly in the family Perlodidae. First described by Banks in 1920 under the name Isogenus hastatus, this species is native to eastern North America. It belongs to the order Plecoptera, a group of aquatic insects commonly known as stoneflies or springflies.
Malirekus iroquois
Iroquois Springfly
Malirekus iroquois is a species of springfly in the family Perlodidae, described by Stark and Szczytko in 1988. It belongs to the order Plecoptera, an ancient group of aquatic insects commonly known as stoneflies or springflies. The species is known from a limited number of observations and has a documented distribution in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.
Megaleuctra
needleflies
Megaleuctra is a genus of rolled-winged stoneflies in the family Leuctridae, established by Neave in 1934. The genus comprises approximately seven described species, including the Pacific needlefly (M. complicata). Species are distributed across western North America and Korea. The genus belongs to the subfamily Megaleuctrinae within the Leuctridae family.
Megarcys subtruncata
Truncate Springfly
Megarcys subtruncata, commonly known as the truncate springfly, is a stonefly species in the family Perlodidae. It was described by Hanson in 1942. The species occurs in western North America, with documented records from British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada. It belongs to a genus of predatory stoneflies typically associated with cold, well-oxygenated streams.
Nemoura trispinosa
Nemoura trispinosa is a stonefly species described by Claassen in 1923, currently treated as a synonym of Nemoura arctica. It belongs to the family Nemouridae, a group of small, generally cold-adapted stoneflies. The species was described from North American material and has been recorded across boreal and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. As a synonym, its biological characteristics are subsumed under the senior name Nemoura arctica.
Neoperla clymene
Coastal Stone
Neoperla clymene, commonly known as the coastal stone, is a stonefly species in the family Perlidae. It occurs in eastern North America, with documented records from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, and Indiana. Like other perlid stoneflies, it inhabits freshwater environments where its larvae develop.
Neoperla coosa
Coosa stone
Neoperla coosa, commonly known as the Coosa stone, is a species of common stonefly in the family Perlidae. It was described by Smith & Stark in 1998. The species is found in North America, with distribution records from Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, North Carolina, and New York. As a member of the Perlidae family, it belongs to a group of predatory stoneflies often associated with clean, flowing freshwater habitats.
Oemopteryx
winter stoneflies, willowflies
Oemopteryx is a genus of winter stoneflies in the family Taeniopterygidae, established by Klapálek in 1902. The genus comprises approximately six described species distributed primarily in the Nearctic region, with some records from Europe. Species are commonly known as willowflies, including the dark willowfly (O. contorta) and Canadian willowfly (O. glacialis). Recent taxonomic work has described additional Nearctic species from the southeastern United States using integrated morphological and molecular data.
Oroperla
Oroperla is a genus of stoneflies in the family Perlodidae, established by Needham in 1933. Members of this genus are classified within the tribe Arcynopterygini and are part of the diverse Systellognatha infraorder. The genus is documented from western North America, specifically California and Nevada. As a perlodid stonefly, it likely inhabits cool, flowing freshwater systems typical of the family.
Oroperla barbara
Gilltail Springfly
Oroperla barbara is a stonefly species in the family Perlodidae, first described by Needham in 1933. It is commonly known as the Gilltail Springfly. The species is recorded from California and Nevada in western North America. As a member of the order Plecoptera, it belongs to an ancient group of aquatic insects with gilled immature stages and terrestrial adults.
Osobenus
Osobenus is a genus of stoneflies in the family Perlodidae, first described by Ricker in 1952. The genus belongs to the tribe Diploperlini within the subfamily Perlodinae. Species in this genus are found in western North America, with records from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California.
Osobenus yakimae
Yakima Springfly
Osobenus yakimae is a species of stonefly in the family Perlodidae, commonly known as the Yakima Springfly. It is distributed across the Pacific Northwest of North America, with records from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. As a member of the order Plecoptera, it is an aquatic insect with nymphal stages developing in freshwater habitats. The species was first described by Hoppe in 1938.
Ostrocerca albidipennis
white-tailed forestfly, whitetailed forestfly
Ostrocerca albidipennis, commonly called the white-tailed forestfly, is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. It was originally described as Nemoura albidipennis by Walker in 1852. The species is found in eastern North America, with records from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Maryland. As a member of the Nemouridae family, it belongs to the group of small stoneflies commonly known as forestflies.
Ostrocerca complexa
Notched Forestfly
Ostrocerca complexa, commonly known as the notched forestfly, is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. First described by Claassen in 1937 as Nemoura complexa, it is now placed in the genus Ostrocerca. It occurs in eastern North America, with documented records from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.
Paracapnia humboldta
Redwood Snowfly
Paracapnia humboldta is a species of small winter stonefly in the family Capniidae, described from California in 2007. It belongs to a genus of snowflies that are active during cold months. The species epithet references Humboldt County, where the type specimen was collected. It is one of the more recently described members of this genus in western North America.
Paracapnia opis
Northeastern Snowfly
Paracapnia opis, the northeastern snowfly, is a small winter stonefly in the family Capniidae. It was the first species described in the genus Paracapnia, established by Edward Newman in 1839. The species is found in North America, with records from the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. It is synonymous with Paracapnia curvata, described by Hanson in 1946.
Paragnetina media
embossed stonefly, Embossed Stone
Paragnetina media, commonly known as the embossed stonefly, is a predaceous stonefly species in the family Perlidae. It is found in North America, with documented populations in Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, and Indiana. The species has been studied for its sensory morphology, particularly the distribution of sensilla on mouthparts and antennae, and its ecological responses to habitat variables including current speed and substrate composition.
Paraleuctra sara
Appalachian needlefly
Paraleuctra sara, commonly known as the Appalachian needlefly, is a species of rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. It was first described by Claassen in 1937. The species is found in eastern North America, with documented records from Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, and Indiana. As a member of the Leuctridae family, it belongs to a group of stoneflies characterized by their distinctive wing posture at rest.
Paraleuctra vershina
summit needlefly
Paraleuctra vershina, commonly known as the summit needlefly, is a species of rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. It was described by Gaufin & Ricker in 1974. The species is distributed across western North America, with records from Alaska through western Canada to California and Colorado. As a member of the Leuctridae, it is characterized by wings that roll tightly around the body when at rest.
Paranemoura
Paranemoura is a genus of spring stoneflies in the family Nemouridae, established by Needham & Claassen in 1925. The genus contains at least two described species: P. claasseni (1996) and P. perfecta (1852), the latter commonly known as the spotted forestfly. As members of the order Plecoptera, these insects are aquatic during their immature stages and terrestrial as adults.
Paraperla
green stoneflies
Paraperla is a genus of green stoneflies in the family Chloroperlidae, established by Banks in 1906. It contains at least two described species: P. frontalis (the hyporheic sallfly) and P. wilsoni. The genus belongs to the subfamily Paraperlinae and is characterized by its association with subterranean or hyporheic aquatic habitats. These stoneflies are part of the Arctoperlaria, a suborder of Plecoptera found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere.
Peltoperla
Peltoperla is a genus of stoneflies in the family Peltoperlidae, found in Appalachian headwater streams of eastern North America. Species in this genus have semivoltine life cycles, typically developing over two years with egg diapause periods of approximately six months. Nymphs are strongly associated with leaf pack habitats in small forested streams. The genus exhibits 'leaky' cohort dynamics, where some individuals complete development in one year while others take two years, resulting in overlapping generations and high gene flow among cohorts.
Perlesta nitida
Tiny Stone
Perlesta nitida, commonly known as the tiny stone, is a species of stonefly in the family Perlidae. It was described by Banks in 1948. This species belongs to the order Plecoptera, a group of aquatic insects commonly known as stoneflies. The common name "tiny stone" reflects its small size relative to other stoneflies in the family.
Perlinella drymo
Striped Stone
Perlinella drymo, commonly known as the striped stone, is a stonefly species in the family Perlidae. It was first described by Newman in 1839 under the basionym Isogenus drymo. The species is distributed across eastern North America, with records from Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, and other states. As a member of Perlidae, it belongs to a family of predatory stoneflies commonly referred to as common stoneflies.
Perlinella ephyre
Vernal Stone
Perlinella ephyre, commonly known as the vernal stone, is a species of common stonefly in the family Perlidae. It is found in North America, with records from the northeastern United States and several southeastern states including Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, and Georgia. As a member of Perlidae, it is likely a predatory stonefly, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Perlinodes
Perlinodes is a genus of stoneflies in the family Perlodidae. It was established by Needham and Claassen in 1925 and is classified within the tribe Arcynopterygini. The genus is found in western North America, with records from Alberta and several western U.S. states. Like other perlodid stoneflies, members of this genus are aquatic as nymphs and terrestrial as adults.
Perlinodes aurea
Perlinodes aurea is a species of stonefly in the family Perlodidae. The genus Perlinodes is part of the subfamily Isoperlinae, a group of predatory stoneflies characterized by their streamlined bodies and aquatic larval stages. Like other members of Perlodidae, P. aurea has a life cycle tied to clean, well-oxygenated freshwater habitats. Adult stoneflies are generally short-lived and do not feed, focusing instead on reproduction. The specific epithet "aurea" (golden) likely refers to coloration characteristics of the species.
Perlodini
Perlodini is a tribe of stoneflies (order Plecoptera) within the family Perlodidae, established by Klapálek in 1909. The tribe comprises more than 80 described species distributed across the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Perlodini belongs to the subfamily Perlodinae and represents a well-defined lineage within the systellognathan stoneflies, though specific ecological traits of the tribe as a whole remain incompletely documented.
Perloidea
common stoneflies, perloid stoneflies
Perloidea is a superfamily of stoneflies within the suborder Arctoperlaria, characterized by well-developed mouthparts adapted for predation or omnivory. Members are primarily found in the Northern Hemisphere. The superfamily includes several families of medium to large-sized stoneflies with diverse ecological roles in freshwater ecosystems.
Prostoia
Prostoia is a genus of spring stoneflies in the family Nemouridae, established by Ricker in 1952. The genus contains five described species distributed across North America. Two species have common names: Prostoia completa (central forestfly) and Prostoia similis (longhorn forestfly). Members of this genus are part of the Nemourinae subfamily within the Nemouridae family of stoneflies.
Prostoia completa
central forestfly
Prostoia completa, known as the central forestfly, is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. It has been recorded from scattered localities in the eastern and central United States. As a member of the Nemouridae, it belongs to a family of small, cold-adapted stoneflies often associated with forested streams. The species was originally described as Nemoura completa by Walker in 1852.
Prostoia similis
Longhorn Forestfly
Prostoia similis, commonly known as the longhorn forestfly, is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. It is found in North America, with records from states including Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. As a member of the order Plecoptera, it belongs to an ancient group of aquatic insects whose nymphs typically inhabit cool, clean streams.
Pteronarcella badia
Least Salmonfly
Pteronarcella badia, commonly known as the least salmonfly, is a stonefly species in the family Pteronarcyidae found in western North America. It is one of two species in the genus Pteronarcella. The species occupies mid-elevation mountain streams and exhibits complex population genetic structure with six deeply divergent clades across its range. Adults are capable of overland flight, which serves as an important dispersal mechanism between drainage systems.
Pteronarcys
Giant Stoneflies, Salmonflies
Pteronarcys is a genus of giant stoneflies in the family Pteronarcyidae, commonly known as salmonflies. The genus comprises approximately 8 described species distributed across North America and Far Eastern Russia. These are among the largest stoneflies, with nymphs reaching substantial sizes in lotic freshwater habitats. Life cycles are notably long, ranging from 1 to 5 years depending on species and thermal conditions, with multiple larval diapause stages and temperature-dependent egg development documented in several species.
Pteronarcys californica
giant salmonfly, salmonfly, California giant stonefly
Pteronarcys californica, commonly called the giant salmonfly, is among the largest stoneflies in North America. The nymphal stage lasts 3–4 years in cold, well-oxygenated rivers, after which adults emerge in synchronized mass events during late spring to early summer. Adults are strikingly colored with bright orange abdomens, leg joints, and thorax segments, and carry egg masses resembling clusters of salmon roe. The species serves as a critical food source for salmonid fishes and is highly valued by fly anglers, making it both ecologically and culturally significant across western North American river systems.
Pteronarcys pictetii
Midwestern Salmonfly
Pteronarcys pictetii, commonly known as the midwestern salmonfly, is a species of giant stonefly in the family Pteronarcyidae. It is one of the largest stoneflies in North America. The species is found primarily in the central United States. Like other members of its family, it has aquatic nymphs and terrestrial adults.
Pteronarcys princeps
Ebony Salmonfly
Pteronarcys princeps, commonly known as the ebony salmonfly, is a species of giant stonefly in the family Pteronarcyidae. It is among the largest stonefly species in North America. The species is found in the western United States and southwestern Canada, with records from British Columbia, California, Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon. As a member of the Pteronarcyidae, it belongs to a primitive family of stoneflies whose larvae are aquatic and typically require well-oxygenated, cold-water habitats.
Pteronarcys proteus
Appalachian Salmonfly
Pteronarcys proteus, commonly known as the Appalachian salmonfly, is a giant stonefly in the family Pteronarcyidae. It is among the largest stonefly species in North America. Adults are known for their distinctive appearance and are most frequently encountered near clean, fast-flowing streams. The species has been documented in the eastern United States, with records from Kentucky through New England.
Rickera sorpta
Palestripe Springfly
Rickera sorpta is a stonefly species in the family Perlodidae, known by the common name Palestripe Springfly. It is distributed across the western United States, with records from California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. As a member of the order Plecoptera, it is associated with freshwater habitats and likely exhibits the aquatic larval and terrestrial adult life history typical of stoneflies.
Salmoperla
Salmoperla is a genus of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the family Perlodidae, tribe Arcynopterygini. Described in 1987 by Baumann and Lauck, this genus is known from California. As a member of the Systellognatha, Salmoperla belongs to a group of predatory stoneflies characterized by specialized mouthpart adaptations.