Montane
Guides
Grylloblatta campodeiformis
Northern Rock Crawler
Grylloblatta campodeiformis, the northern rock crawler, is a wingless, cold-adapted insect endemic to western North America. It was the first grylloblatid species described scientifically (Walker, 1914) and serves as the type species for both its genus and family. The species occupies a broader range of habitats than previously assumed, from high-altitude glacial margins to subalpine forests and even low-elevation dry zones. Four subspecies are currently recognized, distributed across the Canadian Rockies and adjacent mountain ranges in British Columbia, Alberta, Montana, and Washington.
Grylloblattodea
ice crawlers, rock crawlers
Grylloblattodea is a small order of extremophile insects commonly known as ice crawlers or rock crawlers. These wingless insects are adapted to cold environments and are found in montane habitats, caves, and subalpine forests across western North America and northeastern Asia. The order comprises approximately 25-30 described species in five extant genera, though significant undescribed diversity is suspected. Grylloblattids are predatory, feeding on other arthropods, and show remarkable cold tolerance. They are considered a relict lineage with ancient origins, closely related to Mantophasmatodea within the clade Xenonomia (order Notoptera).
Gyrocheilus
Gyrocheilus is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae, containing only the species Gyrocheilus patrobas, commonly known as the red-bordered brown. The genus is restricted to mountainous regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. It belongs to the subfamily Satyrinae, a group often associated with forested habitats and shade-tolerant behavior.
Hecalus montanus
Hecalus montanus is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Ball in 1900. The species is distributed across northern and western North America, with records from Alaska, western Canada, and Colorado. As a member of the tribe Hecalini, it belongs to a group of leafhoppers whose biology remains poorly documented in published literature.
Heliothis borealis
Boreal Gem Moth, Boreal Gem
Heliothis borealis is a small noctuid moth native to northern North America. First described by George Hampson in 1903, it inhabits boreal and montane regions from Quebec to Alberta, with disjunct populations extending southward in the Rocky Mountains to southwestern Montana. Adults fly in late spring and early summer. Larval biology remains poorly documented, with feeding habits inferred from related Heliothis species.
Heliothis oregonica
Oregon Gem Moth
Heliothis oregonica, commonly known as the Oregon Gem Moth, is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae. First described by Henry Edwards in 1875, this small moth exhibits a disjunct distribution pattern across North America, with populations in western mountain regions and an isolated occurrence in Quebec. Adults are active during summer months.
Hemaris thetis
Rocky Mountain Clearwing, California Clearwing
Hemaris thetis is a day-flying sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae, commonly known as the Rocky Mountain clearwing or California clearwing. The species exhibits clearwing morphology with reduced wing scaling, resembling a bumblebee in flight. Adults are active from May to August and feed on nectar from various flowers. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1855 and occurs in mountainous regions of western North America.
Hemileuca eglanterina shastaensis
Mount Shasta Sheep Moth
Hemileuca eglanterina shastaensis is a subspecies of sheep moth in the family Saturniidae, endemic to the Mount Shasta region of northern California. As a member of the Hemileuca genus, it is a day-flying moth with reduced mouthparts that does not feed as an adult. The subspecies exhibits the characteristic orange and black coloration typical of H. eglanterina, though with geographic variation associated with its isolated mountain habitat. Like other buck moths, its larvae possess urticating spines that can deliver painful stings.
Hesperoboreus
Hesperoboreus is a genus of snow scorpionflies (Mecoptera: Boreidae) established by Norman Penny in 1977. Members of this genus are small, wingless insects adapted to cold environments. The genus is distinguished from the related Boreus by morphological features of the male genitalia. Very few observations exist, with only three records documented on iNaturalist as of the knowledge cutoff.
Hesperoboreus brevicaudus
Hesperoboreus brevicaudus is a species of scorpionfly in the family Boreidae, commonly known as snow scorpionflies. The species was described by George Byers in 1961 and is one of several western North American species in the genus Hesperoboreus. Like other boreids, adults are active during cold months and are often found on snow. The specific epithet brevicaudus refers to the relatively short abdomen characteristic of this species.
Himalopsyche
Himalopsyche is a genus of free-living caddisflies in the family Rhyacophilidae, containing more than 40 described species. The genus is primarily distributed in alpine to montane environments across Central and East Asia and North America, with its greatest diversity concentrated in the Himalayas and surrounding mountain ranges. Species within the genus have been divided into five morphological groups: kuldschensis, lepcha, navasi, phryganea, and tibetana. The genus has served as a model system for studying mountain biodiversity, gene flow, and the mountain-geobiodiversity hypothesis due to its endemic distribution in geologically dynamic regions.
caddisflyRhyacophilidaemountain-biodiversityTibeto-Himalayanaquatic-insectphylogeographygenome-assemblyindicator-speciesgene-flowHengduan-MountainsHimalayasalpinemontanerunning-waterfree-living-caddisflycocoon-makerpredatory-larvaewater-quality-monitoringadaptive-evolutionmountain-geobiodiversity-hypothesisHimalopsyche phryganea
Himalopsyche phryganea is a free-living caddisfly species in the family Rhyacophilidae, first described by Ross in 1941. Molecular phylogenetic studies have established it as the sole member of the phryganea species group within the genus. The species is known from North America, though the genus Himalopsyche is predominantly distributed in alpine to montane regions of Central and East Asia.
Hydatostega
Hydatostega is a genus of long-legged flies in the family Dolichopodidae. The genus was restored from synonymy with Hydrophorus and is now recognized as distinct. It contains approximately 11 described species with a disjunct distribution pattern.
Hylaeus basalis
Cinquefoil Masked Bee
Hylaeus basalis is a solitary bee species in the family Colletidae, commonly known as the Cinquefoil Masked Bee. It is native to North America and belongs to the genus Hylaeus, a group of nearly hairless bees often mistaken for wasps. Like other masked bees, females lack pollen-carrying structures and instead transport nectar and pollen internally in a crop, regurgitating food stores at the nest. The species has been documented in Colorado and Vermont.
Hypaurotis
Hypaurotis is a monotypic genus of hairstreak butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The sole species, Hypaurotis crysalus (Colorado Hairstreak), is endemic to montane oak scrublands of the southwestern United States and adjacent northern Mexico. The genus was erected by Scudder in 1876 based on specimens from Colorado.
Hypaurotis crysalus
Colorado Hairstreak
Hypaurotis crysalus, the Colorado Hairstreak, is a montane butterfly and the sole member of its genus. It was designated Colorado's state insect in 1996 following advocacy by a fourth-grade class in Aurora, Colorado. The species is univoltine, with adults peaking in July and August. It exhibits distinctive purple upper wing surfaces and cryptic gray undersides, and has specialized feeding habits that rarely include flower nectar.
Hypexilis
Hypexilis is a genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, and tribe Graciliini. The genus was established by Horn in 1885 and contains two described species: H. longipennis Linsley, 1935 and H. pallida Horn, 1885. Members of this genus are known from western North America, particularly in montane juniper-oak-pinyon woodland habitats.
Hypochilus
North American lampshade spiders
Hypochilus is a genus of North American lampshade spiders (family Hypochilidae) comprising eleven described species, all endemic to the United States. The genus is a relictual lineage with a disjunct distribution across three montane regions: California, the southern Rocky Mountains, and the southern Appalachia. Hypochilus species exhibit extreme genetic divergence coupled with striking morphological conservatism, creating persistent challenges for species delimitation. These spiders are textbook examples of short-range endemics with naturally small geographic ranges and strict microhabitat specialization.
Hypochilus coylei
lampshade weaver
Hypochilus coylei is a lampshade spider described by Platnick in 1987 from the southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. It belongs to a relictual genus of microhabitat specialists with disjunct distributions across three North American montane regions. The species is sister to H. thorelli and exhibits extreme genetic divergence coupled with morphological stasis, characteristic of short-range endemic taxa with limited dispersal ability.
Hypochilus petrunkevitchi
lampshade spider
Hypochilus petrunkevitchi is a lampshade spider endemic to the southern Sierra Nevada of California. It exhibits extreme intraspecific genetic divergence, with nuclear and mitochondrial lineages corresponding directly to drainage basins. Populations show >15% CO1 divergence between river basins despite striking male morphological stasis. The species is a textbook example of a short-range endemic with naturally limited dispersal ability.
Hypochilus pococki
Pocock's lampshade-web spider
Hypochilus pococki is a relictual lampshade spider endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains. It belongs to a paleoendemic genus distributed disjunctly across three montane regions in North America. The species exhibits extreme genetic divergence over small geographic distances, with five identified mitochondrial haplogroups, yet shows striking morphological stasis in male reproductive structures. As a microhabitat specialist, it has extremely low dispersal ability, leading to pronounced population genetic structuring.
Hypochilus xomote
lampshade spider
Hypochilus xomote is a species of lampshade spider described in 2022 from the southern Sierra Nevada of California. It represents the southernmost known population of the genus Hypochilus in this mountain range and is considered a short-range endemic with an extremely restricted distribution. The specific epithet derives from the Yowlumni word for "south," reflecting its geographic position.
Hypotrix rubra
Hypotrix rubra is a small noctuid moth described in 2010. The species occurs in montane pine-oak woodlands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adults are active in spring and mid-summer.
Isoperla montana
Montane Stripetail
Isoperla montana is a stonefly species in the family Perlodidae, commonly known as the montane stripetail. It belongs to the green-winged stonefly subfamily Isoperlinae. The species was first described by Banks in 1898 and is found in North America.
Isoperlinae
Stripetail Stoneflies, Springflies
Isoperlinae is a subfamily of stoneflies in the family Perlodidae, distributed across the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Members are commonly known as stripetails or springflies. The subfamily includes approximately 12 genera, with Isoperla being the most speciose and well-known. These stoneflies are aquatic insects whose nymphs inhabit running waters.
Juriniopsis aurifrons
Juriniopsis aurifrons is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae, first described by Brooks in 1949. The species is known from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other tachinid flies, it is likely a parasitoid, though specific host records remain undocumented. Adults have been observed visiting flowers, particularly those of rubber rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa).
Kessleria
Kessleria is a genus of small moths in the family Yponomeutidae, first described by Nowicki in 1864. The genus contains approximately 35 recognized species distributed primarily across the Palearctic region, with additional species found in Madagascar, New Guinea, and Japan. Many species exhibit narrow geographic ranges and are associated with high-elevation or insular habitats. The genus has been subject to significant taxonomic revision, particularly by Huemer and colleagues, who used DNA barcoding to clarify species boundaries.
Lasionycta coloradensis
Lasionycta coloradensis is a noctuid moth described by Richards in 1943. The species is endemic to the Rocky Mountains of western North America, with confirmed records from the Montana-Wyoming border south to New Mexico. It was among the 43 species treated in the comprehensive 2009 revision of the genus Lasionycta.
Lasionycta poca
Lasionycta poca is a noctuid moth described by Barnes and Benjamin in 1923. It occurs in alpine and subalpine habitats of the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Range in western North America. The species is predominantly found near timberline, with occasional records from adjacent forest habitats. Adults are active from mid-June through August.
Lasionycta silacea
Lasionycta silacea is a noctuid moth described by Crabo & Lafontaine in 2009 as part of a major revision of the genus Lasionycta. It inhabits high-elevation coniferous forests near the treeline in the Pacific Northwest and adjacent Rocky Mountains. The species is nocturnal and has a relatively restricted geographic range spanning from the British Columbia Coast Range and Washington Cascades to extreme southwestern Alberta.
Lasionycta subfuscula
A noctuid moth of western North America, ranging from southwestern British Columbia and Alberta through the Rocky Mountains to southern Oregon, Colorado, and Utah. Adults fly from mid-June to early September in transition zone and subalpine forests. Two subspecies are recognized: L. s. subfuscula in the southern Rocky Mountains and L. s. livida in the Pacific Northwest.
Lasionycta uniformis
Lasionycta uniformis is a moth species in the family Noctuidae, first described by Smith in 1893. The species exhibits a disjunct distribution across montane regions of western North America, ranging from southern Yukon to northern California and Colorado, with an isolated eastern population in the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. Five subspecies have been recognized, differentiated primarily by geographic range and subtle morphological variation. Adults are active during mid-summer.
Lasiopogon monticola
Mountain Sandpirate
Lasiopogon monticola is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described by Melander in 1923. The species epithet 'monticola' (mountain-dwelling) suggests an association with montane habitats. As a member of the Asilidae, it is a predatory fly that captures other insects in flight. The genus Lasiopogon comprises species commonly known as sandpirates, typically associated with sandy or loose soil substrates.
Lepilius chisosensis
Lepilius chisosensis is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae, described from the Chisos Mountains of Texas in 2012. It belongs to a genus of flightless weevils associated with high-elevation habitats in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species is known from a limited number of specimens and has been documented in coniferous forest environments.
Leptarctia californiae
California Tiger Moth
Leptarctia californiae, the California Tiger Moth, is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1855, this western North American species inhabits montane environments including open forests, meadows, and clearings. It is one of few species in the genus Leptarctia, which belongs to the tiger moth tribe Arctiini.
Leucorrhinia hudsonica
Hudsonian Whiteface
Leucorrhinia hudsonica, the Hudsonian Whiteface, is a dragonfly species in the family Libellulidae. Its common name derives from its association with the Hudson Bay region. The species has disjunct, regionally rare populations in the Appalachian Mountains. As a member of the genus Leucorrhinia, it shares characteristics with other whiteface dragonflies, including the distinctive pale facial coloration that gives the group its common name.
Limenitis weidemeyerii
Weidemeyer's Admiral
Weidemeyer's Admiral is a medium-sized butterfly in the brush-footed family Nymphalidae, found across western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada and California. Adults display distinctive black and white dorsal wing patterns with rows of white spots, while the ventral surface shows brown with gray marginal markings. The species is named after 19th-century entomologist John William Weidemeyer, whose Rocky Mountain specimen was used for the original description. Larvae develop on woody plants in the genera Populus, Salix, Holodiscus, and Amelanchier, while adults feed on tree sap, carrion, and flower nectar.
Lintneria
Lintneria is a genus of sphinx moths (Sphingidae) established by Butler in 1876. Species in this genus are medium to large-sized hawkmoths found primarily in the Americas. The genus was historically merged with Sphinx but was reinstated as distinct based on morphological and molecular evidence. Lintneria species are characterized by specific wing venation patterns and genitalic structures that separate them from closely related genera.
Liodessus
Liodessus is a genus of small diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, tribe Bidessini. Species occur across the Americas from North America through the Andes to southern South America, with notable diversity in high-altitude wetlands and páramo ecosystems. Many species inhabit shallow, exposed pools and temporary water bodies, showing phenotypic plasticity in body form correlated with habitat permanence. The genus contains numerous species, with several new species described from the high Andes of Peru and Colombia in recent years. Taxonomic resolution relies heavily on male genital morphology.
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Lithophane leeae is a noctuid moth described in 2009, notable for its extremely restricted distribution. It is known solely from the Chiricahua Mountains in southeastern Arizona, making it one of the most geographically limited species in its genus. The species was named by Walsh and remains poorly known due to its rarity and limited study.
Lophocampa ingens
Lophocampa ingens is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae, described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It is endemic to the southern Rocky Mountains of the United States and Mexico. Adults are active in late spring, while larvae feed on several pine species. The species is distinguished by its patterned forewings with multiple rows of white spots on a dark brown background.
Lycaena mariposa
Mariposa copper
Lycaena mariposa, the mariposa copper, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It occurs in western North America, where adults are active in mid-summer. The species has a wingspan of 23–28 mm and exhibits the copper-orange coloration typical of its genus. Larvae feed on specific host plants including Vaccinium arbuscula and Polygonum douglasii. Two subspecies are recognized: L. m. penroseae and L. m. charlottensis.
Macaria brunneata
Rannoch looper
Macaria brunneata, the Rannoch looper, is a day-flying geometrid moth with a distinctive resting posture. The species shows a disjunct distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, occurring in boreal and montane regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. In Britain, it is highly localized to mature pine forests in central Scotland. The caterpillars feed on Ericaceae, particularly Vaccinium species.
Macroscytalus chisosensis
Macroscytalus chisosensis is a species of seed bug in the family Lygaeidae. It is endemic to the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend National Park in Texas, USA. The species is known from a limited number of specimens collected at high elevations in this isolated mountain range. Its restricted distribution makes it a notable example of localized endemism in the Chihuahuan Desert region.
Manica
Manica is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae, family Formicidae. The genus contains six described species. These ants are distributed across the Holarctic region, with species found in North America and Eurasia. Manica ants are known to inhabit cool, montane environments and are among the few ant genera capable of surviving at high latitudes and elevations where conditions are challenging for most ant species.
Mannophorus forreri
Mannophorus forreri is a longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. It belongs to the tribe Trachyderini, a group known for often brightly colored and patterned species. The species is rarely encountered in collections and appears to have a restricted distribution in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Field observations indicate adults are active in early autumn and visit flowers of yellow composites in mountainous areas of Arizona.
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eing-abettingbeing-facilitatingbeing-easingbeing-smoothingbeing-simplifyingbeing-clarifyingbeing-explainingbeing-interpretingbeing-translatingbeing-renderingbeing-convertingbeing-transformingbeing-changingbeing-alteringbeing-modifyingbeing-adjustingbeing-adaptingbeing-fittingbeing-suitingbeing-matchingbeing-correspondingbeing-agreeingbeing-accordingbeing-harmonizingbeing-conformingbeing-complyingbeing-observingbeing-adheringbeing-stickingbeing-clingingbeing-holdingbeing-graspingbeing-grippingbeing-seizingbeing-grabbingbeing-catchingbeing-capturingbeing-trappingbeing-snaringbeing-nettingbeing-hookingbeing-baggingbeing-landingbeing-securingbeing-obtainingbeing-acquiringbeing-gettingbeing-gainingbeing-winningbeing-earningbeing-achievingbeing-attainingbeing-reachingbeing-arrivingbeing-comingbeing-appearingbeing-emergingbeing-materializingbeing-manifestingbeing-showingbeing-displayingbeing-exhibitingbeing-presentingbeing-offeringbeing-givingbeing-grantingbeing-bestowingbeing-conferringbeing-awardingbeing-giftingbeing-donatingbeing-contributingbeing-sharingbeing-participatingbeing-engagingbeing-involvingbeing-committingbeing-dedicatingbeing-devotingbeing-attachingMegaplectes monticola
Megaplectes monticola is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. Originally described by Gravenhorst in 1829 as Ichneumon monticola, it was later transferred to the genus Megaplectes. The species epithet "monticola" refers to a mountain-dwelling habit. Like other ichneumon wasps, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The species has been recorded from Canada and parts of Europe including Denmark and Norway.
Melanoplus alpinus
Alpine grasshopper, Alpine spur-throat grasshopper
Melanoplus alpinus is a medium-sized spur-throated grasshopper inhabiting high-elevation meadows and parklands of western North America. It is distinguished by long wings, a dark dorsal stripe on the hind femur often with a wedge-shaped mark, and a bifurcate male cercus with a sharply pointed ventral arm. The species exhibits an extended egg diapause of two to three years and is considered a minor pest with potential to compete with livestock forage during droughts.
Melanoplus montanus species group
The Melanoplus montanus species group comprises a complex of closely related short-horned grasshoppers within the genus Melanoplus, characterized by montane and subalpine distributions across western North America. These species share morphological similarities that have historically complicated taxonomic boundaries, with members often distinguished by subtle differences in male genitalia and subtle coloration patterns. The group includes multiple named species that occupy overlapping elevational ranges and share ecological preferences for cooler, higher-elevation habitats.
Meris
Meris is a genus of geometer moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae. The genus was established by George Duryea Hulst in 1896. It contains five described species, all restricted to western North America. The genus is characterized by distinctive wing patterns and is part of a diverse group of inchworm moths.