Blog WotD About Glossary

Nearctic

Guides

Stenochironomus hilaris
Stenochironomus hilaris is a non-biting midge in the family Chironomidae, originally described by Walker in 1848. The species has been recognized under three junior synonyms (S. taeniapennis, S. zonopterus, and S. exquisitus) that were synonymized based on revisionary work on the Stenochironomus complex. As a member of the subgenus Stenochironomus s.str., its larvae are specialized wood miners with highly modified morphology including dorsoventrally flattened head capsules, expanded thoracic segments, and long, flaccid abdomens. The species occurs in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions.
Chironomidae non-biting-midge wood-miner aquatic-insect Nearctic Neotropical synonymy Stenochironomus-complex
Stenometopiini
Stenometopiini is a tribe of leafhoppers in the subfamily Deltocephalinae (family Cicadellidae), first established by Baker in 1923. The tribe includes the genus Stirellus, which has been described as grassland-dwelling leafhoppers with a broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents. Species within this tribe have been documented from the Americas, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, and Asia, with recent taxonomic work expanding known diversity and distributional records.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae grassland Stirellus taxonomic-revision Afrotropical Neotropical Australasian Oriental Nearctic Palaearctic
Stenomorpha
Stenomorpha is a large genus of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) comprising more than 160 described species and subspecies. The genus was established by Solier in 1836 and belongs to the tribe Asidini within subfamily Pimeliinae. Species-level taxonomy has been historically neglected, with no modern revision for nearly 175 years until recent work by Keller (2008) and others. The genus exhibits notable diversity in the southwestern United States and Mexico, with some species occurring in specialized habitats including California vernal pools and the Cuatrociénegas Protected Area in Coahuila, Mexico.
darkling-beetles Tenebrionidae Asidini Pimeliinae Nearctic southwestern-United-States Mexico taxonomy flightless vernal-pools Cuatrociénegas Keller-2008 systematics desert-beetles
Stenopa
Stenopa is a genus of fruit flies in the family Tephritidae, established by Loew in 1873. The genus contains three described species distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. It belongs to the subtribe Cecidocharina within the tribe Dithrycini. Very few observations of this genus exist in citizen science databases.
tephritidae fruit-flies diptera nearctic neotropical cecidocharina
Stenopodius
Stenopodius is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cassidinae, containing approximately seven described species. The genus was established by Horn in 1883 and is classified within the tribe Chalepini. Species in this genus are distributed in western and southwestern North America, including California, Texas, and insular regions. Members are hispine-type beetles, characterized by spiny or modified body forms associated with leaf-feeding habits.
hispine Chalepini Nearctic leaf-beetle
Stenoptilia pallistriga
Pale-streaked Plume Moth
Stenoptilia pallistriga is a small plume moth (family Pterophoridae) described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1913. It occurs across the Neotropics and the southeastern United States, with a wingspan of 14–16 mm. Adults are active during multiple periods throughout the year, with flight records spanning February through December.
plume-moth Neotropical Nearctic small-moth
Stenoptilodes brevipennis
Sweet Broom and Sri Lanka Plume Moth
Stenoptilodes brevipennis is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, described by Zeller in 1883. It is notable for its exceptionally broad geographic distribution, spanning from southern Canada through most of the United States and throughout much of Central and South America. Adults are small, with a wingspan of 12–14 mm, and are active during multiple months of the year. The larvae feed on specific host plants: Mecardonia acuminata and Russelia equistiformis.
plume-moth Pterophoridae Neotropical Nearctic herbivore larval-host-plants Mecardonia Russelia
Stenotothorax gardneri
Stenotothorax gardneri is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae. It was described by Gordon in 2006. The species is known from a limited number of records in the south-central United States.
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Aphodiinae dung-beetle Nearctic
Stenotothorax oriens
Stenotothorax oriens is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae, described by Gordon and Skelley in 2007. It is a small dung beetle belonging to the tribe Aphodiini, a group commonly associated with decomposing organic matter. The species is known from limited collection records in the north-central United States.
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Aphodiinae Aphodiini North-America Nearctic dung-beetle
Stenus plicipennis
Stenus plicipennis is a species of rove beetle in the subfamily Steninae, described by Casey in 1884. Like other members of the genus Stenus, it possesses the characteristic labial apparatus used for prey capture, though the specific ecology of this species remains poorly documented. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern North America and eastern Russia. It represents one of numerous Stenus species adapted to moist microhabitats where predatory specialization on small invertebrates occurs.
Staphylinidae Steninae rove-beetle Holarctic Nearctic Palearctic Casey-1884
Stenus sculptilis
Stenus sculptilis is a species of rove beetle in the subfamily Steninae, described by Casey in 1884. It occurs in western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada, and several western US states including California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. As a member of the genus Stenus, it belongs to a group known for specialized predatory adaptations, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented.
rove-beetle Staphylinidae Steninae western-North-America Nearctic
Stethantyx nearctica
Stethantyx nearctica is a species of Darwin wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Tersilochinae. It was described by Townes in 1971. Members of the genus Stethantyx are small parasitoid wasps. The species name 'nearctica' refers to its distribution in the Nearctic region.
ichneumonid parasitoid Tersilochinae Nearctic Townes-1971
Stibia
Stibia is a genus of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) described by Horn in 1870. The genus is native to the Nearctic region and contains relatively few described species. Members of this genus are small to medium-sized beetles associated with arid and semi-arid habitats. The genus is poorly studied, with limited published information on its biology and ecology.
darkling-beetle Tenebrionidae Nearctic Horn-1870 Coleoptera
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Membracidae treehopper Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Stictocephala Ceresini Smiliinae Hemiptera sap-feeder pronotum helmet thorn-mimicry plant-feeding-insect phloem-feeder cryptic-coloration camouflage Van-Duzee-1914 Nearctic North-America Florida North-Carolina South-Dakota understudied-species data-deficient taxonomy entomology insect arthropod true-bug auchenorrhynchan cicadomorph leafhopper-relative plant-hopper ornate-pronotum pronotal-extension dorsal-helmet insect-morphology insect-systematics biodiversity natural-history conservation insect-ecology insect-behavior insect-development insect-distribution biogeography species-description type-specimen original-description historical-taxonomy museum-specimen collection-record occurrence-data GBIF iNaturalist citizen-science observation-record range-map distribution-data geographic-range endemic native-species regional-fauna local-biodiversity habitat-specificity host-plant feeding-guild phytophagous herbivore plant-insect-interaction coevolution mimicry defense crypsis evolutionary-adaptation morphological-adaptation exoskeleton-modification structural-coloration insect-identification field-guide diagnostic-character taxonomic-key species-complex cryptic-species morphological-variation geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity life-history reproduction oviposition nymph instar metamorphosis hemimetabolous incomplete-metamorphosis population-dynamics community-ecology food-web trophic-level primary-consumer ecosystem-function nutrient-cycling energy-flow biological-control pest-status agricultural-relevance forestry urban-ecology invasive-potential climate-change habitat-loss conservation-status data-gap research-need taxonomic-revision phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding integrative-taxonomy natural-history-collection specimen-digitization open-data FAIR-data biodiversity-informatics biological-database taxonomic-authority nomenclature zoological-nomenclature International-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclature type-locality type-specimen-deposition author-citation original-combination current-combination synonymy homonymy nomenclatural-act taxonomic-history classification-system phylogenetic-classification evolutionary-relationships monophyly clade lineage stem-group crown-group divergence-time molecular-clock fossil-record paleontology extant extinct living-fossil evolutionary-history biogeographic-history dispersal vicariance range-expansion range-contraction refugium glacial-relict postglacial-colonization anthropogenic-impact human-disturbance land-use-change urbanization agricultural-intensification pesticide-use habitat-fragmentation connectivity corridor protected-area conservation-planning systematic-conservation-planning priority-area hotspot endemic-area center-of-origin center-of-diversity evolutionary-significant-unit management-unit population metapopulation source-sink-dynamics demography vital-rates survival fecundity generation-time population-growth-rate carrying-capacity density-dependence regulation limiting-factor environmental-stochasticity demographic-stochasticity genetic-stochasticity inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness effective-population-size genetic-drift gene-flow migration isolation-by-distance isolation-by-resistance landscape-genetics population-genomics phylogeography historical-demography coalescent-theory approximate-Bayesian-computation species-distribution-model ecological-niche-model habitat-suitability bioclimatic-envelope climate-envelope niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interaction competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation apparent-competition indirect-interaction trophic-cascade top-down-control bottom-up-control mesopredator-release keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species characteristic-species indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species surrogate-species focal-species target-species pest-species invasive-species naturalized-species alien-species non-native-species introduced-species cryptogenic-species range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift phenological-shift temporal-mismatch trophic-mismatch phenology seasonality voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine partial-generation prolonged-diapause aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation microclimate-selection habitat-selection oviposition-site-selection host-selection mate-choice sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation reinforcement hybridization introgression hybrid-zone cline ecotone contact-zone secondary-contact exogenous-selection endogenous-selection ecological-speciation mutation-order-speciation sexual-conflict sexual-dimorphism sexual-size-dimorphism sexual-dichromatism polymorphism color-polymorphism morph phase gregarious-phase solitary-phase density-dependent-polyphenism reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation acclimation acclimatization hardening stress-response heat-shock-protein oxidative-stress hypoxia desiccation starvation immune-response innate-immunity humoral-immunity cellular-immunity encapsulation nodulation phagocytosis melanization antimicrobial-peptide phenoloxidase prophenoloxidase lysozyme defensin cecropin diptericin attacin immune-gene immune-pathway Toll-pathway Imd-pathway JAK-STAT-pathway NF-κB relish dorsal immune-memory specific-immunity transgenerational-immune-priming gut-microbiome symbiosis obligate-symbiont facultative-symbiont primary-symbiont secondary-symbiont vertical-transmission horizontal-transmission mixed-mode-transmission nutritional-symbiosis defensive-symbiosis digestive-symbiosis detoxification metabolism biosynthesis vitamin-synthesis amino-acid-synthesis steroid-synthesis cuticle-synthesis chitin-synthesis molting ecdysis ecdysteroid juvenile-hormone insulin-signaling TOR-signaling nutrient-sensing energy-storage lipid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism protein-metabolism flight-metabolism respiration tracheal-system spiracle gas-exchange water-balance osmoregulation excretion Malpighian-tubule hindgut rectum cryptonephridial-system ion-transport water-reabsorption nitrogenous-waste uric-acid urea ammonia detoxification-enzyme cytochrome-P450 glutathione-S-transferase carboxylesterase mixed-function-oxidase resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance antibiotic-resistance resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-mechanism target-site-resistance metabolic-resistance behavioral-resistance cuticular-resistance resistance-allele resistance-gene fitness-cost fitness-benefit pleiotropy trade-off life-history-trade-off allocation resource-allocation energy-allocation time-allocation foraging optimal-foraging central-place-foraging patch-use marginal-value-theorem predator-avoidance antipredator-defense masquerade Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry intraspecific-mimicry intersexual-mimicry aggressive-mimicry social-parasitism brood-parasitism kleptoparasitism defense-behavior thanatosis death-feigning startle-display deimatic-display eyespot deflection-mark autotomy reflex-bleeding regurgitation defensive-secretion venom toxin allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone sex-pheromone aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone territorial-pheromone recognition-pheromone signature-mixture cuticular-hydrocarbon volatile-organic-compound olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception hygroreception photoreception vision compound-eye ommatidium rhabdom visual-pigment opsin color-vision polarization-vision motion-detection optomotor-response phototaxis photoperiodism circadian-rhythm biological-clock entrainment zeitgeber circannual-rhythm photoperiod day-length critical-day-length critical-photoperiod diapause-induction diapause-termination diapause-maintenance diapause-development endocrine-control neuroendocrine corpus-allatum corpus-cardiacum prothoracic-gland ecdysiotropin ecdysiostatin allatostatin allatotropin neuropeptide hormone hormone-receptor signal-transduction gene-expression transcription-factor regulatory-gene structural-gene gene-network gene-regulatory-network developmental-gene Hox-gene homeobox segment-polarity-gene gap-gene pair-rule-gene maternal-effect-gene zygotic-gene embryonic-development embryogenesis cleavage blastoderm gastrulation segmentation tagmosis appendage-development imaginal-disc holometabolous complete-metamorphosis larva pupa adult apolysis teneral sclerotization tanning cuticle exoskeleton epicuticle procuticle exocuticle endocuticle resilin sclerotin chitin protein lipid wax cement-layer wax-layer surface-lipid waterproofing anti-wetting anti-fouling self-cleaning structural-color pigmentary-color ommin pteridine carotenoid melanin papiliochrome flavonoid anthocyanin betalain iridescence photonic-crystal diffraction-grating thin-film-interference multilayer-reflector scattering Tyndall-scattering Rayleigh-scattering Mie-scattering non-iridescent-structural-color biochrome biofluorescence bioluminescence luciferin luciferase photoprotein bioluminescent-system counter-illumination burglar-alarm lure communication mate-recognition predator-deterrence aposematism warning-coloration honest-signal dishonest-signal signal-evolution signal-design receiver-psychology sensory-bias sensory-exploitation sensory-trap amplifier attenuator signal-efficacy signal-honesty handicap-principle index-signal conventional-signal assessment-signal territorial-signal dominance-signal submissive-signal aggressive-signal courtship-signal copulatory-signal postcopulatory-signal antagonistic-coevolution chase-away-selection sensory-drive reproductive-character-displacement genetic-exchange admixture hybrid-fitness hybrid-breakdown hybrid-vigor heterosis genetic-load mutational-meltdown founder-effect bottleneck population-expansion invasion-genetics propagule-pressure introduction-effort establishment spread lag-phase exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect demographic-Allee-effect component-Allee-effect strong-Allee-effect weak-Allee-effect critical-population-size minimum-viable-population extinction-risk population-viability-analysis stochastic-model deterministic-model individual-based-model agent-based-model spatially-explicit-model metapopulation-model source-sink-model integrated-population-model state-space-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-model machine-learning artificial-intelligence computer-vision image-recognition automated-identification deep-learning neural-network convolutional-neural-network transfer-learning data-augmentation training-set validation-set test-set accuracy precision recall F1-score confusion-matrix receiver-operating-characteristic area-under-curve model-selection model-validation cross-validation bootstrapping permutation-test null-model randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo Gibbs-sampling Metropolis-Hastings-algorithm Bayesian-inference prior-distribution posterior-distribution likelihood-function evidence model-comparison Bayes-factor information-criterion Akaike-information-criterion corrected-AIC Bayesian-information-criterion deviance-information-criterion Watanabe-Akaike-information-criterion cross-validation-information-criterion stacking model-averaging ensemble-model prediction forecasting scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis propagation-of-uncertainty error-budget confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval statistical-power sample-size effect-size significance-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative multiple-comparison Bonferroni-correction false-discovery-rate q-value p-value significance-level alpha-level beta-level statistical-test parametric-test nonparametric-test robust-test exact-test asymptotic-test bootstrap-test jackknife resampling subsampling leave-one-out k-fold stratified-sampling balanced-sampling imbalanced-data class-imbalance oversampling undersampling synthetic-minority-oversampling SMOTE ADASYN cost-sensitive-learning ensemble-method bagging boosting random-forest gradient-boosting XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine kernel-method radial-basis-function polynomial-kernel linear-kernel sigmoid-kernel decision-tree classification-tree regression-tree pruning cost-complexity-pruning minimum-description-length rule-based-classifier association-rule frequent-pattern apriori-algorithm FP-growth sequential-pattern temporal-pattern spatial-pattern spatiotemporal-pattern time-series-analysis trend-analysis seasonal-decomposition autoregressive-model moving-average-model ARIMA SARIMA exponential-smoothing state-space-model Kalman-filter particle-filter hidden-Markov-model dynamic-Bayesian-network recurrent-neural-network long-short-term-memory gated-recurrent-unit transformer attention-mechanism self-attention multi-head-attention encoder decoder encoder-decoder-architecture sequence-to-sequence-model generative-model generative-adversarial-network variational-autoencoder normalizing-flow diffusion-model energy-based-model Boltzmann-machine restricted-Boltzmann-machine deep-belief-network autoencoder denoising-autoencoder sparse-autoencoder contractive-autoencoder variational-inference expectation-maximization maximum-likelihood maximum-a-posteriori maximum-entropy Occam's-razor parsimony model-complexity overfitting underfitting bias-variance-tradeoff regularization L1-regularization L2-regularization elastic-net dropout early-stopping batch-normalization layer-normalization group-normalization instance-normalization weight-decay mixup cutout cutmix random-erasing autoaugment fast-autoaugment population-based-augmentation neural-architecture-search automated-machine-learning hyperparameter-optimization grid-search random-search Bayesian-optimization sequential-model-based-optimization multi-fidelity-optimization knowledge-distillation teacher-student-model model-compression quantization knowledge-transfer domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning one-shot-learning meta-learning learning-to-learn metric-learning siamese-network triplet-loss contrastive-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning semi-supervised-learning weakly-supervised-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning continual-learning lifelong-learning curriculum-learning multi-task-learning multi-modal-learning cross-modal-learning representation-learning feature-learning embedding-learning manifold-learning dimensionality-reduction principal-component-analysis t-SNE UMAP word-embedding sentence-embedding document-embedding knowledge-graph-embedding graph-neural-network graph-convolutional-network graph-attention-network message-passing-neural-network relational-graph-convolutional-network inductive-learning transductive-learning homophily heterophily graph-isomorphism Weisfeiler-Lehman-test subgraph-isomorphism graph-matching network-alignment network-embedding node-embedding edge-embedding graph-classification node-classification link-prediction graph-generation graph-synthesis molecular-generation de-novo-design inverse-design retrosynthesis reaction-prediction property-prediction quantitative-structure-activity-relationship QSAR quantitative-structure-property-relationship QSPR molecular-descriptor fingerprint Morgan-fingerprint extended-connectivity-fingerprint circular-fingerprint atom-pair-fingerprint topological-torsion-fingerprint pharmacophore shape-similarity electrostatic-similarity docking scoring-function binding-affinity-prediction protein-ligand-interaction protein-protein-interaction protein-structure-prediction AlphaFold protein-folding contact-prediction distance-prediction angle-prediction torsion-prediction secondary-structure-prediction tertiary-structure-prediction quaternary-structure-prediction protein-design protein-engineering directed-evolution rational-design computational-design de-novo-protein-design enzyme-design catalytic-antibody ribozyme aptamer DNAzyme synthetic-biology genetic-circuit metabolic-engineering metabolic-flux-analysis flux-balance-analysis genome-scale-metabolic-model dynamic-metabolic-model kinetic-modeling stoichiometric-modeling constraint-based-modeling optimization linear-programming mixed-integer-linear-programming quadratic-programming nonlinear-programming dynamic-programming stochastic-programming robust-optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-optimality evolutionary-algorithm genetic-algorithm genetic-programming differential-evolution particle-swarm-optimization ant-colony-optimization simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic metaheuristic local-search neighborhood-search hill-climbing random-walk randomized-search Monte-Carlo-tree-search upper-confidence-bound Thompson-sampling multi-armed-bandit contextual-bandit reinforcement-learning policy-gradient actor-critic Q-learning deep-Q-network policy-iteration value-iteration temporal-difference-learning SARSA expected-SARSA double-Q-learning dueling-Q-network prioritized-experience-replay distributed-reinforcement-learning impala A3C asynchronous-advantage-actor-critic PPO proximal-policy-optimization TRPO trust-region-policy-optimization DDPG deep-deterministic-policy-gradient TD3 twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradient SAC soft-actor-critic model-based-reinforcement-learning model-predictive-control guided-policy-search imitation-learning inverse-reinforcement-learning apprenticeship-learning behavior-cloning dataset-aggregation DAgger generative-adversarial-imitation-learning third-person-imitation-learning one-shot-imitation-learning meta-reinforcement-learning hierarchical-reinforcement-learning option skill subgoal intrinsic-motivation curiosity-driven-exploration empowerment information-gain prediction-error novelty-seeking diversity-seeking multi-agent-reinforcement-learning mean-field fictitious-play correlated-equilibrium Nash-equilibrium game-theory mechanism-design auction-theory incentive-design social-choice-theory voting-theory fair-division matching-theory market-design algorithmic-game-theory computational-social-choice computational-complexity NP-completeness NP-hardness approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio inapproximability fixed-parameter-tractability parameterized-complexity kernelization treewidth graph-minor forbidden-minor-characterization well-quasi-ordering Robertson-Seymour-theorem graph-structure-theorem bidimensionality-theory meta-theorem Courcelle's-theorem automata-theory finite-automaton pushdown-automaton Turing-machine computability decidability halting-problem Rice's-theorem Gödel's-incompleteness-theorems lambda-calculus combinatory-logic type-theory proof-theory model-theory set-theory forcing large-cardinal axiom-of-choice continuum-hypothesis independence-result consistency-strength reverse-mathematics constructive-mathematics intuitionistic-logic modal-logic temporal-logic epistemic-logic deontic-logic description-logic ontology knowledge-representation semantic-web linked-data RDF SPARQL OWL knowledge-graph entity-linking relation-extraction event-extraction coreference-resolution named-entity-recognition part-of-speech-tagging dependency-parsing constituency-parsing semantic-parsing natural-language-inference textual-entailment natural-language-generation machine-translation summarization question-answering dialogue-system conversational-AI chatbot virtual-assistant speech-recognition speech-synthesis speaker-recognition emotion-recognition sentiment-analysis opinion-mining aspect-based-sentiment-analysis target-dependent-sentiment-analysis stance-detection rumor-detection fake-news-detection fact-checking claim-verification evidence-retrieval argument-mining persuasion-detection deception-detection personality-prediction mental-health-detection suicide-prevention crisis-intervention social-media-mining network-analysis community-detection influence-maximization information-diffusion cascade-modeling epidemic-modeling SEIR-model SIR-model agent-based-epidemic-model compartmental-model network-epidemic-model metapopulation-epidemic-model spatial-epidemic-model stochastic-epidemic-model branching-process renewal-equation generation-interval serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number herd-immunity-threshold vaccination-coverage vaccine-efficacy vaccine-effectiveness breakthrough-infection waning-immunity immune-escape variant-of-concern variant-of-interest variant-under-monitoring phylogenetic-analysis molecular-clock-analysis phylodynamics viral-evolution antigenic-drift antigenic-shift zoonotic-spillover reservoir-host intermediate-host amplifying-host dead-end-host vector-borne-disease mosquito-borne-disease tick-borne-disease flea-borne-disease lice-borne-disease midge-borne-disease sandfly-borne-disease tsetse-borne-disease blackfly-borne-disease triatomine-borne-disease kissing-bug Chagas-disease trypanosomiasis leishmaniasis malaria dengue yellow-fever Zika-virus chikungunya West-Nile-virus Japanese-encephalitis tick-borne-encephalitis Lyme-disease Rocky-Mountain-spotted-fever ehlichiosis anaplasmosis babesiosis tularemia plague murine-typhus epidemic-typhus endemic-typhus scrub-typhus Q-fever trench-fever bartonellosis cat-scratch-disease rat-bite-fever leptospirosis brucellosis anthrax melioidosis glanders tularaemia francisellosis coxiellosis rickettsiosis orientia-infection ehrlichiosis neoehrlichiosis neorickettsiosis anaplasmataceae rickettsiaceae coxiellaceae bartonellaceae brucellaceae francisellaceae pasteurellaceae legionellaceae chlamydiaceae mycoplasmataceae ureaplasmataceae spiroplasmataceae achaenoplasmataceae entomoplasmataceae haloplasmataceae tenericutes mollicutes bacteroidetes fusobacteria spirochaetes synergistetes deferribacteres thermotogae aquificae caldiserica caldithrix deferrisoma desulfurobacterium thermovibrio thermocrinis hydrogenobacter sulfurihydrogenibium persephonella hydrogenobaculum hydrothermus thermothrix sulfuricurvum sulfurimonas sulfurovum thiovulum thiomicrospira pseudomonas vibrio aeromonas photobacterium aliivibrio gracilibacillus halobacillus halomonas chromohalobacter cobetia salinicola kushneria halotalea halovibrio salinivibrio thioalkalivibrio thiohalophilus ectothiorhodospira halorhodospira thiorhodospira halochromatium thioflavicoccus marichromatium thiocapsa lamprocystis thiodictyon thiopedia amoebobacter thiocystis chromatium allo-chromatium thermochromatium rhabdochromatium thiobaca thiohalocapsa halocapsa thiolamprovum thioploca thiomargarita beggiatoa methylococcus methylomonas methylomicrobium methylosinus methylocystis methylocella methylocapsa methylacidiphilum verrucomicrobia planctomycetes chlamydiae lentisphaerae kiritimatiellaeota calditrichaeota fervidibacteria
Stictopelta
Stictopelta is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, subfamily Darninae. Members of this genus are found in the Americas, with documented species in the southern United States, Mexico, and South America. The genus was established by Stål in 1869 and is characterized by distinctive pronotal modifications typical of membracid treehoppers. Species within this genus exhibit morphological variation that has led to taxonomic descriptions by multiple authors including Goding, Ball, and Fowler.
treehopper membracid Darninae Neotropical Nearctic
Stictopelta caerulea
Stictopelta caerulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, subfamily Darninae, described by Ball in 1933. The genus Stictopelta is part of the tribe Darnini, a group of treehoppers primarily distributed in the New World tropics and subtropics. Like other members of its subfamily, this species possesses the characteristic enlarged pronotum that defines the family Membracidae. The specific epithet 'caerulea' (Latin for blue or azure) suggests a coloration feature, though this has not been independently verified.
treehopper Membracidae Darninae Hemiptera Nearctic
Stigmella altella
Stigmella altella is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Nepticulidae, known from Ohio and Maine in the United States. The species has a wingspan of 5.6–6.4 mm. It completes one generation per year in Ohio, with larvae mining oak leaves in autumn and adults emerging the following spring. The larvae are specialized feeders on two oak species: Quercus imbricaria and Quercus palustris.
leaf-miner oak-specialist univoltine Nearctic microlepidoptera endophagous Stigmella Nepticulidae Lepidoptera Quercus Ohio Maine
Stigmella apicialbella
Stigmella apicialbella is a microlepidopteran moth in the family Nepticulidae, first described by Chambers in 1873 and later recombined by Newton et al. in 1982. This species is among the smallest moths, with a wingspan of only 3.6–4.8 mm. It has been documented in the Nearctic region, specifically in Kentucky and Ohio, with additional records from Vermont. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to be a leaf-mining species, though specific host plant associations for this particular species have not been documented.
microlepidoptera leaf-miner Nearctic
Stigmella corylifoliella
Stigmella corylifoliella is a minute moth in the family Nepticulidae, described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1861. The species has a wingspan of approximately 3.5 mm and is distributed across much of North America, from the eastern United States to the Pacific coast and southern Canada. Its larvae are leaf miners that feed on a diverse array of host plants.
leaf-miner polyphagous microlepidoptera Nearctic
Stigmella fuscotibiella
Stigmella fuscotibiella is a pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae, characterized by its diminutive size and leaf-mining larval habit. The species is distributed across eastern and central North America, with records from the United States and Canada. Its larvae feed on willow species (Salix), creating characteristic mines in host plant leaves.
leaf-miner pygmy-moth willow-specialist Nearctic
Stigmella intermedia
pygmy leaf-mining moth
Stigmella intermedia is a minute pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae, characterized by a wingspan of only 3–3.5 mm. The species is known from the Nearctic region, with records from Ohio, Arkansas, Kentucky, Ontario, and Vermont. It is a specialist leafminer whose larvae feed on sumac species (Rhus typhina and Rhus aromatica), creating distinctive linear mines with broad blackish frass lines. The species typically produces two generations per year, with larvae maturing in July and overwintering, though occasionally a third generation occurs.
leafminer sumac microlepidoptera Nearctic specialist-herbivore pygmy-moth Nepticulidae bivoltine Rhus Stigmella
Stigmella myricafoliella
Stigmella myricafoliella is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Nepticulidae, recorded in eastern North America from Florida to Nova Scotia. The species has a wingspan of 5–5.2 mm. Larvae are specialist feeders on Myrica species, creating distinctive blotch mines in leaves.
leaf-miner pygmy-moth Myrica-specialist serpentine-blotch-mine Nearctic
Stigmella nigriverticella
Stigmella nigriverticella is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Nepticulidae, characterized by a wingspan of 4.4–5.2 mm. It occurs in the eastern and central United States, with records from Texas, Ohio, New York, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky. The species likely produces three generations annually. Specimens have been collected on wild cherry (Prunus), though host plant confirmation remains incomplete.
leaf-miner microlepidoptera pygmy-moth Nearctic
Stigmella resplendensella
Stigmella resplendensella is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Nepticulidae. It has been recorded from Kentucky in North America. The species has a wingspan of approximately 6 mm. Larvae feed on Celtis occidentalis (common hackberry), creating mines in the leaves.
Nepticulidae leaf-miner Celtis-occidentalis Nearctic microlepidoptera
Stigmella rhamnicola
Stigmella rhamnicola is a pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae. The species exhibits seasonal dimorphism in wing size, with the winter generation being slightly larger than the summer generation. It produces two to three generations annually, with mines most abundant in October. The species is a leaf miner specialist on Rhamnus lanceolata.
leaf-miner pygmy-moth Nepticulidae Rhamnus-specialist Nearctic
Stigmella rhoifoliella
Stigmella rhoifoliella is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Nepticulidae, native to the eastern United States. The species is notable for its extremely small size and specialized larval feeding behavior on poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). It produces distinctive serpentine leaf mines on its host plant. The moth has a multivoltine life cycle with two to three generations annually, with adult flight periods concentrated in June and August.
leaf-miner microlepidoptera specialist-herbivore multivoltine Nearctic
Stigmella saginella
Stigmella saginella is a minute moth in the family Nepticulidae, commonly known as pygmy moths or microlepidoptera. The species is native to North America and has been documented across a broad geographic range spanning the eastern United States, parts of the Midwest, California, and southeastern Canada. Larvae are leaf miners that feed exclusively on oak species (Quercus), creating distinctive tunnels within leaf tissue.
leaf-miner oak-specialist microlepidoptera Nearctic
Stigmella slingerlandella
Slingerland's Plum Leafminer Moth, Plum Leaf Miner
Stigmella slingerlandella is a microlepidopteran moth in the family Nepticulidae, commonly known as the plum leaf miner. The species was described by Kearfott in 1908 and named in honor of Mark Vernon Slingerland. It is a specialist leafminer on Prunus species, with larvae creating distinctive mines that begin as narrow linear tunnels before expanding into irregular blotches. The species occurs in eastern North America, where it can be a minor pest of plum and cherry cultivation.
leafminer microlepidoptera Prunus-specialist Nearctic Nepticulidae orchard-pest
Stigmella tiliella
Stigmella tiliella is a pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae, known for its extremely small size and leaf-mining larval behavior. The species is restricted to the eastern United States, specifically Ohio and Kentucky. Its larvae are specialized feeders on Tilia americana (American basswood), creating distinctive mines in the leaves. Adults exhibit bivoltine phenology with two generations per year.
leaf-miner specialist-herbivore pygmy-moth bivoltine Nearctic
Stigmella variella
Stigmella variella is a pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae, characterized by its small size and leaf-mining larval habit. The species is known from California and Arizona, where larvae feed on three oak species. Adults have a wingspan of 5.5–7.5 mm. Two to three generations occur annually in California, with active leaf mines present from July to early September and February to April.
leaf-miner oak-specialist microlepidoptera Nearctic California Arizona Quercus
Stigmella villosella
Stigmella villosella is a pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae, first described by Clemens in 1861. It is one of the smallest moth species in North America, with adults measuring only 2.8–4.6 mm in wingspan. The species is known from a limited distribution in the eastern and south-central United States.
leaf-miner pygmy-moth microlepidoptera Nearctic
Stilpon
Stilpon is a genus of small predatory flies in the family Hybotidae, subfamily Tachydromiinae. The Nearctic fauna comprises 13 recognized species, including nine described by Cumming (1992), classified into three informal species groups: S. divergens, S. graminum, and S. varipes. The genus exhibits wing polymorphy in some species, with both macropterous and micropterous forms documented in S. graminum, S. nubilus, and S. subnubilus.
Diptera Hybotidae Tachydromiinae predatory-flies wing-polymorphy Nearctic Palearctic
Stiphrosoma artum
Stiphrosoma artum is a small fly species in the family Anthomyzidae, described from the northern Great Plains of North America. It is one of 13 new species described in a 2005 revision of New World Stiphrosoma. The species exhibits wing polymorphism, with both fully winged and reduced-wing individuals documented.
wing-polymorphism Anthomyzidae Nearctic 2005-description Great-Plains
Stiretrus
anchor stink bugs
Stiretrus is a genus of predatory stink bugs in the subfamily Asopinae, family Pentatomidae. Species occur in the Americas, with records from North America (USA, Canada) and South America (Brazil, Suriname). The genus includes at least eight described species, with S. anchorago (anchor stink bug) being among the better known. Members are predators of other insects, with documented specialization on cassidine beetles (Chrysomelidae) in some species. Some species exhibit striking color polymorphism and possible mimicry with their prey.
predatory-stink-bug Asopinae cassidine-beetle-predator color-polymorphism mimicry biological-control Neotropical Nearctic
Stiriinae
owlet moths
Stiriinae is a subfamily of owlet moths (Noctuidae) comprising approximately 160 described species across more than 20 genera. The group underwent significant taxonomic revision in 2019–2021 based on phylogenetic research, with the former tribe Stiriini elevated to subfamily status and internal classification reorganized into two tribes: Stiriini and Annaphilini. The subfamily exhibits exceptional host plant specialization, with many species feeding on a single Asteraceae species.
Noctuidae owlet-moths seed-feeders Asteraceae-specialists Nearctic desert-fauna host-plant-specialization ontogenetic-matching phylogenetic-revision
Stiropius
Stiropius is a genus of braconid parasitoid wasps in the tribe Rogadini. The genus was revised for the Nearctic region in 1988, with three Nearctic species recognized: S. bucculatricis, S. californicus, and S. wagneri. Bucculatriplex was synonymized with Stiropius. The genus appears to represent a relatively basal branch of the Rogadini lineage.
parasitoid braconid Rogadini Nearctic Hymenoptera
Stiropius bucculatricis
A parasitoid wasp in family Braconidae, originally described by Ashmead in 1889. The species epithet indicates an association with leaf-mining moths in family Bucculatricidae. One of three recognized Nearctic species in genus Stiropius.
parasitoid leaf-miner-parasitoid Nearctic Braconidae Rogadinae
Strategus cessus
rhinoceros beetle
Strategus cessus is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Dynastinae. It belongs to a genus of large, horned scarabs found in the Americas. The species has been documented from the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Dynastinae rhinoceros-beetle Scarabaeidae nocturnal light-attracted Nearctic Neotropical Southwest-USA Mexico
Strategus splendens
Splendid Ox Beetle
Strategus splendens is a large scarab beetle commonly known as the Splendid Ox Beetle. It belongs to the rhinoceros beetle subfamily Dynastinae, characterized by prominent horns in males. The species occurs in the southeastern United States, where it has been documented in sandy habitats and associated with oak woodlands. Adults are attracted to lights and are active during summer months.
Dynastinae rhinoceros-beetle scarab beetle Coleoptera Nearctic southeastern-USA light-attracted nocturnal
Streptanus okaensis
Streptanus okaensis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. First described by Zakhvatkin in 1948, it is currently treated as a synonym of Streptanus ogumae. The species has been recorded from localities across the northern Palearctic, including Alaska, England, Kamchatka, and the Kuril Islands.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Palearctic Nearctic synonym
Strigoderma teapensis
Strigoderma teapensis is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Rutelinae. The species was described by Bates in 1888 from Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. It occurs in eastern Mexico and has been recorded in southern Texas, USA. Like other members of the genus Strigoderma, it is likely associated with sandy or open habitats, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
scarab-beetle Rutelinae Mexico Texas Nearctic Neotropical
Strigodius robinsoni
Strigodius robinsoni is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae. It was described by Cartwright in 1939. The species is known from the eastern United States, with records from Alabama, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and West Virginia. Like other members of the genus Strigodius, it is presumably associated with decaying organic matter and dung.
dung-beetle Aphodiinae Scarabaeidae Coleoptera Nearctic eastern-United-States Cartwright-1939
Stygobromus
Stygobromus is a genus of subterranean freshwater amphipods in the family Crangonyctidae, comprising 134 described species. The genus is primarily distributed in North America, with a smaller number of species in the Palearctic region including Siberia. Many species are narrow endemics restricted to specific groundwater systems, and several are listed as endangered or vulnerable by the IUCN; one species, S. lucifugus, is extinct.
subterranean groundwater stygobiont endemic IUCN-Red-List Palearctic Nearctic freshwater crustacean
Susulus venustus
Susulus venustus is a stonefly species in the family Perlodidae, described by Jewett in 1965. It belongs to the genus Susulus within the tribe Perlodini. The species is known from California in western North America. As a member of the Plecoptera order, it is part of the aquatic insect community associated with freshwater habitats.
stonefly Plecoptera Perlodidae California Nearctic freshwater aquatic-insect
Suwallia
green stoneflies
Suwallia is a genus of green stoneflies (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) in the tribe Suwalliini, comprising more than 20 described species. The genus is distributed across the East Palearctic and Nearctic regions, including Russia, Mongolia, Japan, North America, and China. Adult males possess distinctive genitalic structures used for species identification, such as specialized sclerites on tergum X. The genus was established by Ricker in 1943.
stonefly Plecoptera Chloroperlidae aquatic-insect riparian East-Palearctic Nearctic China Russia Japan North-America
Symmetrischema capsica
pepper flowerbud moth
Symmetrischema capsica, commonly known as the pepper flowerbud moth, is a small gelechiid moth described by Bradley and Povolný in 1965. The species is native to the Americas, ranging from the southeastern United States through Mexico to the Caribbean and West Indies. It is a specialist herbivore whose larvae develop within the flower buds of plants in the nightshade family.
Gelechiidae Solanaceae pepper-pest flower-bud-feeder Neotropical Nearctic
Sympistis sakhmet
Sympistis sakhmet is a small noctuid moth described from New Mexico in 2008. The species is known from very limited material, with a recorded wingspan of approximately 31 mm. It belongs to a genus of moths whose larvae often feed on specific host plants.
Noctuidae Noctuinae New-Mexico Nearctic 2008-description
Symplecta cana
Symplecta cana is a crane fly species in the family Limoniidae, subgenus Symplecta sensu stricto. It has a broad distribution across northern North America, extending from Alaska and Arctic Canada southward throughout the contiguous United States, and reaching into Mexico and Guatemala. Taxonomic revision has clarified its distinction from the closely related S. hybrida, with which it occurs sympatrically and syntopically in some regions.
crane-fly Limoniidae Arctic Nearctic Diptera Nematocera
Synanthedon alleri
Synanthedon alleri is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, native to the Nearctic region. The species was originally described as Thamnosphecia alleri in 1946 and later transferred to Synanthedon. As with other sesiids, it exhibits wasp-mimicking morphology and reduced wing scaling that creates a transparent appearance. The species appears to be rarely encountered, with limited observational records available.
clearwing-moth Sesiidae wasp-mimic Great-Plains Nearctic diurnal-moth
Synanthedon arizonensis
Arizona Clearwing Moth
Synanthedon arizonensis is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, known for its wasp-like appearance and diurnal activity. Like other members of its genus, it likely bores into woody plants as larvae. The species is native to the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. It belongs to a group of moths that are generally not attracted to light traps, making them difficult to survey using standard moth-collecting methods.
Sesiidae clearwing-moth diurnal wasp-mimic wood-borer Arizona Mexico Nearctic