Parasitoid
Guides
Ligyra gazophylax
Ligyra gazophylax is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae, originally described by Loew in 1869. The species has been reclassified under the genus Nyia in some taxonomic treatments, reflecting ongoing revision within the family. Bee flies in this group are characterized by their parasitoid life history and distinctive adult morphology.
Limerodops
Limerodops is a genus of ichneumon wasps established by Heinrich in 1949. The genus comprises approximately five described species distributed across northern Europe. These wasps belong to the family Ichneumonidae, a large group of parasitoid wasps.
Limnia
Limnia is a genus of flies in the family Sciomyzidae (marsh flies or snail-killing flies). Species are malacophagous, with larvae that parasitize or prey upon pulmonate snails. The genus occurs across the West-Palearctic region, with some species extending into Asia. Larvae typically develop through three instars, with early instars acting as parasitoids and later instars becoming predators or scavengers.
Limonethe maurator
Limonethe maurator is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It is one of many ichneumon wasp species documented in North American urban and suburban environments. The species has been recorded in the central United States, including Kansas. Like other ichneumon wasps, females possess a visible ovipositor used for laying eggs.
Linnaemya
Linnaemya is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising approximately 130 described species distributed across three recognized subgenera: Homoeonychia, Linnaemya (sensu stricto), and Ophina. Species are predominantly parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, particularly Noctuidae (owlet moths), with some records from other host groups. The genus exhibits a broad geographic range spanning the Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, and Nearctic regions. Several species have been subjects of genomic sequencing due to their ecological significance as biological control agents.
Linycus
Linycus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Cameron in 1903. These wasps are known to parasitize hosts in the moth family Geometridae. The genus contains at least four described species distributed across Europe, North America, and Japan.
Linycus exhortator thoracicus
Linycus exhortator thoracicus is a subspecies of ichneumonid wasp in the genus Linycus. It is an endoparasitoid, with females laying eggs in host insects using their prominent ovipositors. The subspecies has been documented in northern Europe, including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Like other members of the genus Linycus, it likely targets beetle larvae as hosts.
Liopteridae
Liopteridae is a family of parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Cynipoidea, comprising approximately 140 species across 10 genera. Members are primarily larval parasitoids of wood-boring beetles, with the first definitive host record confirming Paramblynotus koreanus as a parasitoid of the weevil Carcilia strigicollis. The family exhibits worldwide distribution with notable concentrations in the African Tropics and is associated with broadleaf forest habitats.
Lispixys
Lispixys is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described by Mason in 1969. It belongs to the diverse ichneumonoid wasp superfamily, which contains thousands of species that parasitize other insects. The genus is part of the subfamily Opiinae based on morphological characteristics, though this placement has been subject to taxonomic revision. Very few species have been described, and the group remains poorly known biologically.
Lissonota
Lissonota is a large genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, comprising at least 390 described species. Members of this genus are parasitoids, with documented species attacking lepidopteran pests of agricultural crops including pistachio and maguey. The genus has been recorded across Europe, Mexico, and Turkey, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Lissonota scutellaris
Lissonota scutellaris is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, described by Cresson in 1870. The species is known from scattered records across western Canada, including Alberta and Manitoba. As with other members of the genus Lissonota, this species is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain undocumented.
Listrognathus
Listrognathus is a genus of ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) first described by Tschek in 1871. The genus contains parasitoid species that attack other hymenopterans. Listrognathus mactator has been documented as a parasitoid of sawflies in the family Cimbicidae.
Litus
Litus is a genus of fairyflies (Mymaridae), a family of minute parasitoid wasps. The genus was established by Haliday in 1833. Species in this genus are egg parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented for most taxa. A review by Triapitsyn and Berezovskiy in 2004 examined the genus across the Holarctic and Oriental regions.
Lixophaga
Lixophaga is a genus of tachinid flies in the tribe Blondeliini. Species in this genus are parasitoids, primarily attacking lepidopteran hosts including stem borers in the genus Diatraea and other moth larvae. The genus has been recorded from the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific, with some species studied for biological control potential against agricultural pests. Lixophaga diatraeae has been particularly well-studied as a parasitoid of sugarcane borers.
Loewia
Loewia is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising parasitoid species that attack centipedes. The genus includes Loewia foeda, a European species established in North America that parasitizes centipedes in the genus Lithobius. Tachinid flies in this genus are internal parasitoids of myriapods.
Loewia foeda
Loewia foeda is a tachinid fly native to Europe that was first recorded in North America in 1972 from two localities in New York State, where it has become established. The species is a parasitoid of centipedes in the genus Lithobius. Adults have been redescribed and figured based on specimens from the introduced North American population.
Lomachaeta
Lomachaeta is a genus of velvet ants (Mutillidae) established by Mickel in 1936. The genus includes species distributed across western North America, Mexico, Central America, and South America. A 2004 revision described six new species and consolidated several previously described species under L. hicksi. Host data have been recorded for at least some species, indicating parasitoid relationships with other insects.
Lomachaeta cirrhomeris
Lomachaeta cirrhomeris is a species of velvet ant (Mutillidae) described in 2004 from the southwestern United States. It is one of six new species described in a taxonomic revision of the genus Lomachaeta. As with other mutillids, it is likely a solitary wasp with wingless females. Available information is limited to the original taxonomic description.
Lomachaeta hicksi
A species of velvet ant (Mutillidae) in the genus Lomachaeta, originally described by Mickel in 1936. The species was taxonomically consolidated in a 2004 revision, which established six junior synonyms under L. hicksi based on page priority. As a member of Mutillidae, it is a parasitoid wasp. The species is known from the southwestern United States and adjacent regions, with new distributional data reported in the revision.
Lonchodryinus
Lonchodryinus is a genus of wasps in the family Dryinidae (Hymenoptera), established by Kieffer in 1905. Species in this genus are distributed across the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, with documented occurrences in North America, Japan, and northern Europe including Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The genus is taxonomically characterized by specific morphological traits of the head and scutum sculpture, with recent taxonomic revisions clarifying Nearctic species boundaries and the first description of the female of L. woodi from Norway.
Lopholeucaspis japonica
Japanese maple scale
Lopholeucaspis japonica is an invasive scale insect in the family Diaspididae, first described by Cockerell in 1897. Native to Asia, it has established populations across multiple continents including North America, Europe, and Australia. The species feeds on woody plants and has been documented on diverse hosts including crapemyrtle, pomegranate, citrus, and various ornamental shrubs. Its invasion has prompted detection efforts and biological control research, particularly regarding associated parasitoid wasps.
Lordotus planus
Lordotus planus is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae, first described by Osten Sacken in 1877. It belongs to the subfamily Lordotinae and tribe Lordotini. The genus Lordotus comprises bee flies characterized by their distinctive morphological features. Limited information exists on the specific biology and ecology of this species, though it shares the general life history traits of Bombyliidae, including parasitoid larval development and adult nectar-feeding behavior.
Lordotus pulchrissimus
desert bee fly
Lordotus pulchrissimus is a bee fly in the family Bombyliidae, commonly known as the desert bee fly. Males and females exhibit strong sexual dimorphism in size, fur density, and coloration—females are smaller (2–14 mm), more densely furred, and display brighter orange-yellow tones that fade rapidly with age, while males are larger (8–16 mm), less hairy, and possess black markings on the femora. The species is notable for the daily aerial swarming behavior of males, which form aggregations over stabilized dunes for reasons that remain unclear; this behavior is energetically costly and occurs independently of female presence or resource density. Adults feed primarily on nectar from desert brush, particularly rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), and serve as pollinators. Larvae are parasitoids, though specific host insects remain unidentified.
Lordotus zona
Lordotus zona is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae, first described by Coquillett in 1887. The genus Lordotus belongs to the subfamily Lordotinae, a group of bee flies characterized by distinctive morphological features. Records of this species are relatively sparse, with limited observational data available through community science platforms. The species epithet 'zona' likely refers to banded or zoned coloration patterns.
Loxaulus maculipennis
Loxaulus maculipennis is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Encyrtidae, a group of chalcid wasps widely used in biological control programs. The species is documented in the University of California, Riverside (UCR) Encyrtidae collection, one of the largest and most important collections of this family globally. Like other encyrtids, it is likely a parasitoid of scale insects or other hemipteran pests, though specific host records for this species are not detailed in available sources.
Loxodocus palloranus
Loxodocus palloranus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, described by Davis in 1895. It belongs to a small genus within one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. The species is poorly documented in contemporary literature, with minimal observational records available.
Lucilia bufonivora
toadfly
Lucilia bufonivora, commonly known as the toadfly, is a blow fly whose larvae are obligate parasitoids of amphibians. Adults feed on pollen and nectar. The species was historically considered Palearctic but is now established in North America, where it causes myiasis in anurans. Larvae typically enter through the nostrils of toads, eventually consuming eyes, brain, and other tissues, leading to host death.
Lycorina
Lycorina is the sole genus of the monotypic subfamily Lycorininae, a group of ichneumon wasps containing approximately 30 species. These wasps are koinobiont parasitoids of larval Lepidoptera that inhabit leaf rolls. The genus has a worldwide distribution with documented species in the Afrotropical, Palearctic, and Nearctic regions. Historically, Lycorininae was treated as part of the subfamily Banchinae in older taxonomic literature.
Lycorina scitula
Lycorina scitula is a species of ichneumonid wasp in the genus Lycorina, first described by Cresson in 1870. It belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. The genus Lycorina is part of the diverse ichneumonid fauna of North America. Very little specific information is available about the biology or ecology of this particular species.
Lydina
Lydina is a genus of tachinid flies established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. The genus contains six recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region, including Europe, North America, and East Asia. Members of this genus are parasitoid flies, a characteristic trait of the family Tachinidae.
Lydina americana
Lydina americana is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae. It is native to North America, with recorded presence in Canada and the United States. As a tachinid fly, it is presumably parasitoid in its larval stage, though specific host relationships for this species have not been documented in available sources. The species was originally described as Tryphera americana by Townsend in 1892.
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
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Lymeon is a large genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Gelinae (tribe Cryptini), containing at least 80 described species with a predominantly Neotropical distribution. The genus is characterized by females that parasitize small cocoons of various insect groups and spider egg-sacs. A taxonomic review recognized 33 North American species, with 28 species recorded from Mexico alone. One documented host association involves a Lymeon species attacking egg-sacs of the orb-weaver spider Araneus vincibilis in Northeastern Brazil, where larvae consumed approximately 80% of spider eggs despite maternal guarding.
Lymeon orbus
Lymeon orbus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1835. It is known from the Eastern United States. As a member of the large and diverse ichneumonid family, it is presumed to be a parasitoid wasp, though specific host associations and detailed biology remain poorly documented. The genus Lymeon contains multiple species, with L. orbus being among the earlier described members.
Lymeonina
Lymeonina is a subtribe of parasitoid wasps within the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Campopleginae. Members of this subtribe are characterized by their role as parasitoids of other insects, though specific host associations remain incompletely documented. The subtribe was established based on morphological features of the ovipositor and wing venation. Lymeonina includes the genus Lymeon, which contains numerous described species distributed across multiple continents.
Lypha
Lypha is a genus of tachinid flies comprising approximately 30 described species distributed across multiple continents. The genus was established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. Species have been recorded from North America, South America, Africa, and Europe. At least one species, Lypha dubia, has been documented as a parasitoid host for trypanosomatid parasites.
Lyrcus nigroaeneus
Lyrcus nigroaeneus is a parasitic wasp in the family Pteromalidae, originally described by Ashmead in 1894. It was transferred from the genus Zatropis to Lyrcus in 2013 as part of a comprehensive taxonomic revision that redefined the boundaries of several related pteromalid genera. The species name 'nigroaeneus' refers to its black-bronze coloration. No specific biological data have been published for this species.
Lyroda
square-headed wasps, cricket hunters
Lyroda is a genus of solitary, square-headed wasps in the family Crabronidae. The genus contains at least 26 described species, with most diversity occurring in Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America; one species, L. subita, is widespread in North America. Females are specialized hunters of crickets and related orthopterans, provisioning underground nests with paralyzed prey for their larvae.
Lyroda subita
square-headed wasp, cricket hunter
Lyroda subita is a solitary, medium-sized square-headed wasp in the family Crabronidae. Females construct underground nests and provision them with paralyzed crickets as food for their larvae. The species is distinguished from similar genera by its large arolia (tarsal foot pads) and three functional ocelli. It occurs across much of North America and has been documented using both typical cricket hosts and, in at least one case, pygmy mole crickets.
Lysibia
Lysibia is a genus of hyperparasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The best-studied species, Lysibia nana, is a solitary secondary idiobiont hyperparasitoid that attacks pre-pupae and pupae of gregarious braconid parasitoids in the genus Cotesia, particularly C. glomerata. These wasps are winged, synovigenic (emerging without mature eggs), and do not host-feed as adults. They locate hosts using chemical cues including kairomones from the primary parasitoid and herbivore-induced plant volatiles. The genus is part of the overwintering Apanteles-Tetrastichus-Lysibia complex associated with pierid butterfly hosts.
Lysibia mandibularis
Lysibia mandibularis is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Provancher in 1875. The species epithet "mandibularis" suggests distinctive mandibular characteristics. It belongs to the genus Lysibia, a group of parasitoid wasps within the diverse Ichneumonidae family, one of the largest families of organisms with over 25,000 described species worldwide. The genus Lysibia is relatively small and poorly studied compared to many other ichneumonid genera.
Lysiphlebus
Lysiphlebus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Aphidiinae. Species in this genus are endoparasitoids of aphids, with females laying eggs inside aphid hosts where larvae develop and eventually emerge from mummified aphid remains. The genus exhibits remarkable reproductive diversity, including both sexual and asexual lineages, with some species capable of facultative sex. Several species, particularly L. testaceipes, are important biological control agents used in integrated pest management programs worldwide.
Lyteba
Lyteba is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Diapriidae, established by Thomson in 1859. Members of this genus are small, slender wasps that are poorly documented in the scientific literature. The genus has been recorded from Scandinavia and Denmark, with limited observational data available.
Lytta nuttalli
Nuttall's blister beetle
Lytta nuttalli is a North American blister beetle in the family Meloidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1824. The specific epithet honors botanist Thomas Nuttall. Adults display brilliant purple and green iridescent coloration. This species is notable for its complex life cycle involving hypermetamorphosis, with larvae developing as parasitoids in the nests of solitary bees. Adults are gregarious feeders on legumes and can occasionally damage agricultural crops. Populations are naturally limited by their dependence on native ground-nesting bees for larval development.
Macrocentrinae
Macrocentrinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitic wasps comprising eight recognized genera. Members are relatively large braconids characterized by small teeth on the trochantellus and often exhibit pale coloration and nocturnal habits. They are solitary or gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars, with documented associations primarily with pyralid moth larvae. Several species have been deployed in biological control programs against agricultural pests.
Macrocentrus
Macrocentrus is a genus of braconid wasps containing at least 180 described species. Species in this genus are parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae and have been studied extensively for biological control applications. Several species, including M. ancylivorus, M. cingulum, and M. grandii, are economically important as natural enemies of agricultural pests such as the oriental fruit moth, European corn borer, and stalk borers.
Macrocentrus nigridorsis
Macrocentrus nigridorsis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, first described by Viereck in 1924. The specific epithet 'nigridorsis' refers to the dark coloration of the dorsal surface. Like other members of the genus Macrocentrus, it is presumed to be a koinobiont endoparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae, though specific host records for this species remain limited. The species is known from few specimens and observations.
Macrocentrus pyraustae
Macrocentrus pyraustae is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, described by Viereck in 1917. The species epithet 'pyraustae' indicates an association with moths in the family Crambidae (formerly Pyralidae), specifically the genus Ostrinia. It is a specialized parasitoid whose larvae develop within host caterpillars.
Macrohomotoma gladiata
Curtain Fig Psyllid
Macrohomotoma gladiata is an invasive Asian psyllid that has established populations across the Mediterranean Basin and California, where it infests ornamental Ficus microcarpa. Nymphs feed on young tissues, producing dense white waxy secretions and honeydew that promotes sooty mould growth and causes twig dieback. The species has a likely bivoltine life cycle with possible partial third generation; young nymphs overwinter under stipules without development, resuming growth in spring. Natural enemies include a Psyllaephagus parasitoid that can achieve high parasitism rates, and the predatory bug Anthocoris nemoralis.
Macromya
Macromya is a genus of tachinid flies comprising approximately five to seven described species. Members are morphologically similar to one another and closely resemble the genus Adejeania, with which they are frequently confused. The genus reaches its highest diversity in the Neotropics but extends into the southern Nearctic region. Like other tachinids, these flies are parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented for most species.