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Euryneura propinqua
Euryneura propinqua is a species of soldier fly in the family Stratiomyidae, described by Schiner in 1868. The species belongs to the subfamily Clitellariinae and has been recorded from the United States, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. Very little is known about its biology or ecology. Soldier flies in this family are typically associated with decaying organic matter and aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats in their larval stages.
soldier-fly Stratiomyidae Diptera Neotropical Nearctic
Eurytides philolaus
Dark Kite-Swallowtail, Dark Zebra Swallowtail
Eurytides philolaus is a swallowtail butterfly in the family Papilionidae, ranging from southern Texas through Mexico and Central America to northern South America. It is characterized by dark wings with reduced pale green markings compared to related species. Adults frequent low-lying areas near rivers, often gathering in groups on sandy banks. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism and female polymorphism, with one form resembling the male and a darker melanistic form.
butterfly swallowtail Neotropical riparian sexual-dimorphism female-polymorphism
Euspilotus azurescens
clown beetle
Euspilotus azurescens is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae, first described by Marseul in 1855. The species exhibits a broad Neotropical distribution spanning from the southern United States through Central America to southern South America. It belongs to a genus characterized by small, often metallic beetles associated with decomposing organic matter.
Histeridae clown-beetle Neotropical saproxylic decomposer
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
Araneidae orb-weaver spider humpbacked myrmecophily ant-plant-mutualism Neotropical Nearctic Eustala-anastera Eustala-oblonga Eustala-illicita web-building predator acacia Pseudomyrmex Panama Brazil Galápagos Simon-1895 arachnology entomology tropical-ecology commensalism ontogeny ballooning overwintering juvenile spider-wasp-prey Caliadurgus-hyalinatus host-parasitoid-interactions third-party-exploitation mutualism-exploitation cryptic-coloration nocturnal-foraging diurnal-hiding-behavior thorn-defense orb-web-architecture sawtoothed-web population-ecology substrate-selection spatial-distribution species-diversity endemic-species taxonomic-revision nomen-dubium genitalic-morphology microscopy-identification temperate-North-America Central-America South-America Caribbean Pacific-islands conservation-biology climate-change-vulnerability phenology-disruption winter-activity spring-emergence forest-understory dry-forest moist-forest riparian grassland scrub edge-habitat woodland parkland urban-adapted generalist-predator specialist-predator ant-alate-predation herbivore-interception ecosystem-service biological-control natural-history field-identification cryptic-species-complex sexual-dimorphism wingless-female-moths ballooning-dispersal silk-production web-ontogeny instar-development overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness metabolic-suppression diapause voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine seasonal-polyphenism color-morph pattern-polymorphism habitat-specificity host-plant-specificity ant-colony-integration alarm-pheromone-avoidance sting-avoidance predator-avoidance bird-predation lizard-predation wasp-predation assassin-bug-predation stink-bug-predation defensive-behavior thanatosis camouflage masquerade mimicry aggressive-mimicry foraging-ecology prey-capture web-maintenance web-repair silk-recycling energetics reproductive-output fecundity egg-sac-construction maternal-care male-searching-behavior mate-location pheromone-communication vibratory-communication visual-signaling territoriality web-site-fidelity web-site-tenacity dispersal-behavior colonization-ability range-expansion invasive-potential non-native-species introduced-species synanthropic agricultural-landscape orchard vineyard forest-plantation conservation-status data-deficient IUCN CITES protected-area national-park soberania chiribiquete galapagos floreana ecuador peru bolivia chile argentina uruguay paraguay venezuela colombia costa-rica nicaragua honduras guatemala belize mexico usa canada cuba hispaniola jamaica puerto-rico trinidad tobago barbados lesser-antilles greater-antilles west-indies caribbean-basin amazon-basin orinoco parana pantanal cerrado caatinga atlantic-forest pampas chaco yungas valdivian magellanic fynbos none research-model educational-resource citizen-science inaturalist gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi wikipedia zootaxa journal-of-natural-history psyche entomology-today bug-eric araneology chelicerate-biology arthropod-ecology tropical-biology neotropical-fauna nearctic-fauna holartic pantropical gondwanan biogeography phylogeography molecular-systematics morphological-taxonomy integrative-taxonomy species-concept cryptic-diversity undescribed-species new-species-description redescription neotype-designation lectotype-designation type-locality type-specimen museum-collection voucher-specimen dna-barcoding coi its phylogenomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics ecological-genomics adaptation local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity canalization evolutionary-developmental-biology evo-devo behavioral-ecology sensory-ecology visual-ecology chemical-ecology mechanoreception proprioception neuroethology hunting-behavior web-building-behavior construction-behavior tool-use extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering trophic-cascade food-web energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition predator-prey-dynamics population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink-dynamics habitat-fragmentation edge-effects corridors connectivity landscape-ecology macroecology biogeochemistry climate-envelope species-distribution-modeling maxent bioclim worldclim remote-sensing gis spatial-analysis geostatistics abundance density biomass productivity diversity-index richness evenness dominance rarity endemism beta-diversity gamma-diversity alpha-diversity turnover nestedness community-assembly neutral-theory niche-theory competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-effects interaction-networks mutualism parasitism predation herbivory detritivory scavenging cannibalism intraspecific-competition interspecific-competition character-displacement resource-partitioning niche-differentiation coexistence stability resilience resistance recovery succession disturbance perturbation extinction colonization invasion establishment spread impact risk-assessment management control eradication restoration reintroduction rewilding conservation-breeding ex-situ in-situ protected-area-network gap-analysis systematic-conservation-planning prioritization hotspot coldspot majority minority flagship umbrella keystone foundation ecosystem-engineer indicator sentinel bioindicator biomonitor ecosystem-health environmental-quality pollution pesticide heavy-metal contaminant bioaccumulation biomagnification toxicology risk hazard exposure dose-response no-observed-effect-concentration lowest-observed-effect-concentration median-lethal-concentration median-effective-concentration safety-factor uncertainty-factor probabilistic-risk-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint sustainability sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy ecosystem-services natural-capital green-infrastructure nature-based-solutions ecological-restoration habitat-restoration species-recovery population-recovery genetic-rescue outbreeding-depression inbreeding-depression genetic-diversity heterozygosity effective-population-size bottleneck founder-effect genetic-drift gene-flow isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment landscape-genetics seascape-genetics conservation-genetics molecular-ecology population-genetics quantitative-genetics genomics epigenetics reaction-norm norm-of-reaction genotype-environment-interaction heritability selection natural-selection sexual-selection artificial-selection domestication breeding cultivar variety landrace wild-relative crop-wild-relative genetic-resource germplasm seed-bank frozen-zoo cryopreservation assisted-reproduction cloning genetic-engineering synthetic-biology gene-drive biocontrol augmentative inundative conservation classical natural-enemy parasitoid pathogen nematode fungus bacterium virus viroid prion microbiome holobiont metaorganism symbiosis endosymbiosis ectosymbiosis amensalism neutralism symbiogenesis horizontal-gene-transfer virulence pathogenicity infectivity transmissibility reservoir vector host definitive-host intermediate-host paratenic-host accidental-host dead-end-host zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease pandemic epidemic endemic sporadic outbreak cluster index-case contact-tracing quarantine isolation social-distancing masking vaccination herd-immunity reproduction-number basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number doubling-time generation-time serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period clinical-period pre-symptomatic asymptomatic pauci-symptomatic mild moderate severe critical fatal case-fatality-rate infection-fatality-rate attack-rate secondary-attack-rate excess-mortality years-of-life-lost disability-adjusted-life-year quality-adjusted-life-year burden-of-disease global-burden-of-disease one-health planetary-health ecohealth conservation-medicine veterinary-medicine human-medicine comparative-medicine translational-medicine precision-medicine personalized-medicine genomic-medicine regenerative-medicine stem-cell tissue-engineering organoid organ-on-chip microphysiological-system in-silico in-vitro ex-vivo in-vivo animal-model non-human-primate rodent mouse rat guinea-pig rabbit dog cat livestock poultry aquaculture fishery wild-capture mariculture algaculture seaweed-farming integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture recirculating-aquaculture-system aquaponics hydroponics aeroponics vertical-farming controlled-environment-agriculture precision-agriculture smart-farming digital-agriculture agriculture-4.0 internet-of-things artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning neural-network computer-vision drone unmanned-aerial-vehicle satellite gps gnss geographic-information-system decision-support-system expert-system knowledge-based-system ontology semantic-web linked-data open-data big-data data-mining data-science data-analytics predictive-analytics prescriptive-analytics descriptive-analytics diagnostic-analytics business-intelligence artificial-intelligence-ethics algorithmic-bias fairness accountability transparency explainability interpretability privacy security safety reliability robustness adaptability flexibility scalability efficiency effectiveness efficacy performance profitability cost-benefit cost-effectiveness economic-analysis financial-analysis investment return-on-investment net-present-value internal-rate-of-return payback-period break-even sensitivity-analysis scenario-analysis monte-carlo-simulation decision-tree real-options game-theory behavioral-economics nudge choice-architecture default framing anchoring availability-heuristic representativeness-heuristic affect-heuristic confirmation-bias availability-bias anchoring-bias framing-bias loss-aversion endowment-effect status-quo-bias sunk-cost-fallacy planning-fallacy optimism-bias pessimism-bias overconfidence underconfidence dunning-kruger-effect imposter-syndrome stereotyping prejudice discrimination implicit-bias explicit-bias structural-bias systemic-bias institutional-bias interpersonal-bias intrapersonal-bias unconscious-bias conscious-bias affinity-bias similarity-bias in-group-bias out-group-bias halo-effect horns-effect contrast-effect recency-effect primacy-effect serial-position-effect mere-exposure-effect familiarity-principle propinquity-effect social-proof authority scarcity reciprocity commitment consistency liking unity influence persuasion compliance conformity obedience empowerment agency autonomy self-determination motivation intrinsic-motivation extrinsic-motivation self-efficacy self-esteem self-concept self-identity social-identity collective-identity cultural-identity national-identity gender-identity sexual-orientation religion spirituality values beliefs attitudes norms customs traditions rituals ceremonies celebrations festivals holidays commemorations memorials monuments heritage legacy history historiography archaeology paleontology anthropology sociology psychology cognitive-science neuroscience linguistics philosophy ethics morality justice equity equality inclusion diversity belonging representation participation engagement capacity-building skill-development knowledge-transfer technology-transfer innovation invention discovery creativity imagination curiosity wonder awe beauty elegance simplicity complexity chaos order pattern structure function form process dynamics mechanism causation correlation association relationship interaction connection network system emergence self-organization autopoiesis homeostasis allostasis stress acclimation acclimatization plasticity fragility vulnerability sensitivity uncertainty ignorance surprise novelty serendipity chance luck fortune destiny fate karma dharma tao zen mindfulness meditation contemplation reflection introspection self-awareness consciousness subconscious unconscious dream sleep circadian biological-clock chronobiology seasonality phenology migration dispersal nomadism sedentism home-range habitat-use resource-selection foraging hunting gathering farming herding hunting-gathering subsistence livelihood economy market trade exchange barter currency money capital wealth poverty inequality development growth progress well-being happiness life-satisfaction quality-of-life human-development social-development economic-development millennium-development-goals sustainable-development-goals paris-agreement kyoto-protocol montreal-protocol basel-convention stockholm-convention rotterdam-convention unfccc cbd cms ramsar world-heritage man-and-biosphere ipcc ipbes encyclopedia-of-life wikidata wikimedia creative-commons open-access open-science faire-data research-data-management data-stewardship data-curation digital-preservation long-term-archiving repository archive library museum herbarium collection specimen voucher type holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype epitype isolectotype isoneotype topotype homotype allotype cotype genotype phenotype ecotype chemotype morphotype karyotype idiogram chromosome genome proteome transcriptome metabolome lipidome glycome interactome connectome epigenome virome mycobiome bacteriome archaeome eukaryome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome exo-biome astrobiome planetary-biome earth-system climate-system ocean-system terrestrial-system freshwater-system atmospheric-system cryospheric-system anthroposphere technosphere noosphere biosphere hydrosphere lithosphere atmosphere magnetosphere heliosphere cosmosphere universe multiverse dimension space time spacetime relativity quantum-mechanics string-theory m-theory loop-quantum-gravity cosmology astronomy astrophysics planetary-science earth-science geology geophysics geochemistry geomorphology soil-science pedology edaphology hydrology limnology oceanography meteorology climatology paleoclimatology stratigraphy sedimentology mineralogy petrology volcanology seismology tectonics plate-tectonics continental-drift orogeny epeirogeny isostasy erosion weathering deposition transport sedimentation lithification diagenesis metamorphism melting crystallization igneous sedimentary metamorphic rock-cycle water-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle oxygen-cycle hydrogen-cycle biogeochemical-cycle nutrient-cycle trophic-pyramid food-chain ecological-network interaction-web mutualistic-network antagonistic-network competition-network facilitation-network ecosystem-function ecosystem-process provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service habitat-service refuge nursery corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone core-area periphery matrix patch landscape seascape riverscape skyscape soundscape smellscape tastescape touchscape mindscape dreamscape memoryscape heritagescape futurescape possibility-space scenario-space decision-space policy-space governance-space institutional-space social-space cultural-space economic-space political-space legal-space ethical-space moral-space spiritual-space sacred-space profane-space liminal-space transitional-space threshold boundary edge frontier margin center core hinterland heartland homeland motherland fatherland native-land ancestral-land promised-land wilderness pioneer settler colonist immigrant emigrant refugee asylum-seeker displaced-person stateless-person nomad traveler tourist pilgrim explorer adventurer discoverer inventor innovator creator maker builder craftsman artisan artist designer architect engineer scientist scholar academic researcher investigator detective journalist reporter correspondent chronicler historian biographer memoirist autobiographer diarist letter-writer poet novelist playwright screenwriter essayist critic reviewer editor publisher librarian archivist curator conservator restorer preservationist conservationist environmentalist ecologist naturalist botanist zoologist entomologist arachnologist herpetologist ichthyologist ornithologist mammalogist primatologist anthropologist archaeologist paleontologist geologist geographer cartographer surveyor navigator expedition voyage journey travel tour trip visit stay residence habitation dwelling shelter home house building construction architecture design plan blueprint model prototype mock-up draft sketch drawing painting sculpture installation exhibition display presentation demonstration show spectacle event occasion ceremony ritual celebration festival fair bazaar commerce business industry manufacturing production fabrication assembly processing refining purification synthesis analysis separation extraction identification characterization quantification measurement assessment evaluation appraisal valuation estimation calculation computation simulation modeling prediction forecast projection scenario outlook prospect expectation anticipation hope fear worry concern care attention focus concentration awareness perception sensation feeling emotion affect mood temperament personality character disposition attitude opinion belief conviction faith trust confidence reliance dependence independence self-sufficiency self-reliance hardiness toughness strength power force energy vigor vitality life health wellness fitness soundness integrity wholeness completeness perfection excellence quality standard criterion benchmark yardstick measure gauge sign signal symptom mark token symbol image icon emblem logo brand trademark copyright patent intellectual-property proprietary confidential secret classified restricted limited controlled regulated managed governed administered operated maintained sustained supported funded financed resourced staffed equipped furnished supplied provided delivered distributed allocated assigned designated appointed elected selected chosen picked preferred favored liked loved adored cherished treasured valued esteemed respected honored celebrated commemorated remembered recalled recollected reminisced reflected contemplated meditated pondered considered weighed evaluated judged assessed appraised rated ranked graded scored marked pointed noted observed noticed seen viewed looked watched gazed stared glanced peeked peered scanned surveyed examined inspected scrutinized studied investigated researched analyzed synthesized integrated compiled composed written authored penned drafted created produced made built constructed fabricated manufactured assembled put-together set-up established founded instituted organized arranged ordered structured systematized methodized rationalized streamlined optimized improved enhanced upgraded refined polished perfected completed finished concluded ended terminated closed shut sealed locked secured protected guarded defended shielded screened covered hidden concealed masked cloaked veiled shrouded wrapped enveloped surrounded encircled enclosed contained held kept retained preserved conserved saved stored stockpiled hoarded accumulated amassed gathered collected aggregated clustered grouped categorized sorted leveled tiered layered stratified hierarchized pyramided tree web mesh grid array configuration layout scheme program project enterprise venture undertaking endeavor effort attempt try test trial experiment investigation inquiry query question problem issue matter subject topic theme motif leitmotif thread strand line sequence series progression continuation extension expansion enlargement evolution change transformation conversion transition shift alteration modification adjustment accommodation reconciliation harmonization synchronization coordination integration unification combination merger fusion blend mixture compound composite alloy amalgam incorporation assimilation absorption digestion metabolism catabolism anabolism equilibrium balance steadiness constancy permanence endurance persistence continuity duration longevity lifespan lifetime existence being entity object thing item article piece part portion segment section division component element constituent ingredient factor aspect facet feature characteristic property attribute trait indication evidence proof verification validation confirmation corroboration substantiation authentication certification accreditation licensing permitting authorizing empowering enabling allowing letting tolerating accepting receiving taking getting obtaining acquiring gaining earning winning achieving attaining reaching arriving coming approaching nearing closing converging meeting joining connecting linking binding tying fastening attaching affixing appending adding supplementing complementing completing finishing perfecting consummating fulfilling satisfying gratifying pleasing delighting enjoying relishing savoring appreciating valuing prizing treasuring cherishing nurturing cultivating fostering promoting advancing furthering encouraging supporting backing assisting aiding helping serving attending tending caring nursing healing curing treating remedying correcting rectifying repairing fixing mending restoring renewing reviving resuscitating reanimating reawakening rekindling reigniting relaunching restarting rebooting refreshing rejuvenating reinvigorating reenergizing recharging refueling replenishing restocking replacing substituting exchanging swapping trading bartering negotiating bargaining dealing transacting contracting agreeing consenting approving endorsing sanctioning ratifying confirming validating authenticating verifying checking testing examining inspecting reviewing auditing monitoring supervising overseeing managing directing leading guiding steering piloting navigating driving propelling pushing pulling dragging hauling towing carrying bearing transporting conveying transmitting sending dispatching shipping delivering distributing disseminating spreading broadcasting publishing issuing releasing launching introducing presenting showing exhibiting displaying demonstrating illustrating exemplifying typifying representing symbolizing signifying meaning denoting connoting implying suggesting indicating pointing referring alluding hinting intimating insinuating inferring deducing concluding reasoning thinking cogitating cerebrating pondering musing reflecting contemplating meditating concentrating focusing listening hearing heeding noting noticing observing watching looking seeing viewing regarding considering weighing evaluating assessing judging appraising estimating guessing speculating hypothesizing theorizing postulating proposing recommending advising counseling consulting conferring discussing debating arguing disputing contesting challenging opposing resisting defying confronting facing encountering experiencing undergoing suffering enduring withstanding surviving living existing subsisting persisting persevering continuing remaining staying abiding residing inhabiting occupying possessing owning holding keeping retaining maintaining preserving conserving protecting guarding defending securing sheltering harboring entertaining welcoming greeting saluting hailing acclaiming applauding praising commending lauding extolling celebrating honoring glorifying exalting magnifying amplifying enlarging expanding extending stretching diffusing dispersing scattering allocating assigning allotting apportioning dividing partitioning separating detaching disconnecting disjoining disuniting dissociating disengaging withdrawing retreating receding retrograding reversing inverting turning rotating revolving spinning twirling whirling swirling circling orbiting looping coiling winding twisting bending curving arching vaulting bridging spanning crossing traversing passing moving going traveling journeying voyaging sailing flying gliding soaring hovering floating drifting flowing streaming pouring rushing gushing spurting spraying splashing splattering spattering uniting combining merging fusing blending mixing mingling intermingling intermixing integrating incorporating assimilating absorbing digesting metabolizing transforming converting transmuting transfiguring metamorphosing evolving developing growing maturing ripening aging declining deteriorating degenerating decaying rotting decomposing disintegrating crumbling collapsing falling failing dying perishing expiring departing leaving exiting retiring resigning abdicating relinquishing surrendering yielding submitting succumbing capitulating acquiescing complying conforming adapting adjusting accommodating reconciling harmonizing synchronizing coordinating unifying standardizing normalizing regularizing systematizing methodizing rationalizing streamlining simplifying clarifying elucidating explaining interpreting translating rendering paraphrasing summarizing abstracting condensing compressing shrinking reducing decreasing diminishing lessening lowering dropping descending sinking submerging diving plunging plummeting crashing colliding impacting hitting striking knocking tapping patting touching sensing perceiving detecting discovering finding locating positioning placing putting setting laying standing sitting lying resting relaxing reposing sleeping dreaming imagining fantasizing daydreaming woolgathering praying worshiping revering venerating adoring loving nourishing feeding eating drinking consuming ingesting energizing powering fueling motivating inspiring stimulating exciting arousing awakening alerting warning cautioning informing notifying telling reporting announcing declaring stating asserting claiming contending proving revealing disclosing exposing uncovering unmasking unveiling opening unlocking unsealing unfastening untying unbinding unwrapping unpacking unloading emptying clearing cleaning washing bathing showering rinsing soaking steeping immersing drowning suffocating choking strangling throttling squeezing pressing centering aiming targeting zeroing aligning tuning calibrating balancing leveling equalizing stabilizing steady mooring docking landing touching-down alighting perching roosting nesting denning burrowing tunneling digging excavating mining quarrying extracting removing eliminating eradicating exterminating destroying demolishing ruining wrecking damaging harming injuring hurting wounding maiming crippling laming disabling incapacitating paralyzing stunning shocking surprising astonishing amazing astounding staggering stupefying dazing bewildering confusing puzzling perplexing baffling mystifying enigmatic cryptic obscure abstruse recondite esoteric arcane occult mysterious unknown unfamiliar strange odd peculiar curious queer weird bizarre fantastic extraordinary remarkable notable noteworthy significant important momentous consequential weighty grave serious crucial vital essential necessary required needed wanted desired wished hoped expected anticipated awaited looked-for searched-for sought hunted pursued chased tracked trailed followed shadowed stalked crept crawled climbed scaled ascended mounted rose lifted elevated raised hoisted heaved hauled pulled tugged dragged drawn attracted lured enticed tempted seduced charmed enchanted fascinated captivated engrossed absorbed immersed involved engaged occupied busy active energetic dynamic vigorous forceful powerful strong mighty potent effective efficient productive fruitful fertile fecund prolific abundant plentiful ample sufficient adequate enough satisfactory acceptable tolerable bearable endurable sustainable maintainable manageable controllable governable rule govern reign dominate command direct lead guide steer pilot navigate drive propel push thrust shove press squeeze compress condense concentrate aim point target zero align adjust tune calibrate level equalize standardize normalize stabilize fix secure anchor moor dock land touch-down alight perch roost nest den burrow tunnel dig excavate mine quarry extract remove eliminate eradicate exterminate destroy demolish ruin wreck damage harm injure hurt wound maim cripple lame disable incapacitate paralyze stun shock astonish amaze astound stagger stupefy daze bewilder confuse puzzle perplex baffle mystify enigma
Eustala emertoni
Eustala emertoni is an orb-weaver spider in the family Araneidae, first described by Nathan Banks in 1904. The species is distributed across the United States and Mexico. As a member of the genus Eustala, it constructs spiral wheel-shaped webs typical of araneid spiders. Specific details regarding its ecology, behavior, and distinguishing characteristics remain poorly documented in the scientific literature.
orb-weaver araneid Nearctic Neotropical
Eustylini
Eustylini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils (Curculionidae: Entiminae) primarily restricted to the Neotropical region. The tribe comprises approximately 25 genera and 339 described species, with highest diversity in the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America. Species are medium to large (10–25 mm) and often strikingly colored with variable scale coverage. The tribe includes notable agricultural pests, particularly Diaprepes abbreviatus, which causes significant economic damage to citrus and other crops. Taxonomic boundaries remain unclear due to phylogenetic clustering with Geonemini.
agricultural-pest Neotropical broad-nosed-weevil polyphagous citrus-pest
Eutrepsia
Eutrepsia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae, first described by Herrich-Schäffer in 1855. The genus contains eight described species distributed from Mexico through Central America to Brazil. Most species were described in the 19th century, with one species added in 1984. The genus is placed in the diverse geometrid moth radiation, though detailed biological information remains limited.
Geometridae Larentiinae Neotropical Central-America Mexico moths Lepidoptera
Exelis
Exelis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, established by Achille Guenée in 1857. The genus contains four described species, three of which were described in the mid-20th century and one (the type species) from 1857. It is classified within the subfamily Ennominae, a large and diverse group of geometer moths. The genus appears to be primarily Neotropical in distribution based on species descriptions.
geometridae ennominae neotropical moths
Exomalopsis
Exomalopsis is a genus of solitary bees in the family Apidae, tribe Exomalopsini, comprising nearly 90 described species with many more undescribed. These bees are restricted to the Western Hemisphere, occurring in both Neotropical and Nearctic realms. Species nest communally in soil, excavating deep tunnels with branching underground pathways leading to individual brood cells. The genus is notable for its complex associations with kleptoparasitic cuckoo bees and parasitoid wasps.
bees solitary-bees soil-nesting kleptoparasitism mutillid-parasitoids Western-Hemisphere Neotropical Nearctic Apidae Exomalopsini
Exomalopsis analis
Exomalopsis analis is a small bee in the family Apidae, tribe Exomalopsini. It occurs from the southern United States through Central America to Argentina. Like other Exomalopsis species, it is a solitary ground-nesting bee. The species has been documented visiting flowers of various plants, including agricultural crops.
bee solitary-bee ground-nesting pollinator Neotropical crop-visitor Exomalopsini Apidae
Fannia
Fannia is a large genus of flies in the family Fanniidae, comprising approximately 288 species. Originally described by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830, many species were formerly classified under Musca. The genus is notable for its forensic entomology applications, with several species serving as indicator species for decomposition studies. Species are distributed across the Neotropical and other regions, with recent records extending known ranges in South America.
forensic-entomology carrion-flies decomposition Neotropical
Fidicinoides
Monk Cicadas
A genus of Neotropical cicadas distinguished by a partially exposed timbal not completely covered by the meta-scutellar plate, contrasting with the fully covered timbal of the related genus Fidicina. The genus exhibits extensive geographic distribution across Central and South America, with particularly high species diversity in Brazil. Several species have been documented in association with cultivated plants, including coffee plantations. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with multiple species transferred from Fidicina and some subsequently moved to Dorisiana.
cicada Neotropical timbal-morphology coffee-associated taxonomic-revision
Fidicinoides pronoe
Fidicinoides pronoe is a cicada species in the family Cicadidae, originally described by Walker in 1850 as Cicada pronoe. It belongs to the tribe Fidicinini, a group of cicadas distributed primarily in the Neotropics. The species has been recorded from multiple states in Mexico. Like other cicadas, it has a subterranean nymphal stage and aerial adult stage, with males producing acoustic signals for mate attraction.
cicada Neotropical Mexico Fidicinini Cicadidae Hemiptera
Fissicrambus minuellus
Fissicrambus minuellus is a species of grass moth in the family Crambidae, described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is distributed across the Caribbean and southeastern United States, with records from Honduras, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Florida. As a member of the subfamily Crambinae, it likely exhibits the slender body form and grass-associated habits characteristic of this group.
Crambidae Crambinae grass-moth Caribbean Florida Walker-1863 Neotropical Nearctic
Flatoidinae
Flatoidinae is a subfamily of planthoppers within the family Flatidae, distinguished by their dorsoventrally flattened body form and wings held in a nearly horizontal position when at rest. Members of this subfamily are found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in the Neotropics and West Indies. The subfamily was established by Melichar in 1902 and contains multiple genera including Petrusa and Ormenis. Species in this group are phytophagous and can achieve high population densities on host plants.
planthopper fulgoroid phytophagous pest Neotropical West-Indies cryptic flattened
Floridonus
Floridonus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, and tribe Platymetopiini. It was established by Oman in 1949. The genus is part of the diverse leafhopper fauna of the Americas, with species recorded primarily from the southern United States and Mexico. Like other deltocephaline leafhoppers, members of this genus are likely associated with herbaceous vegetation.
leafhopper Deltocephalinae Platymetopiini Nearctic Neotropical
Forcipomyia genualis
Forcipomyia genualis is a species of biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae. Like other members of the genus Forcipomyia, adults are minute flies, typically 1–3 mm in length. The genus includes species with diverse feeding habits: some females bite birds or mammals, others feed on the blood of large insects such as moths and dragonflies, and some are pollinators. Larvae develop in moist or decaying organic substrates, feeding on algae, plant debris, or fungi.
biting-midge no-see-um pollinator decomposer neotropical
Forcipomyia pictoni
Forcipomyia pictoni is a species of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae, described by Macfie in 1938. Like other members of the genus Forcipomyia, it is a minute fly, typically 1–3 mm in body length. The genus includes species with diverse feeding habits: adult females of some species bite vertebrates or other insects, while others are non-biting. Several Forcipomyia species are known pollinators of cacao (Theobroma cacao), though F. pictoni's specific ecological role remains undocumented.
Ceratopogonidae biting-midges no-see-ums Diptera Brazil Neotropical
Forelius
Forelius is a genus of ants in the subfamily Dolichoderinae, distributed across the Neotropical region from the southern United States to Argentina. The genus comprises at least 18 described species, including F. pruinosus, which has been documented as a native mutualist with plants and as a participant in ecological interactions with sea turtle nests. Species in this genus produce characteristic defensive secretions containing iridodial and iridomyrmecin.
ants Dolichoderinae Neotropical native-mutualist defensive-chemistry sea-turtle-ecology plant-ant-mutualism iridodial iridomyrmecin Leptomyrmecini
Fountainea
Fountainea is a genus of Neotropical leaf butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, established by Rydon in 1971. The genus contains eight species known for their remarkable camouflage: when at rest with wings closed, their undersides closely resemble dead leaves. The genus was named in honor of Margaret Fountaine, a renowned entomologist. These butterflies are part of the Charaxinae subfamily, a group known for their robust bodies and often cryptic wing patterns.
leaf-butterfly dead-leaf-mimicry crypsis camouflage Neotropical Charaxinae Nymphalidae
Froeschneria piligera
dirt-colored seed bug
Froeschneria piligera is a dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae, first described by Stål in 1862. The species belongs to the tribe Myodochini within the subfamily Rhyparochrominae. It has been documented across a broad geographic range spanning North, Central, and South America, as well as the Caribbean. The genus Froeschneria was established to honor the heteropterist Richard C. Froeschner.
Hemiptera Heteroptera Rhyparochromidae seed-bug Myodochini Neotropical
Fundella
Fundella is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae. It was established by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1848. The genus contains five described species distributed in the Americas. Little is known about the biology of most species in this genus.
snout-moths Phycitinae Neotropical
Fundella argentina
Fundella argentina is a species of snout moth (family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae) described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1919. The species has a broad distribution across the Americas, ranging from the southern United States through the Caribbean and into South America. Larvae feed on leguminous plants including Cassia species, Caesalpinia gilliessii, and Canavalia gladiata.
snout-moth Pyralidae Phycitinae legume-feeder neotropical
Ganyra
Ganyra is a genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae, distributed across the Neotropical region. The genus contains three recognized species: Ganyra howarthi, Ganyra josephina, and Ganyra phaloe. Members of this genus are part of the whites and sulfurs group, characterized by their generally pale wing coloration. The genus was established by Billberg in 1820.
Neotropical Pieridae butterflies genus
Ganyra josephina
Giant White
Ganyra josephina, commonly known as the giant white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is one of the larger species in its family, with a wingspan reaching up to 96 mm. The species exhibits considerable geographic variation across its broad range, with five recognized subspecies distributed from the southern United States through the Caribbean and Central America to northern South America. Adults are primarily active in late summer and autumn in the northern parts of their range.
Pieridae white-butterfly Neotropical Nearctic subtropical Capparidaceae-feeder
Gardinia
Gardinia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Arctiinae, and tribe Lithosiini. The genus was established by William Forsell Kirby in 1892. It contains five described species distributed in Central and South America, with the most widely known being Gardinia magnifica. The genus is part of the lichen moth group (Lithosiini), though specific ecological and biological details remain poorly documented.
Lithosiini Neotropical lichen-moths William-Forsell-Kirby 1892 Erebidae Arctiinae
Gargaphia iridescens
Gargaphia iridescens is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae, first described by Champion in 1897. Like other lace bugs, it is a small true bug characterized by the intricate, reticulated patterns on its wings and body. The species has a broad distribution spanning North, Central, and South America.
lace-bug Tingidae Neotropical iridescent
Gastrops
shore flies
Gastrops is a genus of shore flies in the family Ephydridae, established by Williston in 1897. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed across the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. Members of this genus are associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats typical of ephydrid flies.
shore-flies aquatic-insects Diptera Ephydridae Neotropical Nearctic
Gelae
round fungus beetles
Gelae is a genus of round fungus beetles in the family Leiodidae, established in 2004 to accommodate species previously placed in Agathidium. The genus contains eight species distributed across Central and North America, ranging from Canada to Panama. Species are small, dome-shaped beetles that feed on slime moulds. The genus name derives from Latin gelatus ("congealed" or "jellied"), referencing both their habitat and pronunciation like "jelly". Five species described in 2004 received whimsical names based on wordplay: G. baen, G. belae, G. donut, G. fish, and G. rol.
slime-mould-feeder round-fungus-beetle Nearctic Neotropical mountain-fauna
Genuchinus
Genuchinus is a genus of myrmecophilous scarab beetles comprising approximately 10 described species. These beetles are associated with ant colonies, though specific details of these relationships remain poorly documented. The genus was established by Westwood in 1874 and is classified within the tribe Cremastocheilini, subtribe Cremastocheilina. Most species have been described from Central and South America.
myrmecophily scarabaeidae neotropical cremastocheilini ants beetles coleoptera
Germarostes
pill scarab beetles
Germarostes is a genus of pill scarab beetles in the family Hybosoridae, established by Paulian in 1982. The genus contains at least 70 described species, making it one of the more diverse genera within its family. Members are found primarily in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. Pill scarab beetles derive their common name from their ability to conglobate, or roll into a ball shape.
pill-scarab-beetles conglobation Neotropical Nearctic
Germarostes globosus
pill scarab beetle
Germarostes globosus is a species of pill scarab beetle in the family Hybosoridae. It was originally described as Trox globosus by Thomas Say in 1835. The species has been recorded across a broad geographic range spanning the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, from the United States through Mexico to Central and South America.
pill-scarab-beetle Hybosoridae Coleoptera Nearctic Neotropical Thomas-Say 1835 Trox-globosus
Gertschosa
Gertschosa is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, established by Norman I. Platnick and M. U. Shadab in 1981. The genus contains four species distributed across the Caribbean, Central America, and southern North America. Its members are nocturnal hunting spiders that do not construct webs for prey capture.
spider arachnid ground-spider Gnaphosidae Neotropical Caribbean nocturnal hunter
Gesta
Gesta is a genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae, subfamily Pyrginae. The genus was established by Evans in 1953 and contains multiple species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region. Skippers in this genus exhibit the characteristic rapid, darting flight pattern typical of the Hesperiidae family. The genus is part of the diverse skipper radiation in the Americas.
skipper butterfly Hesperiidae Pyrginae Neotropical
Givira
carpenter moths
Givira is a genus of carpenter moths (family Cossidae, subfamily Hypoptinae) established by Walker in 1856. The genus contains approximately 70 described species distributed across the Neotropics and southwestern North America. Several species are economically significant as wood-boring pests of cultivated plants, including Givira ethela, which damages grapevines in California. Adults are typically nocturnal with variable wing coloration ranging from dark brown to satiny white.
carpenter-moths wood-boring grape-pest vineyard-pest Neotropical California-agriculture integrated-pest-management
Glaphyria decisa
Glaphyria decisa is a species of snout moth in the family Crambidae, subfamily Glaphyriinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866. The species occurs across Central America, the Caribbean, and into South America.
Neotropical Crambidae Glaphyriinae Walker-1866 Central-America South-America Caribbean Cuba Guatemala Paraguay
Glena
Glena is a genus of geometer moths in the family Geometridae, established by Hulst in 1896. The genus contains approximately 40 described species distributed primarily in the Americas, with documented occurrences in North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Several species have been recorded as economically significant defoliators of plantation forestry, particularly Glena bipennaria bipennaria on African mahogany (Khaya spp.) in Brazil. Host plant relationships vary among species, ranging from specialists to broader associations.
Geometridae defoliator pest host-specificity plantation-forestry Asteraceae Melioideae Neotropical Nearctic
Glympis
Glympis is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Calpinae. The genus was established by Francis Walker in 1859 and contains ten described species distributed across the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Species have been recorded from the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Florida, Texas, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay, Guatemala, Colombia, Suriname, and Puerto Rico.
moth erebidae calpinae neotropical
Glyphidocera
Glyphidocera is a genus of small moths in the family Autostichidae, subfamily Symmocinae. The genus contains numerous described species, with particularly high diversity documented in Central America—88 new species were described from Costa Rica alone in a 2005 revision. Species-level taxonomy relies heavily on genitalia morphology and wing venation patterns. The genus has been recorded from North, Central, and South America.
moth microlepidoptera Neotropical Symmocinae genus
Glyphidops
cactus flies
Glyphidops is a genus of cactus flies in the family Neriidae, established by Enderlein in 1922. These flies belong to the acalyptrate schizophoran group of Diptera. The genus is characterized by specific morphological features that distinguish it from related genera within Neriidae, particularly in antennal and leg structure. Species-level identification within Glyphidops requires examination of characters such as forecoxae coloration.
Diptera Neriidae acalyptrate cactus-flies Neotropical
Glyphidops flavifrons
Glyphidops flavifrons is a cactus fly in the family Neriidae, distributed across the southern United States through Central and South America. It is one of the most widely distributed species in its family. Adults live and reproduce on bark of trees in early stages of decay. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism and complex male-male aggressive behavior, particularly in the presence of females.
Neriidae cactus-flies Neotropical sexual-dimorphism male-aggression tree-bark decomposer
Gnaphalodes trachyderoides
A longhorn beetle and the sole species in its genus, characterized by a robust, somewhat flattened body and antennae that are notably shorter than those of many cerambycids. The species name 'trachyderoides' references its resemblance to the genus Trachyderes. It occurs from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America.
Cerambycidae longhorn-beetle wood-borer Neotropical Nearctic monotypic-genus legume-associate nocturnal
Gnathobleda
Gnathobleda is a genus of assassin bugs in the family Reduviidae, subfamily Stenopodainae. It was established by Stål in 1859 and contains at least four described species distributed in the Neotropical region. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features typical of the Stenopodainae, a subfamily known for slender-bodied predatory bugs. Species within this genus have been documented from South America, including Argentina.
Reduviidae Stenopodainae assassin-bug Neotropical Heteroptera predatory-bug
Goeldichironomus
Goeldichironomus is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, containing approximately 14 described species. The genus is distributed across the Neotropical and Nearctic regions, with records from Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia. Species in this genus are notable for their short life cycles, tolerance to environmental stress, and colonization of ephemeral aquatic habitats as pioneer species. They serve as important bioindicators in water quality assessments and are widely used in laboratory toxicity studies. The type species Goeldichironomus holoprasinus has been extensively studied in laboratory conditions, completing development from egg to adult in approximately 13 days at 26°C.
Chironomidae bioindicator pioneer-species short-life-cycle laboratory-model aquatic-insect Neotropical ephemeral-habitat water-quality toxicity-testing
Gondwanocrypticus
Gondwanocrypticus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, established by Koch in 1950. The genus is currently treated as a synonym in some taxonomic treatments. Records indicate presence in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. The genus name references Gondwana, suggesting historical biogeographic connections to the southern supercontinent.
Tenebrionidae darkling-beetle Gondwanan synonym Neotropical Nearctic
Gondysia
Gondysia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Erebinae, established by Berio in 1955. The genus contains four recognized species distributed in the Neotropical region. It was historically confused with the Old World genus Dysgonia; the New World species were separated as Neadysgonia by Sullivan in 2010, but this was later synonymized with the older name Gondysia. The genus includes G. consobrina, G. similis, G. smithii (all described by Guenée in 1852), and G. telma (described by Sullivan in 2010).
moth Erebidae Erebinae Neotropical Noctuoidea
Goniapteryx
Goniapteryx is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, established by Maximilian Perty in 1833. The genus contains at least three described species distributed across the Neotropical region and southern North America. Species are recorded from Jamaica, Suriname, and a broad range from Texas to Amazonas in Brazil. The genus belongs to the subfamily Calpinae within the superfamily Noctuoidea.
moth Erebidae Calpinae Neotropical 1833 Perty
Goniocarsia
Goniocarsia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, erected by George Hampson in 1926. The genus contains three described species distributed from Mexico through Central America to northern South America. All three species were originally described in other genera and later transferred to Goniocarsia. The genus belongs to the subfamily Calpinae, a group of moths often associated with fruit-feeding habits.
Calpinae Neotropical fruit-piercing-moths Hampson-1926
Gonioterma
Gonioterma is a genus of small moths in the subfamily Stenomatinae, family Depressariidae. The genus is restricted to tropical America. Larvae of at least one species, G. exquisita, are narrow, oligophagous caterpillars that feed exclusively on pubescent leaves of Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) and construct distinctive frass-and-silk shelters.
specialist-herbivore shelter-building-larvae Neotropical Cerrado-endemic-fauna
Gonocausta
Gonocausta is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae. The genus was established by Julius Lederer in 1863 and contains five described species distributed in the Americas. Species include G. sabinalis, G. simulata, G. vestigialis, G. voralis, and the type species G. zephyralis. Members of this genus are part of the diverse snout moth fauna of the Neotropical region.
Crambidae Spilomelinae Neotropical snout-moth Lederer-1863 genus Lepidoptera