Parasitoid-host
Guides
Choreutidae
metalmark moths
Choreutidae, commonly known as metalmark moths, are a family of small Lepidoptera now placed in their own superfamily Choreutoidea. The family contains approximately 19 genera in three subfamilies (Choreutinae, Brenthiinae, and possibly others), defined primarily by structural characteristics of larvae and pupae rather than adult morphology. Many species exhibit metallic scaling and distinctive diurnal behaviors, with some members of the genus Brenthia demonstrating documented predator mimicry of jumping spiders. The family has been subject to considerable taxonomic revision, having previously been placed in Yponomeutoidea and Sesioidea.
Choristoneura retiniana
Modoc budworm
Choristoneura retiniana is a conifer-feeding tortricid moth known as the Modoc budworm. It occurs in California, Nevada, and Oregon, where it feeds primarily on true firs (Abies spp.), particularly white fir. The species is sympatric with the western spruce budworm (C. occidentalis) in mixed conifer stands, and the two species hybridize in nature. Larvae are characteristically green, distinguishing them from the brown larvae of C. occidentalis. The species exhibits density-dependent parasitoid complexes that may serve as indicators of population trends.
Chrysobothris edwardsii
Ocotillo borer
Chrysobothris edwardsii is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. The species is commonly known as the Ocotillo borer, suggesting an association with Fouquieria species. It occurs in Central America and North America, with distribution records from both regions. As a member of the genus Chrysobothris, it likely exhibits the typical jewel beetle biology of larval development in woody plants, though specific details for this species remain limited in available sources.
Cimbex
Elm sawflies, Birch sawflies, Almond leaf wasps
Cimbex is a genus of large, robust sawflies in the family Cimbicidae, distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Adults are among the largest sawflies, with body lengths reaching 20-25 mm, and are frequently mistaken for bees or wasps due to their plump appearance and yellow-and-black coloration. The genus includes notable species such as C. americanus (elm sawfly), C. femoratus (birch sawfly), and C. quadrimaculatus (almond leaf wasp), some of which are significant defoliators of trees. Larvae are caterpillar-like, with seven pairs of prolegs distinguishing them from lepidopteran caterpillars, and possess chemical defense glands. The genus has a fossil record extending from the Eocene to the Miocene.
Cimbex americanus
elm sawfly, North American Elm Sawfly
Cimbex americanus, commonly known as the elm sawfly, is a large, non-stinging sawfly in the family Cimbicidae. Adults measure approximately 20–30 mm in body length and are among the largest sawflies in North America. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration: males have yellow-orange abdomens, while females display black abdomens with yellow transverse bands. Larvae feed on foliage of various broadleaf trees, particularly elm and willow, and can reach 50 mm in length. The species has a single generation per year, with larvae overwintering in soil cocoons before pupating in spring.
Coccinella septempunctata
seven-spot ladybird, seven-spotted ladybug, seven-spotted lady beetle, C-7
Coccinella septempunctata is a predatory lady beetle native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, now widely established in North America following intentional introduction for biological control. Adults measure 6.5–7.8 mm with distinctive red elytra bearing seven black spots. The species is among the most extensively studied coccinellids due to its importance in aphid biocontrol and its invasive success in new ranges. It completes up to five generations annually with a six-week development cycle from egg to adult.
biological-controlinvasive-speciesaphid-predatorcoccinelliddiapausereflex-bleedingparasitoid-hostvineyard-pestcultural-iconlimb-regenerationpleiotropypheromone-communicationintraguild-predationcannibalismpopulation-explosionoverwintering-aggregationfolklorenational-symbolstate-insectwine-taintHarmonia-axyridis-competitionnative-species-declineLinnaeus-1758Palearctic-nativeNearctic-introducedmultiple-generationstemperature-dependent-developmentoviposition-avoidancesex-pheromonealkaloid-defenseDinocampus-coccinellaePerilitus-coccinellaeAllothrombium-triticiumLipaphis-erysimiAphis-neriiMacrosiphum-albifrons-toxic-aphidsCompositae-pollenUmbelliferae-pollenPrunus-spinosa-nectaragricultural-biocontrolmass-rearing1976-England-heatwave-swarm2025-England-swarmIUCN-unevaluatedCITES-unlistedsubspecies-brucki-Japansubspecies-algerica-Algeriasubspecies-septempunctata-EuropeZombie-ladybug-phenomenonDcPV-virusparasitoid-manipulationhost-recoveryelevated-overwintering-siteshilltop-preference1,500-m-elevation-limit6.5–7.8-mm-length~4-mm-widthorange-yellow-eggsspindle-shaped-eggs1-mm-egg-lengthfour-larval-instarseight-day-pupal-durationsix-week-total-development1–2-year-adult-lifespan250–500-lifetime-eggspolygynandrous-matingfemale-calling-behaviormale-initiated-courtshipno-parental-careegg-cannibalismlarval-cannibalismcongeneric-egg-predationant-aphid-mutualism-exploitationbird-predationmammal-predationspider-predationcoccinellid-predationlacewing-egg-predationfourth-instar-vulnerabilityelytral-spot-size-toxicity-indicatormelanin-and-carotenoid-pigmentationsoft-elytra-emergencepigmentation-development-post-emergencefat-reserve-accumulation-pre-diapausespring-nectar-feeding-post-diapauseaphid-honeydew-consumptionant-attendance-exploitationlupin-aphid-avoidancetoxic-alkaloid-sequestrationN-oxide-coccinellineprecoccinelline2-isopropyl-3-methoxy-pyrazineoverwintering-pheromoneprey-location-chemical-cuesaphid-alarm-pheromone-responseplant-volatile-response-to-aphid-infestationolfactory-oviposition-site-selectionconspecific-egg-avoidanceegg-cluster-laying10–30-egg-clustersenvironmental-egg-load-excessoffspring-mortality-tradeoffaphid-population-trackingseasonal-diet-shiftpollen-feeding-survivalnon-aphid-food-reproductive-failuredevelopment-rate-adult-weight-correlationdaily-prey-consumption-growth-rate-correlationlongevity-fecundity-correlationinvasive-population-morphometric-divergenceecological-success-regeneration-correlationpleiotropic-gene-hypothesisdirect-selection-hypothesislimb-damage-raritypredation-escape-survivalpupal-developmental-gene-expressioncascading-gene-effectsinvasive-North-American-LRI-20%-higherCzech-Egypt-population-LRI-divergenceScymninae-untestedChilocorinae-untestedPsylloborini-untested1916-California-introduction-attempt1956–1971-intentional-introductions1973-New-Jersey-establishmentwaste-dump-accidental-introductionglobal-breeding-programsartificial-diet-researchrape-pollen-beetle-honey-shrimp-dietnatural-diet-preferenceegg-larva-separation-rearingcontrolled-environment-rearing80–90%-urban-England-Harmonia-dominanceHesperomyces-virescens-fungussexual-transmissionoverwintering-aggregation-transmissionfield-cross-species-transmission-absencelineage-differentiation-hypothesis48,000-UK-Ladybird-Survey-recordsD.-coccinellae-low-Harmonia-prevalenceevolutionary-dynamics-observation-opportunityBraconidae-parasitoidovipositor-egg-depositionDcPV-virus-depositionlarval-internal-parasitismhost-nervous-system-migrationpupal-stage-host-paralysiscocoon-spinning-beneath-hosttwitching-defense-mimicrytoxic-alkaloid-predator-deterrencevolatile-chemical-parasitoid-attractionone-third-host-recoveryfemale-preferential-targetinghost-sterilizationagricultural-system-impact-concerncommunity-garden-observationsColorado-Springs-populationsFlagstaff-meadow-observationsvial-emergence-difficultynuisance-autumn-home-invasionweatherstripping-preventionscreen-repaircrack-sealingvacuum-releasewoodpile-relocationpale-color-attractionwhite-gray-yellow-building-preferencehigh-ground-overwintering-preferencestorage-area-height-preferenceLost-Ladybug-Project-participationnative-species-decline-documentation9-spotted-raritypolished-lady-beetle-observationDoberman-bite-comparisontickle-bite-characterizationno-skin-breakcuriosity-not-aggressionreflex-bleeding-stain-riskno-indoor-breedingfat-reserve-winter-survivalno-fabric-feedingodor-emission-defensefabric-staining-potentialautumn-swarming-behaviorsunny-warm-day-activitychild-fright-responsecool-wet-summer-population-reductionCOVID-garden-filmingpea-aphid-predation-videoalfalfa-legume-crop-pest50%-speed-predation-footagemass-rearing-facilityKanpur-India-studiesquantitative-consumption-measurementfirst-instar-reduced-voracityinstar-progression-feeding-increaseL.-erysimi-B.-brassicae-preypredatory-efficiency-quantificationbiocontrol-laboratory-methodologyinvasion-ecology-evolution-congressmorphometric-comparative-studynative-introduced-range-divergenceGBIF-exact-matchNCBI-taxonomy-verificationiNaturalist-high-observation-countWikipedia-comprehensive-summaryacarology-new-host-recordsystematic-applied-acarology-journaltrombidiidae-mite-familyectoparasitic-larval-stagecoccinellidae-coleoptera-hostLinnaeus-1758-original-descriptionSystema-Naturae-tenth-editioncoccineus-scarlet-etymologyseptem-punctata-seven-spotted-etymologyC-7-abbreviation-commonmost-common-European-ladybirdapproximately-5,000-worldwide-coccinellid-speciesBauer-aphidophagous-success-quotationbroad-ecological-rangetemperate-climate-adaptationabundant-vegetation-requirementaphid-concentration-dependencyPalearctic-realm-originBritish-Isles-presenceEuropean-Russia-distributionMiddle-East-Asia-coverageChina-Japan-Korea-presenceIndia-Pakistan-rangeNorth-Africa-nativeUnited-States-Canada-introductionSouth-Africa-introductionIUCN-Red-List-absenceCITES-database-absenceinvasive-species-designation-introduced-rangeharlequin-ladybird-competitionHarmonia-axyridis-disease-resistanceHarmonia-axyridis-resource-outcompetitionHarmonia-axyridis-intraguild-predationUK-2004-arrivalNetherlands-Belgium-France-introduction-pathwayUK-Ladybird-Survey-monitoringpotential-indigenous-wipeout-riskforest-grassland-agricultural-marsh-suburban-habitatherbaceous-crop-tree-shrub-host-plantssea-level-to-1,500-m-elevation-rangespring-summer-activitycolder-month-dormancyshelter-emergence-temperature-responsediapause-exit-mate-availabilitypheromone-attraction-chemical-identificationprey-location-chemical-cue-detectionaphid-warning-pheromone-responseplant-aphid-infestation-volatile-responsecourtship-male-initiationfemale-resistance-immature-or-gravidsex-pheromone-calling-behavior-documentationrecent-mating-reduced-callingconspecific-presence-unaffected-callingmultiple-male-mating-fecundity-benefitegg-viability-benefitoffspring-success-benefitclustered-oviposition-leaf-stem-vegetationolfactory-egg-avoidanceenvironmental-carrying-capacity-excessbeneficial-high-aphid-population-contexttemperature-dependent-hatchingeggshell-consumption-first-foodinfertile-egg-consumptionfourth-instar-pre-pupal-feeding-cessationsubstrate-attachment-pupationsoft-unpigmented-emergencemelanin-carotenoid-color-developmentmale-role-impregnation-onlyfemale-role-egg-production-onlysafe-substrate-selectionsufficient-larval-food-requirementwinter-survival-dependent-lifespanone-year-typical-two-year-maximummotility-flight-capabilitydaytime-activity-nighttime-dormancyclustered-hibernation-thermoregulationclustered-hibernation-protectiondiapause-exit-mate-pre-availabilityoverwintering-site-pheromone-attractionprey-pheromone-detectionaphid-alarm-pheromone-utilizationplant-stress-volatile-utilizationtwenty-four-aphid-species-consumptionlupin-aphid-toxicityMacrosiphum-albifrons-alkaloid-sequestrationnarcotizing-effect-consumptiondevelopment-interference-documentedtoxic-aphid-avoidance-introduced-rangenative-tolerance-evolution-contrastCoccinella-trifasciata-tolerance-examplepolyphagy-carnivorynarrower-polyphagy-than-Harmonianarrower-polyphagy-than-Coleomegillanon-aphid-food-survival-onlypollen-nectar-thrips-whitefly-alternateThysanoptera-alternateAleyrodidae-alternateCicadellidae-alternatePsyllidae-larvae-alternatebeetle-larvae-eggs-alternatebutterfly-larvae-eggs-alternatecongeneric-larvae-predationconspecific-egg-predationconspecific-larva-predationintraguild-predation-pressurecannibalism-pressureCompositae-Umbelliferae-pollen-pre-diapausefungal-spore-pre-diapausefat-reserve-energy-storagePrunus-spinosa-nectar-post-diapauseant-aphid-farming-exploitationant-honeydew-feedingant-aphid-egg-storageant-aphid-transportant-aphid-milkingbird-predation-documentedsmall-mammal-predation-documentedspider-predation-documentedcoccinellid-predation-documentedlacewing-egg-predation-documentedfourth-instar-predation-vulnerabilityanti-predator-colorationhigh-contrast-warningconspicuous-colorationreflex-bleeding-defenseleg-joint-secretionfoul-tasting-alkaloid-fluidN-oxide-coccinelline-toxinprecoccinelline-toxinspot-size-toxicity-indicatordiet-sex-spot-independenceDinocampus-coccinellae-parasitismPerilitus-coccinellae-parasitismlarval-targeting-waspdevelopmental-synchronizationdiapause-synchronizationDinocampus-egg-body-cavity-depositionegg-hatching-host-egg-consumptionleg-residence-pupationnine-day-emergenceadult-recovery-reportedsexual-transmission-during-matingfield-cross-species-transmission-absentUK-Ladybird-Survey-48,000-recordsDinocampus-low-Harmonia-prevalenceevolutionary-dynamics-research-opportunityMiddle-Ages-Virgin-Mary-legendfarmer-crop-protection-prayerred-cloak-color-symbolismseven-joys-sorrows-symbolismMalta-rose-thorn-legendblood-drop-color-change-legendseven-tears-spot-formation-legendkola-nannakola-name-evolutionSweden-nyckelpiga-key-helperseven-virtues-symbolismkingdom-heaven-keys-symbolismSpain-mariquita-marieta-derivationFinland-national-insect-designationMassachusetts-state-insectNew-Hampshire-state-insectDelaware-state-insectOhio-state-insectTennessee-state-insectCoccinella-novemnotata-New-York-state-insectpostage-stamp-feature-multiple-countries1976-England-heatwave-billion-swarm23.65-billion-estimatewarm-spring-aphid-increaseplant-drying-aphid-declinecoastal-congregation-sea-barrier120-km-flight-capability1,000-m-flight-altitudeexhaustion-hunger-coastal-trappingyear-of-the-ladybird-designation1990-parasite-prevented-swarm2025-England-coastal-swarmLord's-cricket-match-interruptionOllie-Pope-first-in-sport-quotationcrop-stability-improvement-reduced-numbersthree-subspecies-recognitionC.-s.-septempunctata-EuropeC.-s.-brucki-JapanC.-s.-algerica-Algeriaoriginal-species-status-revisionsubspecies-synonymizationThe-Year-of-the-Ladybird-novelSabina-Shahruddin-Hasanova-reproduction-studyAhmadov-BA-reproduction-studyJournal-Entomology-Zoology-Studies-2017factors-influencing-reproduction-researchGBIF-Europe-Northern-Asia-presenceGBIF-North-America-presenceGBIF-Oceania-presenceGBIF-Flanders-Belgium-presenceNCBI-Metazoa-kingdomNCBI-Arthropoda-phylumNCBI-Insecta-classNCBI-Coleoptera-orderNCBI-Coccinellidae-familyNCBI-Coccinella-genusiNaturalist-268,924-observationspreferred-common-name-standardizationWikipedia-comprehensive-species-accountAllothrombium-triticium-ectoparasitetrombidiidae-larval-parasitismsystematic-applied-acarology-publicationDOI-10.11158/saa.1.1.26ICE-2016-congress-abstractinvasion-ecology-evolution-themecomparative-morphometrics-methodologynative-introduced-range-comparisonfull-text-required-for-detailsBioControl-laboratory-prey-studysix-aphid-species-comparisonLipaphis-erysimi-optimal-preyAphis-nerii-minimal-preydevelopment-reproduction-quantificationlinear-relationships-multiple-parametersIndian-Journal-Entomology-feeding-studyKanpur-biocontrol-laboratoryLipaphis-erysimi-Brevicoryne-brassicae-preyfirst-fourth-instar-progressionquantitative-consumption-methodologypredatory-efficiency-measurementBug-Eric-zombie-ladybug-blogDinocampus-coccinellae-parasitoid-descriptionbraconid-wasp-life-historyovipositor-egg-virus-depositionDcPV-paralysis-virusnervous-system-migrationpupal-cocoon-spinninghost-twitching-defense-mimicryColorado-Springs-community-garden-observationRyan-Nefcy-rearing-documentationadult-wasp-emergence-photographyhost-recovery-one-thirdfemale-preferential-parasitoid-targetingsterilization-concern-agricultural-systemsDeep-Look-aphid-video-awardJosh-Cassidy-cinematographyIan-Grettenberger-UC-Davis-expertiseJackson-Wild-Media-Award-first-placeanimal-behavior-short-form-categoryCOVID-garden-filming-adaptationpea-aphid-predation-footage50%-speed-slow-motionalfalfa-legume-crop-contextmass-rearing-artificial-dietrape-pollen-beetle-honey-shrimpnatural-diet-preference-healthcontrolled-environment-breedingegg-larva-separation-necessitycannibalism-prevention-managementBug-Eric-indoor-autumn-insectsHarmonia-axyridis-nuisance-behavior1988-New-Orleans-establishmentpale-building-color-attractionno-indoor-breeding-factno-fabric-feeding-factreflex-bleeding-odor-stainbite-curiosity-not-aggressionprevention-weatherstripping-screeningvacuum-release-woodpile-relocationBug-Squad-Deep-Look-coverageKQED-science-productionPBS-Digital-Studios-fundingNational-Science-Foundation-supportDirk-Charlene-Kabcenell-FoundationVadasz-Family-FoundationGordon-Betty-Moore-FoundationCampaign-21-supportHome-invader-garden-helper-blogmulticolored-Asian-lady-beetle-biologyaphid-honeydew-feeding-stationlarval-development-aphid-consumptionadult-longevity-egg-productionbiological-control-agent-premierpecan-crop-southern-statesadelgid-scale-psyllid-predationexotic-non-native-statusdisplacement-concern-native-speciesnuisance-autumn-invasion-behaviortolerance-husband-annoyance-contrastLost-Ladybug-Project-Cornell9-spotted-rarity-searchthree-species-photographic-frequencyLeslie-Mertz-entomology-writingHelen-Roy-ecological-entomologyCentre-Ecology-Hydrology-WallingfordUK-Ladybird-Survey-co-founderPeter-Brown-Anglia-Ruskin-collaborationharlequin-80-90%-urban-dominanceHesperomyces-virescens-sexual-fungusmarathon-mating-hour-durationcontact-point-fruiting-body-locationKatie-Murray-doctoral-researchDanny-Haelewaters-Harvard-lineage-studyScientific-Reports-publicationDinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-parasitismcocoon-leg-spinning-observationevolutionary-action-observation-opportunityJohn-Roche-science-writingJ.P.-Michaud-Kansas-State-entomologylimb-regeneration-Annals-studycomplete-metamorphosis-pupal-stageLimb-Regeneration-Index-methodologyC.-septempunctata-100%-regenerationH.-axyridis-97.9%-regenerationevolutionary-distance-LRI-correlationpupal-development-delay-costinvasive-ecological-success-correlationNorth-American-invasive-20%-higher-LRIChina-indigenous-lower-LRIHippodamia-variegata-population-divergenceCzech-Republic-Egypt-comparisonpleiotropy-hypothesis-supportdirect-selection-unlikely-lady-beetlespredator-escape-limb-damage-raritydevelopmental-gene-pathway-conservationfuture-research-Scymninae-Chilocorinae-PsylloboriniEric-Eaton-Bug-Eric-bloggingColorado-Front-Range-wet-cool-seasonDinocampus-coccinellae-abundanceConvergent-Lady-Beetle-California-hostSeven-spotted-Lady-Beetle-Colorado-hostbraconid-wasp-global-distributionnon-specific-host-utilizationlarger-host-preferenceagricultural-biological-control-concernAl-Abassi-Birkett-Pettersson-Pickett-Wadhams-Woodcock-2001toxic-alkaloid-response-studyJournal-Chemical-Ecology-publicationLynette-Schimming-Bugguide.net-2009Dinocampus-coccinellae-species-accountMargarethe-Brummermann-Flagstaff-observationShanda-autumn-bite-experienceShelly-Cox-cooler-wetter-reductionhusband-bug-spray-annoyancenative-species-decline-concernthree-species-photographic-documentation9-spotted-elusive-searchEric-Eaton-series-appreciationJosh-Cassidy-wildlife-biology-backgroundSan-Francisco-State-Montana-State-filmmakingDeep-Look-long-term-team-membershipIan-Grettenberger-Western-Washington-biologyPennsylvania-State-entomology-doctoratePests-Natural-Enemies-YouTube-channellady-beetle-larva-aphid-predation-videoscoop-chomp-behavioral-descriptionpea-aphid-alfalfa-legume-pestslowed-50%-predation-visualizationJohn-P.-Roche-science-communicationHoly-Cross-adjunct-professorshipScience-View-Productions-direction200-article-publication-recordMichaud-limb-regeneration-researchAnnals-Entomological-Society-Americainvasive-success-trait-correlationecological-dominance-regeneration-associationgenotype-invasion-difference-documentationpleiotropic-effects-developmental-genescascading-gene-expression-effectswalking-stick-direct-selection-contrastlady-beetle-predation-survival-binaryfuture-taxonomic-expansion-researchScymninae-missing-taxaChilocorinae-scale-feeders-untestedPsylloborini-fungi-feeders-untestedLeslie-Mertz-northern-Michigan-residenceknowyourinsects.org-educational-websitesummer-field-biology-teachingHelen-Roy-six-year-old-1976-memoryIsle-of-Wight-garden-observationladybird-imagination-capturedoctoral-research-privilege2004-harlequin-arrival-anticipationCambridge-sabbatical-ecological-network-insight80-90%-urban-dominance-currentHesperomyces-virescens-native-two-spotted-observationdoctoral-student-Katie-Murray-discoverycontact-point-transmission-evidenceoverwintering-aggregation-months-durationfield-cross-species-transmission-absence-assertionMurray-health-effects-investigationHaelewaters-three-lineage-hypothesisScientific-Reports-publication-venueDinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-targetingcocoon-between-legs-observationevolutionary-action-research-excitementcitizen-science-online-mappingthousands-of-participants-contributionverified-record-quantity-reportingScientific-Data-Nature-journal-publicationharlequin-spread-pattern-documentationnative-species-decline-correlationanecdotal-increase-personal-observationseven-spot-Dinocampus-tracking-expansionsuper-abundant-resource-wasp-predictionparasite-pathogen-invaded-system-evolutionLeslie-Mertz-authorship-biologist-educatorBug-Eric-zombie-ladybug-narrativebraconid-wasp-bizarre-biologyNational-Geographic-website-articleovipositor-single-egg-depositionDcPV-virus-additional-depositlarval-replication-sitepupal-readiness-host-exitnervous-system-paralysis-migrationperiodic-twitching-virus-triggertoxic-alkaloid-body-defensevolatile-compound-parasitoid-attractionColorado-Springs-tomato-leaf-discoveryornamental-grass-nursery-discoveryRyan-Nefcy-Facebook-friend-rearingminiscule-wasp-size-description100-mph-movement-frustrationAugust-12-collection-August-21-emergenceone-third-recovery-ratefemale-targeting-parasitoid-preferencesterilization-agricultural-impact-concernEric-Eaton-blog-maintenance-noteMargarethe-Brummermann-Flagstaff-meadow-parallelcoded-protection-copy-frustrationreader-comment-engagementNovember-6-garage-door-querybeetle-recovery-adviceMarch-11-2025-braconidae-virus-integration-commenttwice-occurrence-coincidence-observationbracovirus-integration-comparisonless-integrated-DcPV-speculationnewer-older-post-navigationAtom-comment-subscriptionEric-Eaton-2009-indoor-insects-seriesHarmonia-axyridis-Halloween-designationOctober-abundance-patternbrown-marmorated-stink-bug-parallelrepeated-introduction-history1916-California-1988-New-Orleansaccidental-planned-introduction-uncertaintyrange-expansion-current-statusvariable-color-pattern-identification-challengeeighteen-nineteen-spot-typicalorange-spotless-black-two-spot-extremesnative-species-confusion-potentialsheer-abundance-identification-cluecircumstantial-displacement-evidenceC-7-greater-displacement-suggestionindoor-overwintering-nuisance-behaviorstate-agriculture-extension-call-volumeno-agency-fault-clarificationnuisance-pest-odor-stainno-indoor-breeding-feeding-factfat-reserve-winter-metabolismpersistent-bite-report-curiosity-explanationinvestigation-behavior-not-attackreflex-bleeding-defense-mechanismyellow-fluid-knee-joint-secretionawful-smell-stain-potentialprevention-weatherstripping-screening-sealingvacuum-release-outdoor-relocationwoodpile-sheltered-situation-suggestionpale-color-attraction-evidenceShanda-warm-sunny-day-bite-experienceair-filled-flying-behaviorland-bite-aggravation-characterizationstorage-area-height-preference-observationShelly-Cox-cooler-wetter-year-reductionhusband-bug-spray-intolerance-contrastLost-Ladybug-Project-participation-mentionnative-species-down-data-anticipationthree-species-frequency-ordermulticolored-Asian-seven-spotted-polished9-spotted-elusive-ongoing-searchEric-Eaton-series-value-appreciationJosh-Cassidy-award-notificationDeep-Look-nature-Oscar-equivalentanimal-behavior-short-form-first-placeinnovative-illuminating-judging-criteria750-entries-30-countries-competition150-member-judging-teamSeptember-30-ceremony-announcementGrettenberger-garden-aphid-abundanceCOVID-garage-filming-adaptationGrettenberger-parasitoid-development-footageYouTube-comment-praise-selectionphenomenal-channel-epic-biologically-significantwildlife-biology-Ohio-University-backgroundmarine-mammal-research-pursuitscience-natural-history-filmmaking-trainingDeep-Look-team-long-term-membershipexcellent-work-innovative-fascinating-reputationWestern-Washington-biology-bachelorJanuary-2019-UC-Davis-facultyfield-vegetable-crop-focusintegrated-pest-management-applicationapplied-insect-ecology-emphasisbiological-control-pest-emphasisPests-Natural-Enemies-YouTube-administrationlady-beetle-larva-aphid-predation-popular50%-speed-predation-visualizationpea-aphid-alfalfa-legume-crop-pestJohn-P.-Roche-science-communication-careerauthor-biologist-educator-identityrigorous-science-clear-accessible-dedicationMichaud-limb-regeneration-research-leadershipKansas-State-entomology-professorshipAugust-Annals-publicationcomplete-metamorphosis-pupal-stage-focusLimb-Regeneration-Index-creation0-1-scale-full-regeneration-indicationevolutionary-relatedness-calculationC.-septempunctata-H.-axyridis-highest-regenerationvirtually-every-species-some-capacityevolutionary-distance-LRI-difference-trendpupal-development-delay-common-costnine-of-fourteen-species-significantinvasive-wide-range-high-LRINorth-American-invasive-20%-higher-than-ChinaHippodamia-variegata-Czech-Egypt-differenceecology-key-factor-conclusioninvasive-biologically-different-from-ancestralaggressive-traits-robust-competitivenessecological-dominance-shared-characteristicsgenotype-invasion-difference-supportpleiotropy-hypothesis-preferencedirect-selection-unlikely-explanationlady-beetle-predation-survival-binary-outcomelimb-damage-rarity-predation-contextdevelopmental-gene-pathway-importancepupal-activation-gene-upregulationother-traits-selective-advantagefuture-research-taxonomic-expansionScymninae-missing-family-subfamilyChilocorinae-scale-feeders-missingPsylloborini-fungi-feeders-missingintriguing-future-research-possibilitiesinvasive-species-ecological-role-insightbiological-control-agent-understandingknowyourinsects.org-educational-resourcesummer-field-biology-teaching-activityHelen-Roy-childhood-1976-memoryIsle-of-Wight-garden-ladybird-abundanceimagination-capture-interest-sparkdoctoral-research-privilege-descriptionCambridge-sabbatical-2004-harlequin-anticipationecological-network-upset-prediction-correctness80-90%-urban-dominance-current-statusHesperomyces-virescens-native-two-spotted-prior-observationKatie-Murray-doctoral-student-discoverymarathon-mating-hour-duration-descriptioncontact-point-fruiting-body-location-evidenceMurray-health-effects-investigation-ongoingHaelewaters-Harvard-lineage-studythree-separate-lineages-hypothesisDinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-targeting-expansioncocoon-between-legs-observation-detailevolutionary-action-research-excitement-expressioncitizen-science-online-mapping-projectthousands-of-participants-contribution-scaleverified-record-quantity-reporting-pridenative-species-decline-correlation-dataanecdotal-increase-personal-observation-noteseven-spot-Dinocampus-tracking-expansion-planparasite-pathogen-invaded-system-evolution-opportunityLeslie-Mertz-authorship-biologist-educator-identitybraconid-wasp-bizarre-biology-descriptionNational-Geographic-website-article-referenceovipositor-single-egg-deposition-detailDcPV-virus-additional-deposit-descriptionlarval-replication-site-internalpupal-readiness-host-exit-behaviornervous-system-paralysis-migration-effectcocoon-spinning-beneath-host-behaviorperiodic-twitching-virus-trigger-effecttoxic-alkaloid-body-defense-mechanismvolatile-compound-parasitoid-attraction-mechanismColorado-Springs-tomato-leaf-discovery-detailornamental-grass-nursery-discovery-detailRyan-Nefcy-Facebook-friend-rearing-commitmentminiscule-wasp-size-description-vivid100-mph-movement-frustration-quoteAugust-12-collection-August-21-emergence-timelineone-third-recovery-rate-documentationfemale-targeting-parasitoid-preference-notesterilization-agricultural-impact-concern-mentionEric-Eaton-blog-maintenance-note-technicalMargarethe-Brummermann-Flagstaff-meadow-parallel-observationcoded-protection-copy-frustration-commentreader-comment-engagement-policyNovember-6-garage-door-query-responsebeetle-recovery-advice-recommendationMarch-11-2025-braconidae-virus-integration-comment-analyticaltwice-occurrence-coincidence-observation-speculativebracovirus-integration-comparison-analyticalless-integrated-DcPV-speculation-tentativenewer-older-post-navigation-interfaceAtom-comment-subscription-technicalEric-Eaton-2009-indoor-insects-series-contextHarmonia-axyridis-Halloween-designation-seasonalOctober-abundance-pattern-temporalbrown-marmorated-stink-bug-parallel-invasiverepeated-introduction-history-1916-1988accidental-planned-introduction-uncertainty-debaterange-expansion-current-status-widespreadvariable-color-pattern-identification-challenge-diagnosticeighteen-nineteen-spot-typical-rangeorange-spotless-black-two-spot-extremes-variationnative-species-confusion-potential-misidentificationsheer-abundance-identification-clue-diagnosticcircumstantial-displacement-evidence-suggestiveC-7-greater-displacement-suggestion-comparativeindoor-overwintering-nuisance-behavior-seasonalstate-agriculture-extension-call-volume-impactno-agency-fault-clarification-responsibilitynuisance-pest-odor-stain-characteristicno-indoor-breeding-feeding-fact-biologicalfat-reserve-winter-metabolism-physiologicalpersistent-bite-report-curiosity-explanation-behavioralinvestigation-behavior-not-attack-motivationreflex-bleeding-defense-mechanism-chemicalyellow-fluid-knee-joint-secretion-anatomicalawful-smell-stain-potential-chemical-propertyprevention-weatherstripping-screening-sealing-practicalvacuum-release-outdoor-relocation-managementwoodpile-sheltered-situation-suggestion-habitatpale-color-attraction-evidence-visualwhite-gray-yellow-building-preference-chromaticShanda-warm-sunny-day-bite-experience-anecdotalair-filled-flying-behavior-descriptiveland-bite-aggravation-characterization-subjectivestorage-area-height-preference-observation-anecdotalShelly-Cox-cooler-wetter-year-reduction-correlationhusband-bug-spray-intolerance-contrast-humorousLost-Ladybug-Project-participation-mention-citizen-sciencenative-species-down-data-anticipation-concernthree-species-frequency-order-observationalmulticolored-Asian-seven-spotted-polished-abundance-ranking9-spotted-elusive-ongoing-search-rarityEric-Eaton-series-value-appreciation-feedbackJosh-Cassidy-award-notification-recognitionDeep-Look-nature-Oscar-equivalent-metaphoranimal-behavior-short-form-first-place-achievementinnovative-illuminating-judging-criteria-qualitative750-entries-30-countries-competition-scale150-member-judging-team-compositionSeptember-30-ceremony-announcement-dateGrettenberger-garden-aphid-abundance-filming-locationCOVID-garage-filming-adaptation-pandemicGrettenberger-parasitoid-development-footage-contributionYouTube-comment-praise-selection-socialphenomenal-channel-epic-biologically-significant-acclaimwildlife-biology-Ohio-University-background-educationmarine-mammal-research-pursuit-prior-interestscience-natural-history-filmmaking-training-specializationDeep-Look-team-long-term-membership-careerexcellent-work-innovative-fascinating-reputation-professionalWestern-Washington-biology-bachelor-educationPennsylvania-State-entomology-doctorate-educationJanuary-2019-UC-Davis-faculty-employmentfield-vegetable-crop-focus-researchintegrated-pest-management-application-extensionapplied-insect-ecology-emphasis-academicbiological-control-pest-emphasis-researchPests-Natural-Enemies-YouTube-administration-outreachlady-beetle-larva-aphid-predation-popular-contentscoop-chomp-behavioral-description-vivid50%-speed-predation-visualization-technicalpea-aphid-alfalfa-legume-crop-pest-economicJohn-P.-Roche-science-communication-career-professionalauthor-biologist-educator-identity-multi-roleScience-View-Productions-direction-enterpriseHoly-Cross-adjunct-professorship-academic200-article-publication-record-productivityrigorous-science-clear-accessible-dedication-philosophyMichaud-limb-regeneration-research-leadership-academicKansas-State-entomology-professorship-employmentAugust-Annals-publication-datecomplete-metamorphosis-pupal-stage-focus-developmentalLimb-Regeneration-Index-creation-methodology0-1-scale-full-regeneration-indication-metricevolutionary-relatedness-calculation-phylogeneticC.-septempunctata-H.-axyridis-highest-regeneration-observationvirtually-every-species-some-capacity-generalityevolutionary-distance-LRI-difference-trend-patternpupal-development-delay-common-cost-physiologicalnine-of-fourteen-species-significant-statisticalinvasive-wide-range-high-LRI-correlationNorth-American-invasive-20%-higher-than-China-quantitativeHippodamia-variegata-Czech-Egypt-difference-geographicecology-key-factor-conclusion-interpretationinvasive-biologically-different-from-ancestral-evolutionaryaggressive-traits-robust-competitiveness-characteristicecological-dominance-shared-characteristics-traitgenotype-invasion-difference-support-evidencepleiotropy-hypothesis-preference-theoreticaldirect-selection-unlikely-explanation-theoreticalwalking-stick-direct-selection-contrast-comparativelady-beetle-predation-survival-binary-outcome-behaviorallimb-damage-rarity-predation-context-ecologicaldevelopmental-gene-pathway-importance-geneticpupal-activation-gene-upregulation-molecularcascading-gene-expression-effects-downstreamother-traits-selective-advantage-pleiotropyfuture-research-taxonomic-expansion-recommendationScymninae-missing-family-subfamily-taxonomicChilocorinae-scale-feeders-missing-taxonomicPsylloborini-fungi-feeders-missing-taxonomicintriguing-future-research-possibilities-opportunityinvasive-species-ecological-role-insight-applicationbiological-control-agent-understanding-practicalLeslie-Mertz-northern-Michigan-residence-personalknowyourinsects.org-educational-resource-outreachsummer-field-biology-teaching-activity-educationalHelen-Roy-childhood-1976-memory-personalIsle-of-Wight-garden-ladybird-abundance-biogeographicimagination-capture-interest-spark-developmentaldoctoral-research-privilege-description-professionalCambridge-sabbatical-2004-harlequin-anticipation-predictiveecological-network-upset-prediction-correctness-validation80-90%-urban-dominance-current-status-quantitativeHesperomyces-virescens-native-two-spotted-prior-observation-historicalKatie-Murray-doctoral-student-discovery-contributionmarathon-mating-hour-duration-description-behavioralcontact-point-fruiting-body-location-evidence-morphologicaloverwintering-aggregation-months-duration-behavioralfield-cross-species-transmission-absence-assertion-ecologicalMurray-health-effects-investigation-ongoing-researchHaelewaters-Harvard-lineage-study-institutionalthree-separate-lineages-hypothesis-taxonomicScientific-Reports-publication-venue-academicDinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-targeting-expansion-ecologicalcocoon-between-legs-observation-detail-morphologicalevolutionary-action-research-excitement-expression-enthusiasmcitizen-science-online-mapping-project-methodologythousands-of-participants-contribution-scale-participatoryverified-record-quantity-reporting-pride-achievementScientific-Data-Nature-journal-publication-academicharlequin-spread-pattern-documentation-spatialnative-species-decline-correlation-data-ecologicalanecdotal-increase-personal-observation-note-qualitativeseven-spot-Dinocampus-tracking-expansion-plan-futuresuper-abundant-resource-wasp-prediction-ecologicalparasite-pathogen-invaded-system-evolution-opportunity-researchCoccinella trifasciata
three-banded lady beetle, three-banded ladybug
Coccinella trifasciata, the three-banded lady beetle, is a widely distributed species in the family Coccinellidae. It occurs across North America, Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), Oceania, and Southern Asia. The species includes three recognized subspecies, with C. t. perplexa found from Labrador to New Jersey and west to Alaska and California, and C. t. subversa ranging from British Columbia to California. Adults of the subspecies C. t. perplexa have been documented as hosts for the parasitoid wasp Perilitus coccinellae in Ontario, Canada.
Coleophora pruniella
cherry casebearer moth, cherry casebearer
Coleophora pruniella is a small casebearer moth in the family Coleophoridae, commonly known as the cherry casebearer moth. The species is native to North America and is recognized by its larval habit of constructing portable cases from silk and plant material. Larvae are polyphagous, feeding on leaves of numerous woody plant genera. The species serves as a host for the parasitoid wasp Microbracon pygmaeus.
Coleophora serratella
Cigar Casebearer Moth, Birch-Alder Casebearer
A small case-bearing moth with a wingspan of 11–14 mm. Adults are active in June and are difficult to identify without dissection and microscopic examination of genitalia. Larvae feed on birch, alder, and other woody plants, constructing portable cases from silk and plant material. The species occurs across Europe (except the Balkan Peninsula), Japan (Hokkaido), and North America.
Coryphista
barberry geometer moth
Coryphista is a monotypic moth genus in the family Geometridae, erected by George Duryea Hulst in 1896. The genus contains a single species, Coryphista meadii, commonly known as the barberry geometer moth or barberry looper. Some taxonomic authorities consider Coryphista to be a synonym of Rheumaptera. The species is notable as a host for the parasitoid wasp Pimpla sanguinipes.
Dalbulus elimatus
Mexican corn leafhopper
Dalbulus elimatus (Ball, 1900), the Mexican corn leafhopper, is a specialist herbivore of maize (Zea mays) and closely related grasses in the genus Tripsacum. It is a significant agricultural pest in Mexico and Central America, transmitting three major corn stunting pathogens: corn stunt spiroplasma (Spiroplasma kunkelii), maize bushy stunt phytoplasma, and maize rayado fino virus. The species exhibits r-selected life history traits characteristic of annual plant specialists, with rapid development (approximately 27 days egg to adult on maize) and high fecundity. It serves as host for multiple parasitoid species including the pipunculid fly Eudorylas subopacus and the dryinid wasp Gonatopus bartletti, which parasitize adults, as well as several mymarid and trichogrammatid wasps that attack eggs.
Dasineura parthenocissi
Dasineura parthenocissi is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces galls on Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper). The species was described by Stebbins in 1910. Its galls are known to host the parasitic wasp Platygaster munita. The midge has been documented in the northeastern United States, with observations concentrated in Vermont.
Dasiops
flower bud flies, lance flies
Dasiops is a genus of lance flies (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) whose larvae are internal feeders on reproductive structures of Passifloraceae. Multiple species are significant agricultural pests of cultivated passionfruit crops in the Neotropics, causing abscission of flower buds and fruit damage. The genus serves as host for diverse hymenopterous parasitoids including Braconidae, Figitidae, Diapriidae, and Pteromalidae. One species, D. caustonae, has been investigated as a potential biological control agent for invasive Passiflora mollissima in Hawaii due to its restricted host range within subgenus Tacsonia.
Diaphania nitidalis
pickleworm, pickleworm moth
Diaphania nitidalis is a significant agricultural pest of cucurbit crops, particularly damaging to squash, cucumbers, and melons. Adults are nocturnal moths with iridescent brown wings marked by yellow bands and white borders. Larvae feed voraciously on reproductive tissues, flowers, and fruits, often burrowing into fruit flesh. The species is tropical in origin and intolerant of cold temperatures, limiting its permanent range to southern North America and tropical regions, though it migrates northward seasonally.
Diatraea
sugarcane borer, stalk borer
Diatraea is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae comprising approximately 40 described species. The genus is best known for several economically important stalk-boring pests of grass crops, particularly sugarcane, corn, sorghum, and rice. Larvae tunnel within plant stems, causing reduced yield, lodging, and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Several species have been the focus of extensive biological control programs, notably using parasitoid wasps such as Cotesia flavipes and Trichogramma galloi. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas from the southern United States to Argentina.
Dicerca divaricata
Flat-headed Hardwood Borer
Dicerca divaricata is a medium-sized jewel beetle (family Buprestidae) native to eastern North America. Adults are black in color and measure 15–22 mm in length. The species is a wood-boring beetle whose larvae develop in the wood of various hardwood trees, particularly maples (Acer), American elm (Ulmus americana), and redbud (Cercis). Adults are active in late spring, with flight activity recorded in May and June. The species serves as a host for the parasitoid wasp Podoschistus vittifrons.
Dictyna
Dictyna is a genus of cribellate araneomorph spiders in the family Dictynidae, comprising approximately 118 species. These spiders are characterized by their irregular hackled band webs used for prey capture. Some species exhibit social behavior, with females showing gregarious tendencies in web aggregation. The genus serves as host for parasitoid wasps including Zatypota anomala.
Dione juno
Juno Silverspot, Juno Longwing, Juno Heliconian
Dione juno is a heliconiine butterfly (subfamily Heliconiinae) distributed from the southern United States through Central and South America. The species is a significant agricultural pest of passion fruit (Passiflora spp.), particularly Passiflora edulis, where caterpillars can completely defoliate host plants at high population densities. Adults are characterized by orange and black dorsal wing patterns with distinctive silver spots on the ventral wing surfaces. The species has been extensively studied in Brazil and Central America for its role in agroecosystems and its diverse complex of natural enemies.
Diplolepis ignota
gall wasp
Diplolepis ignota is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces spherical, single-chambered galls on the leaves of wild rose species (Rosa). The galls serve as both shelter and food source for developing larvae. Multiple galls frequently coalesce into irregularly rounded clusters. Adults emerge from galls the summer following gall initiation. The species has been reported throughout most of the continental United States and in parts of central Canada.
Disholcaspis lacuna
Disholcaspis lacuna is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces the formation of characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the typical cynipid life cycle involving alternation of generations, with separate sexual and parthenogenetic (agamic) generations that produce distinct gall forms. Its biology and gall morphology are less documented than those of congeners such as D. quercusmamma and D. quercusglobulus.
Disholcaspis quercusmamma
oak rough bulletgall wasp
Disholcaspis quercusmamma, the oak rough bulletgall wasp, is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive bullet-shaped galls on twigs of white oaks. The species exhibits an alternation of generations with sexual and asexual phases, each producing morphologically different galls. The fall bullet galls are large, conspicuous structures with a velvety surface and pointed apex, while spring galls are small and inconspicuous on leaf buds. This wasp possesses notably enlarged venom glands, with the venom reservoir occupying approximately one-third of abdominal volume, implicating venom compounds in gall induction.
Draeculacephala inscripta
Waterlettuce Leafhopper
Draeculacephala inscripta is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1915. It is commonly known as the Waterlettuce Leafhopper due to its association with aquatic and semi-aquatic host plants. The species has been recorded from multiple U.S. states including Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, and Hawaii, as well as being present in California where it has been studied as a host for egg parasitoids. Its eggs serve as hosts for several parasitoid wasp species in the families Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae.
Enarmonia
cherry bark tortrix (E. formosana)
Enarmonia is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae. The genus contains approximately six described species, with Enarmonia formosana (cherry bark tortrix) being the most extensively studied due to its economic significance as a pest of Prunus species. Larvae develop as concealed feeders under bark, mining the cambium layer. Adults are active in spring and communicate via species-specific sex pheromones.
Erythroneura elegans
Erythroneura elegans is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by McAtee in 1920. It belongs to the tribe Erythroneurini within the subfamily Typhlocybinae. The species has been documented in several North American states and provinces. Its eggs are known to be parasitized by the fairyfly Anagrus epos, a member of the family Mymaridae.
Estigmene
Ermine Moths
Estigmene is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae, erected by Jacob Hübner in 1820. Species in this genus are native to North and Central America. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with many African and Asian species formerly included now separated into different genera. The most well-known species is Estigmene acrea, commonly called the saltmarsh caterpillar or woollybear, which is a widespread generalist herbivore and occasional agricultural pest.
Eucaterva
Eucaterva is a genus of geometer moths in the family Geometridae, established by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1882. The genus contains two recognized species: Eucaterva variaria (the type species) and Eucaterva bonniwelli. It belongs to the subfamily Ennominae, one of the largest and most diverse groups within Geometridae. The genus is known from western North America.
Eucaterva variaria
Eucaterva variaria is a geometrid moth species described by Grote in 1882. It is distributed across Central America and North America. The species feeds on desert willow (Chilopsis linearis). It serves as a host for the parasitoid wasp Pimpla sanguinipes (Coccygomimus sanguinipes).
Euhexomyza schineri
Poplar Twiggall Fly
Euhexomyza schineri, commonly known as the poplar twiggall fly, is a small gall-forming fly in the family Agromyzidae. The species induces smooth, circular galls on poplar twigs, with larvae developing inside before pupating in late winter to early spring. It has been recorded across North America, with additional reports from Europe and Asia. The species is associated with multiple Populus species, with quaking aspen (P. tremuloides) as the primary host.
Euphydryas
checkerspot butterflies
Euphydryas is a genus of checkerspot butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. The genus includes species that have been extensively studied in population biology and conservation, with some species subject to reintroduction efforts. Several species are declining across their ranges, with climate change identified as a significant factor. Larvae typically feed on specific host plants and construct silk webs.
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti
Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly endemic to the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico. It is currently proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The subspecies is known from high-elevation habitats and has been the subject of research on parasitoid interactions, specifically with Cotesia wasps (Braconidae). Its restricted range and specific habitat requirements contribute to its conservation concern.
Eupseudosoma
snowy eupseudosoma (E. involutum)
Eupseudosoma is a genus of tussock moths in the family Erebidae, erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1865. The genus contains several species distributed across the Americas, with Eupseudosoma involutum (snowy eupseudosoma) being the most widespread and well-known. Some species are significant defoliators of Eucalyptus and other plants.
Eupseudosoma involuta
snowy eupseudosoma
Eupseudosoma involuta is a moth in the family Erebidae (formerly Arctiidae), commonly known as the snowy eupseudosoma. It is a defoliator species with a broad distribution across the Americas, from the southern United States through South America to Argentina, including the Caribbean islands. The species has been documented as a host for the parasitoid wasp Trichospilus diatraeae, which attacks its pupae.
Eurygaster
sunn pest, sunn bug, tortoise shieldbug
Eurygaster is a genus of shield bugs in the family Scutelleridae, distributed across Eurasia with some species in North America. The genus includes several economically significant agricultural pests, particularly E. integriceps and E. testudinaria, known as sunn pests that damage cereal crops. Species identification within the genus is challenging due to morphological similarities among closely related taxa. The genus comprises at least 17 extant species plus one fossil species, with six species recorded from Russia.
Euxesta
Cornsilk Flies
Euxesta is a genus of picture-winged flies in the family Ulidiidae, commonly known as cornsilk flies. Multiple species are significant agricultural pests of sweet corn (Zea mays), particularly in Florida, the southeastern United States, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil. The genus includes at least four species documented attacking corn in Florida: E. stigmatias, E. eluta, E. annonae, and E. mazorca. Larvae develop within corn ears, feeding on silks and kernels and causing direct crop damage, often in association with secondary fungal infections.
Euxoa auxiliaris
Army Cutworm Moth, Miller Moth
Euxoa auxiliaris, the army cutworm moth, is a seasonal migrant and agricultural pest in the Great Plains of North America. The larval stage damages field crops by cutting stems and feeding on foliage, while adults undertake remarkable long-distance migrations to alpine talus slopes in the Rocky Mountains to escape summer heat. These aggregations serve as a critical, high-calorie food source for grizzly bears during their pre-hibernation hyperphagia. Adults are commonly called 'miller moths' due to the fine, easily-shed wing scales that resemble flour dust.
Euzophera
snout moths
Euzophera is a genus of snout moths (Pyralidae) established by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1867. The genus comprises approximately 70 described species distributed across multiple continents, with larvae that typically bore into plant tissues. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, including stem borers of solanaceous crops and fruit borers of pomegranate. The genus exhibits considerable diversity in host plant associations, ranging from monophagous specialists to oligophagous generalists within particular plant families.
Evergestis rimosalis
cross-striped cabbageworm, Cross-striped Cabbageworm Moth
Evergestis rimosalis is a crambid moth commonly known as the cross-striped cabbageworm. It is recognized as a pest of brassica crops in eastern North America and serves as a host for the gregarious endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia orobenae. The species has been studied primarily in the context of biological control research.
Feltia herilis
Master's Dart, Herald Dart
Feltia herilis, commonly known as Master's Dart or Herald Dart, is a noctuid moth native to North America. First described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873, this species has one generation per year with adults active from July through October. The larvae are polyphagous, feeding on a wide variety of plants including crops, forages, vegetables, forbs, and herbs. Adults have been observed feeding on nectar, with one documented instance on Liatris.
Feltia manifesta
Adobe Dart
Feltia manifesta, commonly known as the Adobe Dart, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It was first described by Morrison in 1875 under the name Agrotis manifesta. The species is found in North America, where its larvae develop as subterranean cutworms. Adult moths have been documented visiting flowers, where they serve as hosts for the parasitoid ichneumon wasp Ceratogastra ornata.
Feltia subgothica
gothic dart, subgothic dart, tricose dart
Feltia subgothica, commonly known as the gothic dart or subgothic dart, is a noctuid moth species found in central North America. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 34 mm and are active from July to September. The species is notable for its polyphagous larvae, which have been documented feeding on over 40 plant species spanning crops, forages, vegetables, and forbs.
Feltia subterranea
granulate cutworm, subterranean dart moth, tawny shoulder, Subterranean Dart
Feltia subterranea is a noctuid moth whose larvae are subterranean cutworms feeding on plant roots and crowns. The species has a broad geographic range spanning North, Central, and South America, as well as Hawaii. Adults have a wingspan of 38–44 mm and are known to pollinate fetterbush lyonia. The larvae are polyphagous pests of numerous agricultural crops.
Feltia tricosa
tricose dart
Feltia tricosa, commonly known as the tricose dart, is a noctuid moth found in central North America. The species has a wingspan of approximately 35 mm. Adults are active from July through September in northern portions of its range. The larvae are subterranean cutworms that have been observed feeding on a variety of plants. This species is notable as a host for the ichneumon wasp Ceratogastra ornata, which parasitizes its eggs and early larval stages.
Gelechia
Gelechia is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, first described by Hübner in 1825. The type species is Gelechia rhombella. Species in this genus are associated with various host plants including cotton (Gossypium), juniper (Juniperus), and Palo Verde trees (Parkinsonia). Some species have been moved to other genera based on morphological revisions, such as Gelechia acanthopis which was transferred to the new genus Sitotrogoides. The genus has been recorded from Europe, Asia, and North America.
Geomyza
frit flies
Geomyza is a genus of frit flies in the family Opomyzidae, comprising at least 30 described species. The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, notably Geomyza tripunctata, whose larvae feed internally on grasses and cereals, killing the central shoot. These flies are distributed across the Holarctic region, with documented occurrences in Europe and North America. Larvae serve as hosts for hymenopterous parasitoids in grassland ecosystems.
Glaphyriinae
Glaphyriinae is a subfamily of Crambidae moths described by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes in 1923. The subfamily contains approximately 509 species in 75 genera, including well-known genera such as Evergestis and Hellula. Larvae of this subfamily are notable for their specialization on Brassicales plants and their ability to detoxify glucosinolates, chemical defenses produced by these host plants.
Glocianus
minute seed weevils
Glocianus is a genus of minute seed weevils (Curculionidae) comprising approximately 15 described species. The genus is primarily known through detailed study of G. punctiger, a specialist herbivore associated with dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Larvae develop within dandelion inflorescences, feeding first as internal stalk borers then as seed predators in flowerheads before pupating underground. The genus serves as a model system for studying tritrophic interactions and urban ecosystem dynamics.
Glyptoscelis pubescens
hairy leaf beetle, pine chrysomelid
Glyptoscelis pubescens is a leaf beetle species in the family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as the hairy leaf beetle or pine chrysomelid. It is distributed across eastern North America, with records extending into Canada. The species is recognized as a potential pest of pine trees. Parasitoid wasps including Eupelmus sp. and Microctonus glyptosceli are known to attack this beetle.
Goera
Goera is a genus of caddisflies in the family Goeridae comprising at least 120 described species. Larvae construct portable cases, with documented species building cases from sand or inhabiting madicolous habitats on wet cliff faces. The genus serves as host for specialized parasitoid wasps.
Gracillariidae
Leaf Blotch Miner Moths, Leaf Miner Moths
Gracillariidae is a large family of small moths in the order Lepidoptera, comprising approximately 98 described genera and many undescribed tropical species. Adults are typically diminutive with wingspans of 5–20 mm. The family is best known as the principal group of leaf-mining moths, with larvae that feed internally within leaf tissue. Several species are economically significant agricultural and horticultural pests, including the invasive horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella). The family has a fossil record extending to 97 million years ago, with Phyllocnistinae leaf mines preserved in Cretaceous rocks.
Graphisurus fasciatus
Banded Graphisurus
Graphisurus fasciatus is a longhorn beetle (family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae) found throughout eastern North America. It is one of three species in the genus Graphisurus occurring in Missouri and is notably the most commonly encountered of the three. The species was described by Degeer in 1775. It is primarily associated with oak (Quercus spp.) as a larval host.