Phloem-feeder
Guides
Jikradia olitoria
Coppery Leafhopper
Jikradia olitoria, commonly known as the Coppery Leafhopper, is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae found primarily in eastern North America. It is a putative vector of the NAGYIIIβ phytoplasma strain associated with North American Grapevine Yellows, a destructive disease of grapevines. The species has been documented in Virginia vineyards and surrounding vegetation, with adults active from May through October. Laboratory studies have confirmed its ability to release phytoplasmas during phloem-feeding, though whole-plant transmission remains to be demonstrated.
Lachninae
Giant Aphids
Lachninae is a subfamily of aphids (Aphididae) notable for containing some of the largest-bodied aphid species, commonly referred to as 'giant aphids.' Members are distinguished by greatly reduced or vestigial cornicles compared to other aphids. The subfamily exhibits a unique dual symbiotic system involving Buchnera and co-obligate secondary endosymbionts, primarily Serratia symbiotica, which compensates for riboflavin biosynthetic deficiencies in the primary symbiont. This group has been historically treated as a separate family (Lachnidae) by some authors. The subfamily includes economically significant species associated with coniferous and broadleaf trees.
Lachnini
Lachnini is a tribe within the aphid subfamily Lachninae, comprising relatively large-bodied aphids. Members feed on green and woody tissues of both coniferous and deciduous plants, with documented associations including Rosaceae, Salicaceae (Salix), and potentially Prunus. The tribe exhibits complex life cycles with high polymorphism and environmental plasticity. Lachnini is one of five recognized tribes in Lachninae and has been subject to recent phylogenetic revision alongside related groups Tuberolachnini and Tramini.
Lauritrioza alacris
Bay Sucker
Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.
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false pit scales, lecanodiaspidids
Lecanodiaspididae is a family of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) commonly known as false pit scales. Members are found worldwide but are most diverse in the Far East. The family comprises approximately 12 described genera including Lecanodiaspis, Anomalococcus, and Pterococcus. These insects are phloem-feeders that develop waxy, protective coverings over their bodies.
Leptodictya plana
Grass Lacebug
Leptodictya plana is a grass-feeding lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) first described in 1913. It has been documented as an emerging pest on ornamental grasses in the southern United States, with Pennisetum species showing particular susceptibility to feeding damage and serving as oviposition hosts. The species remains seldom collected despite its economic relevance to horticulture.
Leuronota fagarae
Wild Lime Psyllid
Leuronota fagarae (Wild Lime Psyllid) is a psyllid species in the family Triozidae, native to Paraguay and invasive in Florida, USA since 2001. It feeds on Zanthoxylum fagara (wild lime), a citrus relative in the Rutaceae family, causing characteristic rolled leaf edges that shelter developing nymphs. The species is taxonomically related to Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing (citrus greening), and their ranges overlap in Florida's transition zones between wild and cultivated citrus habitats. A novel Wolbachia endosymbiont strain (wLfag-FL, supergroup B) has been characterized from this species, revealing potential nutritional provisioning roles and informing research on symbiont-based pest control strategies.
Liviinae
Liviinae is a subfamily of plant lice within the family Liviidae (order Hemiptera). Members are small, sap-feeding insects that inhabit various host plants. The group is distinguished from the other subfamily in Liviidae, Euphyllurinae, by morphological and ecological characteristics.
Longistigma
giant bark aphid
Longistigma is a genus of giant aphids in the family Aphididae, containing at least three described species. These are the largest aphids in North America, with Longistigma caryae (giant bark aphid) being particularly notable for its size. The genus was established by Wilson in 1909 based on the extremely long, slender stigma that extends around the end of the wing. Members of this genus feed on bark and are associated with trees including oak, hickory, walnut, and beech.
Lopholeucaspis
Lopholeucaspis is a genus of armored scale insects (Diaspididae) containing species that are invasive pests of woody plants. The most documented species, L. japonica, has established populations across Asia, Europe, Australia, and North America. These scales infest a broad range of hosts including citrus, pomegranate, crapemyrtle, privet, and euonymus. The genus is notable for its expanding global distribution and association with multiple parasitoid wasp species.
Lycorma delicatula
Spotted Lanternfly
Lycorma delicatula, commonly known as the spotted lanternfly, is a planthopper native to China and Southeast Asia that has become a globally significant invasive pest. First detected in the United States in Berks County, Pennsylvania in 2014, it has since spread to over 20 states and the District of Columbia, primarily through human-assisted transport of egg masses. The species feeds on phloem sap from more than 100 plant species, with a strong preference for Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima), and causes severe economic damage to vineyards, orchards, and hardwood industries through direct feeding and secondary effects of honeydew secretion.
Macrohomotoma gladiata
Curtain Fig Psyllid
Macrohomotoma gladiata is an invasive Asian psyllid that has established populations across the Mediterranean Basin and California, where it infests ornamental Ficus microcarpa. Nymphs feed on young tissues, producing dense white waxy secretions and honeydew that promotes sooty mould growth and causes twig dieback. The species has a likely bivoltine life cycle with possible partial third generation; young nymphs overwinter under stipules without development, resuming growth in spring. Natural enemies include a Psyllaephagus parasitoid that can achieve high parasitism rates, and the predatory bug Anthocoris nemoralis.
Macropsis canadensis
Macropsis canadensis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1890. It belongs to the genus Macropsis, a group of leafhoppers distributed across North America. The species has been recorded from western North American localities including Alberta, British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Idaho. Like other members of its family, it is a phloem-feeding insect that likely inhabits herbaceous vegetation.
Macrosiphini
Macrosiphini is a large tribe of aphids within the subfamily Aphidinae, comprising over 200 genera and numerous species distributed worldwide. Members exhibit diverse life cycles, including both monoecious species that remain on herbaceous plants year-round and heteroecious species that alternate between woody primary hosts and herbaceous secondary hosts. The tribe includes many economically significant agricultural pests, such as Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and Macrosiphum species. Host plant specificity varies considerably, with some species restricted to single host species and others feeding across multiple plant families.
Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria
Tansy Aphid
Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria is a small sap-sucking aphid that feeds on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). Unlike some congeners, it is not attended by ants and produces minimal honeydew. Its gut physiology differs markedly from ant-attended aphids: it lacks significant oligosaccharide synthesis for osmoregulation, instead producing erlose as its primary honeydew sugar.
Macrosiphum badium
false Solomon's-seal aphid
Macrosiphum badium, known as the false Solomon's-seal aphid, is a species of aphid described in 2000 by Andrew Jensen. It is endemic to western North America and feeds on west coast species of Maianthemum. The species is characterized by its reddish brown to reddish green coloration and distinctive siphunculi with black tips.
Macrosiphum coryli
American Hazelnut Aphid
Macrosiphum coryli is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the American Hazelnut Aphid. It is a specialist feeder associated with plants in the genus Corylus (hazelnuts). The species was described by Davis in 1914 and is currently accepted as valid, though it has been placed in the subgenus Neocorylobium within Macrosiphum by some treatments. It belongs to a genus of aphids that includes several economically significant species affecting agricultural crops.
Macrosiphum impatientis
Green Jewelweed Aphid
Macrosiphum impatientis is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, first described by Williams in 1911. It is commonly known as the Green Jewelweed Aphid, indicating an association with jewelweed plants (Impatiens species). The species belongs to the genus Macrosiphum, a large group of aphids that feed on a variety of host plants. As with other Macrosiphum species, it likely possesses the characteristic long siphunculi and antennal tubercles typical of the genus.
Macrosteles
leafhoppers
Macrosteles is a genus of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) comprising more than 80 species distributed primarily in the northern hemisphere. Members are phloem-feeding insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Several species are economically significant as vectors of phytopathogenic phytoplasmas, including "Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris" (aster yellows disease) and "Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae" (rice yellow dwarf). Some species exhibit migratory behavior. The genus harbors complex endosymbiotic microbiota including obligate nutritional symbionts "Candidatus Sulcia muelleri" and "Candidatus Nasuia deltocephalinicola".
Macrosteles divisus
Macrosteles divisus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. It is known primarily as a vector of carrot yellows disease (phytoplasma) in agricultural systems. The species overwinters as eggs in plant tissues, with nymphs emerging in spring and multiple generations occurring through the growing season. Population activity peaks in mid to late summer.
Macrosteles patruelis
Macrosteles patruelis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Kwon in 2010. It belongs to a genus of small, slender insects commonly known as leafhoppers that feed on plant sap. The species has been recorded from northern North America including Alaska, Alberta, Manitoba, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. As a relatively recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited.
Macrosteles severini
Macrosteles severini is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1983. It belongs to a genus known for small, agile insects that feed on plant phloem. The species has been recorded from western North America including Alaska, Arizona, British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Oregon.
Macrosteles similis
Macrosteles similis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Kwon in 2010. It belongs to a genus of small, agile insects known for their jumping ability and role as plant-feeding herbivores. The species has been documented in North America including Alaska, British Columbia, Colorado, Northwest Territories, and Québec. Like other Macrosteles species, it likely feeds on plant phloem sap and may serve as a vector for plant pathogens.
Matsucoccus
Matsucoccus is a genus of scale insects in the family Matsucoccidae, specialized feeders on conifers of the genus Pinus. Species within this genus exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are sessile, often concealed under waxy coverings, while males develop wings as adults and are active fliers. Several species are significant forest pests, capable of causing needle yellowing, premature needle drop, shoot desiccation, and tree mortality in heavy infestations. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some species historically placed in Margarodidae and ongoing uncertainty regarding species boundaries.
Megamelus
Water Hyacinth Planthopper (for M. scutellaris)
Megamelus is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, comprising at least 30 described species. The genus is widely distributed and primarily associated with freshwater aquatic environments. Several species, particularly M. scutellaris, have been extensively studied as biological control agents for invasive aquatic weeds such as water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes). The genus exhibits wing dimorphism influenced by population density and host plant quality. Recent phylogenetic studies have clarified interspecific relationships and supported the monophyly of the genus.
Melanaphis bambusae
Waxy Bamboo Aphid
Melanaphis bambusae is a bamboo-feeding aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Waxy Bamboo Aphid. It is a documented pest of bamboo forests with economic and ecological significance, particularly in regions where bamboo cultivation occurs. The species has been studied for its microbiome interactions with entomopathogenic fungi, specifically Conidiobolus obscurus, which causes natural population mortality. Research indicates that infection by this fungus and starvation stress both significantly alter the aphid's bacterial and fungal community composition.
Micrutalis malleifera
pseudo-curly top treehopper
Micrutalis malleifera is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, commonly known as the pseudo-curly top treehopper. It is the only known member of its family capable of transmitting a plant disease agent, specifically the Tomato pseudo-curly top virus (genus Topocuvirus). The species has been documented from the southern United States through Central America, with confirmed host plant associations including Physalis walteri and Solanum elaeagnifolium.
Milviscutulus
mango shield scale
Milviscutulus is a genus of soft scale insects (family Coccidae) established by Williams & Watson in 1990. The genus contains at least one economically significant species, M. mangiferae, commonly known as the mango shield scale. Species in this genus are phloem-feeding herbivores associated with mango (Mangifera indica). The genus has been documented in Egypt, Australia (north Queensland), and Papua New Guinea.
Milviscutulus mangiferae
Mango Shield Scale
Milviscutulus mangiferae is a soft scale insect (family Coccidae) commonly known as the mango shield scale. It is a significant pest of mango (Mangifera indica) throughout tropical and subtropical regions. The species exhibits kin-biased dispersal behavior and shows variable population dynamics across different mango varieties. First recorded in Australia in 2007, it has a broad global distribution across mango-growing regions.
Mindarus
balsam twig aphid
Mindarus is a genus of conifer-feeding aphids in the family Mindaridae, commonly known as balsam twig aphids. Species in this genus are specialized phloem feeders on fir trees (Abies spp.), where they cause needle discoloration, shoot deformation, and reduced aesthetic quality. Several species are significant economic pests in Christmas tree plantations, particularly M. abietinus on balsam fir and M. pinicola on Fraser fir. The genus exhibits a holocyclic life cycle with overwintering eggs, spring fundatrices, and summer parthenogenetic generations.
Mindarus abietinus
Balsam Twig Aphid, Fir Shoot Aphid
Mindarus abietinus is an economically significant pest of fir Christmas trees, particularly in commercial plantations of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). The aphid causes leaf curling and shoot stunting of new foliage, reducing aesthetic quality and marketability despite having minimal impact on tree health and vigor. Temperature influences colony growth rates, with warmer conditions in late spring and early summer favoring higher population densities. The species has a holocyclic life cycle with precise seasonal timing tied to host phenology.
Monaphis
Monaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Walker in 1870. The genus belongs to the tribe Calaphidini within the subfamily Calaphidinae. Species in this genus are associated with birch trees (Betula spp.) as host plants. The genus is distributed across northern Europe and parts of Asia.
Monellia caryella
Blackmargined Pecan Aphid, Black Margined Aphid
Monellia caryella, commonly known as the blackmargined pecan aphid, is a small sap-feeding insect and significant pest of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards in North America. Adults are distinguished by a prominent black stripe along the outer margin of their wings, which are held flat over the body. Populations typically increase from June to August, then decline after approximately three weeks; outbreaks on most cultivars usually subside without causing measurable damage, though the 'Cheyenne' cultivar is notably susceptible. The species is subject to substantial mortality from entomopathogenic fungi, particularly during autumn when environmental conditions favor fungal growth.
Monelliopsis
yellow pecan aphid
Monelliopsis is a genus of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the subfamily Calaphidinae, established by Richards in 1965. The genus contains species that are specialized feeders on pecan (Carya illinoinensis), with Monelliopsis pecanis being the most economically significant species. These aphids are known as 'yellow pecan aphids' and are important pests of commercial pecan production in North America. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts and produce honeydew, which supports sooty mold growth. The genus is distinguished from the related Monellia by morphological and behavioral characteristics.
Myzocallis atropunctata
Myzocallis atropunctata is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Quednau in 1997. It belongs to the genus Myzocallis, which comprises small, often brightly colored aphids associated with trees and shrubs. Species in this genus are typically found on Fagaceae hosts, particularly oaks (Quercus spp.). The specific epithet 'atropunctata' refers to dark punctate markings. As a member of the Calaphidinae subfamily, it shares characteristics with other oak-feeding aphids including specialized mouthparts for phloem feeding and complex life cycles often involving host alternation or anholocyclic development on evergreen oaks.
Myzocallis castaneae
Chestnut Gay Louse
Myzocallis castaneae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Chestnut Gay Louse. It is a specialist feeder on Castanea species, including American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and related chestnut trees. The species was first described by Fitch in 1856. Like other aphids, it feeds by piercing plant tissue and extracting phloem sap.
Myzocallis tuberculata
Tuberculate oak aphid
Myzocallis tuberculata is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Richards in 1965. The species has been synonymized under the genus Neomyzocallis in some taxonomic treatments, reflecting ongoing revisions within the Myzocallis complex. It is known by the common name "Tuberculate oak aphid," indicating an association with oak host plants. The species belongs to the tribe Myzocallidini, a group of aphids predominantly associated with Fagaceae, particularly oaks (Quercus).
Myzus cerasi
black cherry aphid, cherry blackfly
Myzus cerasi, commonly known as the black cherry aphid or cherry blackfly, is a phloem-feeding aphid native to Europe that has become cosmopolitan in distribution. The species exhibits complex host alternation between primary hosts (Prunus cerasus and Prunus avium) and secondary hosts (Galium and Veronica species). Two host-specific subspecies are recognized: M. c. cerasi on sour cherry and M. c. pruniavium on sweet cherry, distinguished by mitochondrial COI haplotypes and subtle morphological differences. The species is a significant agricultural pest of cherry orchards, forming dense colonies that cause leaf curling and damage to new growth.
Myzus lythri
loosestrife aphid
Myzus lythri is a specialized aphid species that feeds exclusively on purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). It has been used as an indicator species to track the distribution and spread of this invasive weed in North America. Suction trap surveys in Idaho demonstrated that aphid collection patterns successfully predicted undocumented purple loosestrife populations, representing a novel application of insect survey data for weed documentation.
Neophyllura arbuti
Pacific Madrone Psyllid
Neophyllura arbuti is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae, commonly known as the Pacific Madrone Psyllid. It is associated with Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), a broadleaf evergreen tree native to western North America. The species was originally described as Euphyllura arbuti by Schwarz in 1904 and later transferred to the genus Neophyllura. Records indicate occurrence in California, Oregon, and British Columbia.
Neophyllura pruinosa
Neophyllura pruinosa is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Liviidae, first described by Martin in 1931. As a member of the Hemiptera order, it is a sap-feeding insect that likely specializes on particular host plants. The genus Neophyllura is part of a group of psyllids associated with various plant families, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented in available literature. The species has been recorded in California, USA based on distribution data.
Neoprociphilus aceris
woolly maple aphid, woolly alder aphid
Neoprociphilus aceris is a woolly aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the woolly maple aphid or woolly alder aphid. It exhibits a holocyclic life cycle with alternating sexual and parthenogenetic generations on alder trees (Alnus spp.). The species produces dense woolly wax secretions covering its body, forming conspicuous colonies on branches and twigs. It is a phloem-feeding specialist with documented host associations primarily with alder, though its common name suggests potential maple associations that require verification.
Neosteingelia texana
Giant Pecan Scale
Neosteingelia texana, commonly known as the Giant Pecan Scale, is a species of scale insect in the family Margarodidae. It is a member of the order Hemiptera, placing it among the true bugs with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species was described by Morrison in 1927 and is native to North America, with records from the United States and Middle America. Scale insects in this family are typically sessile as adults, with reduced mobility and specialized adaptations for feeding on plant vascular tissues.
Neotoxoptera
Neotoxoptera is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising at least seven described species. The genus is best known for N. formosana, the onion aphid, a significant agricultural pest of Allium crops. Species in this genus are oligophagous, specializing on plants in the Allium genus, and are distributed across Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Oceania, and Africa.
New-genus-on-chrysobalanus
New-genus-on-chrysobalanus is a genus of soft scale insects (family Coccidae) associated with host plants in the genus Chrysobalanus. The genus name indicates its documented occurrence on Chrysobalanus species, which are tropical and subtropical woody plants. As a member of the Coccomorpha, it possesses the reduced morphological features characteristic of scale insects, including sessile adult females. The genus represents a specialized lineage within the Coccidae, though detailed biological studies remain limited.
Nipaecoccus
Nipaecoccus is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae. The genus includes several economically important pest species, most notably Nipaecoccus viridis (hibiscus mealybug or lebbeck mealybug) and Nipaecoccus nipae (coconut mealybug). Species in this genus are characterized by their white, powdery wax covering and polyphagous feeding habits on a wide range of host plants including citrus, palms, ornamentals, and various fruit and row crops. Nipaecoccus viridis has emerged as a significant invasive pest in Florida since 2009, with documented impacts on citrus, blueberries, hemp, and ornamental plants.
Oecleus sagittanus
Oecleus sagittanus is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Ball & Klingenberg in 1935. It belongs to the tribe Oecleini, a group of small to medium-sized fulgoroid insects characterized by their brachypterous or macropterous wing conditions and association with host plants. The species epithet 'sagittanus' refers to an arrow-like shape, likely describing a morphological feature of the male genitalia or wing structure. Like other cixiids, it is presumed to feed on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Oncopsis
Oncopsis is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Macropsinae. The genus is characterized by pronotal striations that run parallel to the hind margin. Species occur across the Holarctic region, with documented diversity in Europe, Asia, and North America. Many species exhibit strong host plant specificity, particularly for trees in the families Betulaceae and Corylaceae.
Opsius
Opsius is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, established by Fieber in 1866. The genus contains approximately 19 described species distributed across the Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions, including Europe, North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, and India. Species in this genus are obligate associates of Tamarix plants (Tamaricaceae), completing their entire life cycles on these hosts. The genus has gained attention as a potential bioindicator for environmental monitoring due to documented sensitivity to pollutants.
Ossiannilssonola berenice
Ossiannilssonola berenice is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It was described by McAtee in 1926. This small hemipteran belongs to a group commonly known as typhlocybine leafhoppers, which are typically associated with woody plants. The genus Ossiannilssonola is named in honor of the Swedish entomologist Ossiannilsson.