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Phymonotus jacintotopos
San Jacinto shieldback
Phymonotus jacintotopos is a rare, monotypic shield-backed katydid endemic to the San Jacinto Mountains of southern California. It is distinguished by an unusually enlarged dome-like pronotum, distinctive red-and-black coloration, and a unique calling song. The species is considered a Pleistocene relic, restricted to isolated high-elevation conifer forests. It belongs to the tribe Nedubini, whose members have a Gondwanan distribution.
endemic rare Pleistocene-relic montane shield-backed-katydid
Plagiostira mescaleroensis
Mescalero Shieldback
Plagiostira mescaleroensis is a species of shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae, first described by Tinkham in 1960. It is endemic to the Mescalero Sands region of southeastern New Mexico, where it inhabits sand dune ecosystems. The species belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive morphological adaptations to arid environments. Like other members of Tettigoniidae, it is nocturnal and possesses sound-producing capabilities, though specific behavioral details remain poorly documented.
shieldback-katydid endemic sand-dunes Mescalero-Sands New-Mexico nocturnal Tettigoniidae Orthoptera
Platambus apache
Platambus apache is a predatory diving beetle endemic to high elevations in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. First described in 1981, this species exhibits unusual morphological adaptations for a dytiscid, including reduced swimming setae that suggest a primarily crawling rather than swimming lifestyle. Its restricted range and specific habitat requirements make it of conservation interest.
endemic high-elevation Arizona Chiricahua-Mountains crawling-adapted reduced-swimming-setae
Platyceroides aeneus
Platyceroides aeneus is a species of stag beetle in the family Lucanidae, first described by Van Dyke in 1928. The species is endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America. It belongs to a genus of small stag beetles characterized by reduced mandibles compared to their larger relatives.
stag-beetle Lucanidae Pacific-Northwest endemic Coleoptera
Platyceroides californicus
Platyceroides californicus is a species of stag beetle in the family Lucanidae, endemic to California. It is a small to medium-sized beetle with reduced mandibles compared to many lucanids. The genus Platyceroides is distinguished from the similar Platycerus by antennal club structure and male genitalia morphology. Very few observations exist for this species, and its biology remains poorly documented.
endemic California Lucanidae stag-beetle data-deficient
Platyceroides infernus
Platyceroides infernus is a species of stag beetle in the family Lucanidae, described from California in 2017. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized stag beetles characterized by reduced mandibles in males compared to other lucanid genera. The species epithet "infernus" (Latin for "hell") references its type locality in Death Valley, California. Like other Lucanidae, adults are nocturnal and larvae develop in decaying wood.
endemic desert recently-described stag-beetle California
Platylabops faciens
Platylabops faciens is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Ichneumoninae. The species was described by Townes in 1971. It belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive labial morphology. Like other ichneumonids, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain undocumented.
ichneumonidae ichneumoninae parasitoid-wasp neotropical mexico chiapas townes-1971 endemic rarely-collected undocumented-biology
Platylyra californica
California Chaparral Katydid
Platylyra californica is a katydid species endemic to California, commonly known as the California Chaparral Katydid. It belongs to the family Tettigoniidae and is associated with chaparral and coastal scrub habitats. The species was described by Scudder in 1898 and has been documented in over 1,100 iNaturalist observations, indicating it is relatively well-recorded within its restricted range.
endemic California katydid chaparral Tettigoniidae
Platynota islameconae
Platynota islameconae is a species of tortricid moth described by Powell & Brown in 2012. It is endemic to California, United States. As a member of the genus Platynota, it belongs to a group of leafroller moths whose larvae are known to feed within rolled or folded leaves of host plants.
endemic California Tortricidae leafroller-moth Powell-2012 Brown-2012
Platynota redingtonensis
Platynota redingtonensis is a species of tortricid moth described in 2012 by Powell and Brown. The species is endemic to Arizona, United States. As a member of the genus Platynota, it belongs to a group of leafroller moths whose larvae typically feed within rolled or folded leaves.
endemic Arizona leafroller-moth Tortricidae Powell-&-Brown-2012 North-America United-States Lepidoptera insect arthropod
Platypedia scotti
Platypedia scotti is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae, described by Davis in 1935. Like other members of the genus Platypedia, males of this species lack tymbal organs and produce sound through crepitation—snapping their wings against vegetation—rather than the typical cicada singing mechanism. The species is known from California and belongs to a group of western North American cicadas often called "wing-bangers" or "wing-tappers."
cicada crepitation wing-banger California endemic acoustic-communication western-North-America
Plebejus icarioides fenderi
Fender's blue
Fender's blue is an endangered subspecies of lycaenid butterfly endemic to the Willamette Valley of Oregon, United States. It was federally listed as endangered in 2000. Population numbers declined to fewer than 1,500 individuals in the 1990s but have recovered to 25,000–30,000 through targeted conservation efforts combining scientific research and habitat management. The butterfly engages in a mutualistic relationship with ants, where larvae produce sugary secretions in exchange for protection from predators.
endangered-species endemic mutualism ant-tending habitat-restoration prescribed-fire Willamette-Valley Kincaid's-lupine conservation-success
Plebejus neurona
Sierra Nevada Blue
Plebejus neurona, known as the Sierra Nevada Blue, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California. The species is closely related to and was formerly classified within the genus Lycaena. Like other members of its family, it exhibits a close ecological relationship with ants during its larval stage.
endemic Sierra-Nevada blue-butterfly ant-association
Pleocoma
rain beetles
Pleocoma is the sole extant genus of Pleocomidae, a family endemic to the Pacific states of North America. These beetles are notable for their extreme subterranean lifestyle, with adults emerging only during fall and winter rains to mate. The genus name derives from Greek words for 'abundant hair,' referring to the dense ventral hair covering. Adults are non-feeding, while larvae are root-feeders with exceptionally long development periods of up to 13 years.
Scarabaeoidea rain-beetles subterranean non-feeding-adults long-lived-larvae pheromone-mediated-mating endemic Nearctic relictual-distribution Cretaceous-origin pest-of-Christmas-trees lamellate-antennae flightless-females rain-triggered-emergence California-fauna Oregon-fauna Washington-fauna root-feeding-larvae extreme-seasonality light-attracted-males
Pleocoma puncticollis
Black Rain Beetle
Pleocoma puncticollis, commonly known as the black rain beetle, is a species of rain beetle in the family Pleocomidae. It is endemic to California. Adults are known to emerge and fly during rainy conditions, a trait characteristic of the genus.
endemic California rain-beetle nocturnal sexual-dimorphism soil-dwelling
Pleocoma tularensis
rain beetle
Pleocoma tularensis is a species of rain beetle in the family Pleocomidae, distinguished by having one of the largest geographic ranges within the genus Pleocoma. It is endemic to the central and southern Sierra Nevada of California. Like other rain beetles, adults are sexually dimorphic: males are winged and capable of flight, while females are flightless. Adults do not feed and rely entirely on energy reserves accumulated during their extended larval development underground.
endemic Sierra-Nevada sexual-dimorphism flightless-female apogous-adult subterranean-larva rain-triggered-emergence pest
Pleromella opter
Pleromella opter is a moth species and the sole member of the monotypic genus Pleromella within the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to western North America, occurring in southern Oregon, California, and Baja California. The species was first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1921. It is one of approximately 124 observed records documented in natural history databases.
Lepidoptera Noctuidae moth western-North-America monotypic-genus Dyar-1921 endemic California Oregon Baja-California
Podagra crassipes
Podagra crassipes is the sole species in the monotypic genus Podagra, a group of moths in the family Noctuidae. The species was described by John Bernhardt Smith in 1902 and is known only from the US state of Arizona. As the only member of its genus, it represents a distinct lineage within the Grotellinae subfamily.
monotypic-genus endemic Arizona Noctuidae Grotellinae 1902-description Smith moth Lepidoptera
Pogonomyrmex anzensis
Anza desert harvester ant
Pogonomyrmex anzensis, the Anza desert harvester ant, is a species of harvester ant endemic to the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and surrounding areas in Southern California. Described by Cole in 1968, this species belongs to a genus known for seed-collecting behavior and potent defensive stings. Like other Pogonomyrmex species, it constructs conspicuous nest clearings and plays ecological roles in seed dispersal and soil modification. The species is poorly studied compared to more widespread congeners, with limited published information on its specific biology.
endemic desert harvester-ant California data-deficient
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.
harvester-ant seed-collecting-ant arid-adapted-ant Pogonomyrmex Myrmicinae Formicidae Hymenoptera Insecta Arthropoda Animalia Forel-1914 species accepted Pogonomyrmex-tenuispinus Pogonomyrmecini Aculeata Apocrita Hexapoda Eukaryota Metazoa Vespoidea insect ant seed-harvester desert-ant native-species keystone-species-candidate ecosystem-engineer myrmecochory nest-disk island-of-fertility stinging-ant venomous-insect arthropod hymenopteran formicid myrmicine-ant pogonomyrmecine-ant harvester-ant-species Pogonomyrmex-species North-American-ant western-North-America-ant arid-region-ant xeric-habitat-ant granivorous-ant seed-predator seed-disperser soil-engineer vegetation-engineer nest-rim-vegetation biodiversity-hotspot-creator food-web-participant predator prey insectivore-food-source rodent-defense mammal-defense painful-sting Schmidt-sting-pain-index Justin-Schmidt Derek-Uhey Richard-Hofstetter keystone-species pest-perception range-management rangeland-ecology restoration-ecology invasion-ecology native-plant-restoration drought-refuge grazing-refuge disturbance-recovery fire-recovery soil-nutrient-enhancement trash-dump-ecosystem house-guest-habitat mite-associate silverfish-associate beetle-associate springtail-associate bacteria-associate mycorrhizae-associate protist-associate fungi-associate arthropod-associate bird-food-source lizard-food-source mammal-food-source sage-grouse-food-source horned-lizard-food-source endangered-species-food-source traditional-medicine indigenous-knowledge Shoshonean ritual-use vision-quest dream-helper therapeutic-use anaphylaxis-risk allergic-reaction sting-avoidance non-flying-insect non-domestic-pest crop-pest-perception weed-seed-preference restoration-seed-loss broadcast-seeding-interference seed-selection seed-preference filaree Erodium-cicutarium mustard Brassica-tournefortii brittlebush buckwheat exotic-plant invasive-plant native-plant coastal-sage-scrub Colorado-Plateau Arizona Utah Nevada California New-Mexico Texas Mexico Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Mojave-Desert Great-Basin Colorado-Desert arid-grassland shrubland pinyon-juniper ponderosa-pine nest-rim nest-clearing nest-mound subterranean-granary trunk-trail foraging-patch patroller-ant forager-ant seed-transport seed-storage seed-consumption seed-germination seedling-establishment plant-recruitment plant-community-composition vegetation-pattern landscape-pattern polka-dot-landscape bare-soil vegetation-clearing vegetation-enhancement nutrient-deposition detritus-accumulation soil-biota-enhancement microhabitat-creation refugia stress-tolerance drought-tolerance grazing-tolerance fire-tolerance ecosystem-stability ecosystem-resilience ecosystem-services conservation-value management-consideration research-subject educational-subject ant-farm-subject children's-science outreach public-education entomology myrmecology ecology ethnobiology ethnoentomology venom-biochemistry peptide-venom sodium-ion-channel mammalian-nervous-system toxicology LD50 Maricopa-harvester-ant Pogonomyrmex-maricopa western-harvester-ant Pogonomyrmex-occidentalis Californian-harvester-ant Pogonomyrmex-californicus Pogonomyrmex-rugosus Pogonomyrmex-subdentatus red-harvester-ant black-harvester-ant Messor Veromessor seed-harvesting-ant-genera ant-genera ant-species ant-taxonomy ant-biodiversity ant-conservation ant-management ant-control ant-bait ant-sting-treatment ant-allergy ant-venom-evolution ant-plant-interaction ant-seed-interaction ant-rodent-interaction ant-vertebrate-interaction ant-arthropod-interaction ant-microbe-interaction ant-soil-interaction ant-vegetation-interaction ant-landscape-interaction mutualism commensalism predation scavenging granivory myrmecophily myrmecophagy formicivory ecological-engineering ecosystem-engineering keystone-engineering foundation-species dominant-species abundant-species conspicuous-species visible-species indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species research-model ecological-model 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environmental-tolerance abiotic-factor biotic-factor disturbance-regime stress-factor limiting-factor population-density colony-density nest-density abundance frequency occurrence observation specimen collection museum-record literature-record citizen-science iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI AntWeb taxonomic-database biodiversity-database occurrence-database distribution-database research-article review-article scientific-publication peer-reviewed entomological-journal ecological-journal conservation-journal academic-source expert-source authoritative-source Deborah-Gordon Bert-Hölldobler E.O.-Wilson Phil-Ward Meredith-Swett-Walker Christopher-Briggs Richard-Redak Northern-Arizona-University University-of-California University-of-California-Riverside Flagstaff bee-garden Häagen-Dazs-Honey-Bee-Haven Bohart-Museum UC-Davis entomology-department forestry-school researcher graduate-student PhD-candidate assistant-professor teaching-professor forest-entomologist ant-specialist myrmecologist ecologist conservationist naturalist ethnobiologist toxicologist behavioral-ecologist 2021 2023 November-2021 December-2023 July-2015 July-17 July-18 Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Environmental-Entomology Bug-of-the-Week Bug-Squad Entomology-Today National-Moth-Week photo photograph image visual-record documentation field-observation field-study field-experiment laboratory-study controlled-experiment observational-study comparative-study long-term-study short-term-study cross-sectional-study experimental-manipulation exclosure grazing-exclosure drought-event climate-event weather-event disturbance-event fire-event grazing-event seasonal-variation temporal-variation spatial-variation nest-pattern plant-composition plant-cover plant-biomass plant-growth plant-recovery seed-bank-dynamics soil-property soil-nutrient soil-moisture soil-temperature soil-biota microbial-community fungal-community bacterial-community detritus refuse-pile trash-dump nest-chamber 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seed-recognition habitat-recognition environmental-assessment risk-assessment decision-making behavioral-economics foraging-theory marginal-value-theorem prey-choice patch-choice diet-choice food-preference seed-acceptance seed-rejection handling-time search-time travel-time harvest-time processing-time consumption-time energy-intake energy-expenditure net-energy-gain foraging-efficiency foraging-success foraging-rate collection-rate transport-rate return-rate load-size trip-duration trip-distance foraging-distance foraging-range foraging-territory home-range activity-range daily-activity seasonal-activity annual-activity diurnal-activity nocturnal-activity crepuscular-activity activity-pattern activity-rhythm circadian-rhythm photoperiod-response temperature-response humidity-response rain-response wind-response cloud-response seasonal-response weather-response climate-response environmental-response stress-response disturbance-response predation-response competition-response resource-response food-response water-response nest-response brood-response queen-response colony-response social-response communication signal cue information-transfer information-sharing collective-decision consensus-decision quorum-sensing stigmergy self-organization emergent-property complex-system adaptive-system resilient-system robust-system buffered-system stable-system persistent-system sustainable-system evolved-system adapted-system specialized-system generalized-system plastic-system flexible-system responsive-system reactive-system proactive-system anticipatory-system predictive-system cognitive-system intelligent-system conscious-system sentient-system living-system biological-system ecological-system social-system environmental-system earth-system natural-system human-system managed-system conserved-system restored-system degraded-system disturbed-system stressed-system vulnerable-system sensitive-system indicator-system model-system experimental-system theoretical-system conceptual-system abstract-system concrete-system real-system imagined-system possible-system probable-system certain-system known-system unknown-system studied-system unstudied-system described-system undescribed-system named-system unnamed-system classified-system unclassified-system categorized-system uncategorized-system organized-system disorganized-system structured-system unstructured-system ordered-system disordered-system simple-system complicated-system easy-system difficult-system hard-system soft-system rigid-system static-system dynamic-system unstable-system equilibrium-system nonequilibrium-system steady-state transient-state initial-state final-state intermediate-state boundary-condition initial-condition final-condition driving-force controlling-factor determining-factor influencing-factor affecting-factor modifying-factor regulating-factor governing-factor shaping-factor creating-factor destroying-factor maintaining-factor preserving-factor changing-factor transforming-factor converting-factor transferring-factor moving-factor transporting-factor carrying-factor holding-factor storing-factor releasing-factor emitting-factor absorbing-factor taking-factor giving-factor receiving-factor sending-factor transmitting-factor processing-factor handling-factor manipulating-factor using-factor utilizing-factor exploiting-factor consuming-factor eating-factor feeding-factor nourishing-factor sustaining-factor supporting-factor helping-factor aiding-factor assisting-factor benefiting-factor advantaging-factor favoring-factor promoting-factor enhancing-factor improving-factor bettering-factor worsening-factor damaging-factor harming-factor hurting-factor injuring-factor killing-factor eliminating-factor removing-factor eradicating-factor extirpating-factor extincting-factor conserving-factor protecting-factor saving-factor rescuing-factor restoring-factor recovering-factor rehabilitating-factor renewing-factor reviving-factor regenerating-factor reproducing-factor breeding-factor multiplying-factor increasing-factor growing-factor expanding-factor spreading-factor dispersing-factor distributing-factor allocating-factor assigning-factor apportioning-factor dividing-factor sharing-factor partitioning-factor separating-factor splitting-factor breaking-factor fragmenting-factor segmenting-factor sectioning-factor compartmentalizing-factor organizing-factor arranging-factor ordering-factor structuring-factor systematizing-factor methodizing-factor rationalizing-factor standardizing-factor normalizing-factor regularizing-factor stabilizing-factor balancing-factor equalizing-factor harmonizing-factor synchronizing-factor coordinating-factor integrating-factor unifying-factor combining-factor merging-factor fusing-factor blending-factor mixing-factor stirring-factor agitating-factor shaking-factor shifting-factor altering-factor varying-factor differing-factor deviating-factor diverging-factor converging-factor meeting-factor joining-factor connecting-factor linking-factor relating-factor associating-factor correlating-factor comparing-factor contrasting-factor differentiating-factor distinguishing-factor discriminating-factor identifying-factor recognizing-factor knowing-factor understanding-factor comprehending-factor grasping-factor perceiving-factor sensing-factor feeling-factor experiencing-factor observing-factor noticing-factor seeing-factor looking-factor watching-factor viewing-factor examining-factor inspecting-factor checking-factor testing-factor trying-factor attempting-factor endeavoring-factor striving-factor working-factor laboring-factor toiling-factor struggling-factor fighting-factor competing-factor contending-factor opposing-factor resisting-factor defending-factor guarding-factor shielding-factor screening-factor covering-factor hiding-factor concealing-factor masking-factor disguising-factor camouflaging-factor mimicking-factor imitating-factor copying-factor replicating-factor duplicating-factor propagating-factor bearing-factor containing-factor enclosing-factor surrounding-factor encircling-factor encompassing-factor including-factor incorporating-factor embodying-factor representing-factor symbolizing-factor signifying-factor meaning-factor denoting-factor indicating-factor showing-factor displaying-factor exhibiting-factor demonstrating-factor proving-factor verifying-factor confirming-factor validating-factor authenticating-factor certifying-factor attesting-factor witnessing-factor testifying-factor declaring-factor stating-factor asserting-factor claiming-factor arguing-factor reasoning-factor thinking-factor cognizing-factor intellecting-factor ratiocinating-factor deducing-factor inferring-factor concluding-factor judging-factor evaluating-factor assessing-factor appraising-factor estimating-factor calculating-factor computing-factor reckoning-factor counting-factor numbering-factor quantifying-factor measuring-factor weighing-factor scaling-factor grading-factor ranking-factor rating-factor scoring-factor marking-factor classifying-factor categorizing-factor grouping-factor sorting-factor sequencing-factor prioritizing-factor preferring-factor choosing-factor selecting-factor picking-factor electing-factor opting-factor deciding-factor resolving-factor settling-factor fixing-factor establishing-factor instituting-factor founding-factor making-factor producing-factor generating-factor originating-factor initiating-factor starting-factor beginning-factor commencing-factor opening-factor launching-factor introducing-factor bringing-factor leading-factor guiding-factor directing-factor managing-factor administering-factor ruling-factor commanding-factor dictating-factor prescribing-factor instructing-factor teaching-factor educating-factor training-factor conditioning-factor preparing-factor readying-factor equipping-factor arming-factor providing-factor supplying-factor furnishing-factor bestowing-factor conferring-factor granting-factor awarding-factor presenting-factor offering-factor proposing-factor suggesting-factor recommending-factor advising-factor counseling-factor consulting-factor discussing-factor talking-factor speaking-factor saying-factor telling-factor informing-factor notifying-factor reporting-factor announcing-factor proclaiming-factor publishing-factor issuing-factor circulating-factor broadcasting-factor dispatching-factor posting-factor mailing-factor shipping-factor conveying-factor delivering-factor accepting-factor getting-factor obtaining-factor acquiring-factor gaining-factor earning-factor winning-factor achieving-factor attaining-factor reaching-factor arriving-factor coming-factor approaching-factor nearing-factor closing-factor ending-factor finishing-factor completing-factor terminating-factor stopping-factor ceasing-factor halting-factor pausing-factor waiting-factor staying-factor remaining-factor continuing-factor persisting-factor lasting-factor enduring-factor surviving-factor living-factor existing-factor being-factor occurring-factor happening-factor taking-place-factor transpiring-factor resulting-factor ensuing-factor following-factor succeeding-factor preceding-factor anteceding-factor leading-to-factor causing-factor effecting-factor bringing-about-factor giving-rise-to-factor stemming-from-factor arising-from-factor resulting-from-factor deriving-from-factor originating-from-factor coming-from-factor emerging-from-factor springing-from-factor flowing-from-factor following-from-factor according-to-factor depending-on-factor relying-on-factor resting-on-factor based-on-factor grounded-on-factor founded-on-factor built-on-factor constructed-on-factor erected-on-factor established-on-factor set-up-on-factor installed-on-factor placed-on-factor put-on-factor laid-on-factor settled-on-factor located-on-factor situated-on-factor positioned-on-factor stationed-on-factor posted-on-factor assigned-to-factor allotted-to-factor apportioned-to-factor distributed-to-factor given-to-factor granted-to-factor awarded-to-factor conferred-on-factor bestowed-on-factor presented-to-factor offered-to-factor proposed-to-factor suggested-to-factor recommended-to-factor advised-to-factor counseled-to-factor consulted-with-factor conferred-with-factor discussed-with-factor talked-with-factor spoken-with-factor said-to-factor told-to-factor informed-of-factor notified-of-factor reported-to-factor announced-to-factor proclaimed-to-factor published-to-factor issued-to-factor released-to-factor circulated-to-factor broadcast-to-factor transmitted-to-factor sent-to-factor dispatched-to-factor posted-to-factor mailed-to-factor shipped-to-factor transported-to-factor conveyed-to-factor delivered-to-factor received-by-factor accepted-by-factor taken-by-factor gotten-by-factor obtained-by-factor acquired-by-factor gained-by-factor earned-by-factor won-by-factor achieved-by-factor attained-by-factor 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relied-on-by-factor rested-on-by-factor based-on-by-factor grounded-on-by-factor founded-on-by-factor built-on-by-factor constructed-on-by-factor erected-on-by-factor established-on-by-factor set-up-on-by-factor installed-on-by-factor placed-on-by-factor put-on-by-factor laid-on-by-factor settled-on-by-factor located-on-by-factor situated-on-by-factor positioned-on-by-factor stationed-on-by-factor posted-on-by-factor assigned-to-by-factor allotted-to-by-factor apportioned-to-by-factor distributed-to-by-factor given-to-by-factor granted-to-by-factor awarded-to-by-factor conferred-on-by-factor bestowed-on-by-factor presented-to-by-factor offered-to-by-factor proposed-to-by-factor suggested-to-by-factor recommended-to-by-factor advised-to-by-factor counseled-to-by-factor consulted-with-by-factor conferred-with-by-factor discussed-with-by-factor talked-with-by-factor spoken-with-by-factor said-to-by-factor told-to-by-factor informed-of-by-factor notified-of-by-factor reported-to-by-factor 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existed-at-factor been-at-factor occurred-at-factor happened-at-factor taken-place-at-factor transpired-at-factor resulted-at-factor ensued-at-factor followed-at-factor succeeded-at-factor preceded-at-factor anteceded-at-factor led-to-at-factor caused-at-factor produced-at-factor effected-at-factor brought-about-at-factor given-rise-to-at-factor stemmed-at-factor arisen-at-factor derived-at-factor originated-at-factor emerged-at-factor sprung-at-factor flowed-at-factor accorded-at-factor depended-at-factor relied-at-factor rested-at-factor based-at-factor grounded-at-factor founded-at-factor built-at-factor constructed-at-factor erected-at-factor established-at-factor set-up-at-factor installed-at-factor placed-at-factor put-at-factor laid-at-factor settled-at-factor located-at-factor situated-at-factor positioned-at-factor stationed-at-factor posted-at-factor assigned-at-factor allotted-at-factor apportioned-at-factor distributed-at-factor given-at-factor granted-at-factor awarded-at-factor conferred-at-factor bestowed-at-factor presented-at-factor offered-at-factor proposed-at-factor suggested-at-factor recommended-at-factor advised-at-factor counseled-at-factor consulted-at-factor discussed-at-factor talked-at-factor spoken-at-factor said-at-factor told-at-factor informed-at-factor notified-at-factor reported-at-factor announced-at-factor proclaimed-at-factor published-at-factor issued-at-factor released-at-factor circulated-at-factor broadcast-at-factor transmitted-at-factor sent-at-factor dispatched-at-factor mailed-at-factor shipped-at-factor transported-at-factor conveyed-at-factor delivered-at-factor
Policocnemis
Policocnemis is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, containing a single species, Policocnemis ungulatus. The genus was described by Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1932. The sole species is endemic to Texas.
monotypic endemic Texas Noctuidae Noctuinae 1932-description Foster-Hendrickson-Benjamin
Policocnemis ungulatus
Policocnemis ungulatus is a moth species in the family Noctuidae. It is the sole species of the monotypic genus Policocnemis. The species was described from Texas in 1932. It remains poorly known with limited biological data available.
endemic rare monotypic-genus
Polistes kaibabensis
Kaibab Paper Wasp
The Kaibab Paper Wasp is a social paper wasp endemic to the southwestern United States, specifically associated with the Kaibab Plateau region of northern Arizona. It builds exposed paper combs suspended from vegetation or structures. Like other Polistes species, it forms small colonies with a flexible dominance hierarchy among females. The species is notable for its restricted geographic range and association with high-elevation habitats in the Colorado Plateau region.
Vespidae Polistinae social-wasp paper-wasp endemic Arizona Kaibab-Plateau Hymenoptera Southwest-USA Colorado-Plateau
Polyphylla avittata
spotted Warner valley dunes June beetle, spotted Warner valley dunes scarab beetle
Polyphylla avittata is a species of scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae, commonly known as the spotted Warner valley dunes June beetle. The species is endemic to sand dune habitats in the Warner Valley of Utah. Like other members of the genus Polyphylla, it exhibits sexual dimorphism in antennal structure, with males possessing enlarged, lamellate antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. The species is rarely encountered and poorly documented in scientific literature.
scarab-beetle June-beetle endemic sand-dune psammophile nocturnal sexual-dimorphism lamellate-antennae pheromone-detection rare poorly-known
Polyphylla barbata
Mount Hermon June Beetle
Polyphylla barbata is a federally endangered scarab beetle endemic to a single restricted locality in the Zayante sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California. The species occupies less than 1,500 acres of habitat, making it one of the most geographically limited beetles in North America. Adults are active in mid-summer, with males flying at dusk to locate flightless females using pheromone-detecting antennae. The species faces severe habitat loss from sand mining and development, with over 40% of its sandhills habitat already destroyed.
endangered endemic sand-dune California Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae Zayante-sandhills nocturnal flightless-female pheromone-mediated-mating
Polyphylla donaldsoni
Donaldson's lined June beetle
Polyphylla donaldsoni is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described by Skelley in 2003. It is a member of the lined June beetle genus Polyphylla, which is most diverse in the southwestern United States. Adults are medium-sized beetles that closely resemble Polyphylla pubescens but can be distinguished by specific morphological features. The species has an extremely restricted distribution, known only from central Georgia.
endemic restricted-range Georgia Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae lined-June-beetle
Polyphylla gracilis
Slender Polyphyllan Scarab Beetle
Polyphylla gracilis is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as the slender polyphyllan scarab beetle. Adults measure 18.8–21.6 mm in length and are distinguished by a mottled elytral color pattern featuring a broad lateral stripe. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, with confirmed records from Florida, southeastern Alabama, and southwestern Georgia.
Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae Polyphylla southeastern-United-States endemic
Polyphylla pubescens
Eglin Uplands Scarab Beetle
Polyphylla pubescens is a rare, endemic scarab beetle restricted to the upland habitats of Eglin Air Force Base and adjacent inland areas in the Florida panhandle. Adults are moderately sized for the genus, with males measuring 17.5–19 mm and females slightly larger at 19–20 mm. The species is distinguished from congeners by a strong lateral elytral margin that extends to the base. Like other members of the genus Polyphylla, males possess greatly enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones, while females are likely flightless and remain buried in sandy substrates. The species is part of the pubescens species group within Polyphylla.
endemic rare Florida Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae sand-associated flightless-female pheromone-mediated-mating pubescens-species-group military-land conservation-concern Eglin-Air-Force-Base
Polyphylla starkae
Auburndale Scrub Scarab Beetle
Polyphylla starkae is a large scarab beetle endemic to Florida's Lake Wales Ridge, where it inhabits specialized scrub habitat. The species belongs to the pubescens species complex and exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are flightless with reddish-brown, fused elytra, while males are capable of flight and possess dark elytra with patchy light brown setae. The specific epithet honors collector Donna Stark, and the common name references Auburndale, Florida, near its restricted range.
endemic Florida scrub-habitat Lake-Wales-Ridge sexual-dimorphism flightless-female sand-dune-specialist pubescens-species-complex
Polyphylla uteana
Coral Pink Sand Dunes June Beetle
Polyphylla uteana is a large scarab beetle endemic to the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southwestern Utah. Males possess exceptionally developed lamellate antennae with seven highly elongate plates that fan open to detect female pheromones. The species is nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light. Like other Polyphylla species, females are likely flightless and rarely encountered.
endemic sand-dune-specialist nocturnal pheromone-tracking sexual-dimorphism lamellate-antennae Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae Utah
Polyzosteriinae
Polyzosteriinae is a subfamily of cockroaches within the family Blattidae. The subfamily includes species with documented allopatric population structures, such as the Tasmanian endemic Polyzosteria yingina, which exhibits strongly separated alpine and coastal populations. Mating behavior has been studied in at least one species, Eurycotis floridana, revealing courtship rituals and copulatory sequences. The subfamily is taxonomically established within Blattodea but detailed biological information remains limited to individual species studies.
Blattidae Blattodea cockroach subfamily endemic Tasmania allopatry mating-behavior
Porphyrorhegma fortunata
Porphyrorhegma fortunata is a moth species in the family Crambidae, subfamily Odontiinae. It is the sole member of its genus, described by Munroe in 1961. The species has been recorded from California, North America. Very few observations exist, and most aspects of its biology remain undocumented.
rare endemic poorly-known monotypic-genus
Poultonella
Poultonella is a genus of jumping spiders in the family Salticidae, endemic to the United States. It was established by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1909 and named in honor of British entomologist Edward Bagnall Poulton. The genus contains only two described species: P. alboimmaculata and P. nuecesensis. These spiders are characterized by distinctive cephalothorax and eye arrangements.
jumping-spider Salticidae North-America endemic rare
Praeschausia
Praeschausia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Notodontidae, established by Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1932. It contains a single species, Praeschausia zapata, described by William Schaus in 1920. The genus is endemic to Mexico.
monotypic endemic Mexico Notodontidae
Prasinalia imperialis
Algodones White Wax Jewel Beetle
Prasinalia imperialis is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, commonly known as the Algodones White Wax Jewel Beetle. It is endemic to the Algodones Dunes of North America, with an extremely restricted geographic range. The species is rarely observed, with only five documented observations on iNaturalist. As a member of the jewel beetle family, it likely exhibits the characteristic metallic coloration and wood-boring larval habits typical of Buprestidae, though specific details remain poorly documented.
endemic desert sand-dunes rare jewel-beetle
Prespelea
Prespelea is a genus of minute rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Pselaphinae. These beetles are troglobitic, meaning they are specialized for life in cave environments. The genus was established by O. Park in 1953 and is classified within the tribe Speleobamini. Members of this genus are eyeless and exhibit morphological adaptations to subterranean habitats.
cave-beetle troglobite endemic karst-specialist Pselaphinae North-America eyeless subterranean
Prionapteryx indentella
buffalograss webworm
Prionapteryx indentella is a crambid moth commonly known as the buffalograss webworm. The species is endemic to the Great Plains of North America, with confirmed records from Kansas and Texas. It completes one generation annually, with adult activity occurring from August through September. The larval stage is a specialist feeder on Bouteloua dactyloides (buffalograss), the dominant native grass of shortgrass prairie ecosystems.
endemic specialist-herbivore univoltine shortgrass-prairie native-grassland
Proceratium pergandei
Pergandei-clade Hairy Curltail Ants
Proceratium pergandei is a species of ant in the subfamily Proceratiinae, endemic to the Central and Eastern United States. It belongs to a genus of small, cryptic ants commonly known as 'curltail ants' for their distinctive abdominal morphology. Members of the Pergandei-clade within Proceratium are characterized by dense pilosity (hairiness) compared to other congeners.
ant formicidae proceratiinae endemic united-states cryptic
Prodoxus phylloryctus
banana yucca leafminer
Prodoxus phylloryctus is a small moth in the family Prodoxidae, described by Wagner & Powell in 1988. It is endemic to south-western Colorado, United States, where it inhabits open oak-pine forests. The species is a specialist herbivore whose larvae mine the leaves of Yucca baccata, commonly known as banana yucca. The wingspan ranges from 9–13 mm.
endemic specialist-herbivore leaf-miner yucca-associated
Progomphus bellei
Belle's Sanddragon
Progomphus bellei, commonly known as Belle's Sanddragon, is a species of clubtail dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to the United States. The species inhabits rivers and freshwater lakes.
endemic United-States freshwater river lake Gomphidae dragonfly Odonata
Promyrmekiaphila clathrata
wafer-lid trapdoor spider
Promyrmekiaphila clathrata is a species of wafer-lid trapdoor spider in the family Euctenizidae, endemic to California. It constructs silk-lined burrows up to 30 cm deep in soil, covered with a wafer-like trapdoor made of silk and soil. The species exhibits deep genetic population structure across its range but is not divided into multiple species. It is one of three described species in the genus Promyrmekiaphila.
endemic California trapdoor-spider mygalomorph burrow-dwelling mesic-habitat
Protapamea
Protapamea is a genus of noctuid moths endemic to the United States. It was established in 2009 by Quinter and contains two described species: Protapamea danieli and Protapamea louisae. The genus is classified within the subfamily Acronictinae.
endemic United-States 2009-description
Protogygia biclavis
Protogygia biclavis is a noctuid moth described by Grote in 1879. It is strongly associated with gypsum dune habitats, particularly the White Sands National Monument in New Mexico, and has been recorded from additional arid regions in California, Utah, and Arizona. The species exhibits local adaptation to white gypsum sand environments.
Noctuidae gypsum-dunes White-Sands endemic arid-lands nocturnal
Protogygia pectinata
Protogygia pectinata is a noctuid moth described by Lafontaine in 2004. It is known exclusively from White Sands National Park in Otero County, New Mexico, where it inhabits the distinctive gypsum dune ecosystem. The species name 'pectinata' refers to comb-like structures, likely describing a diagnostic morphological feature of the adult moth. Very few observations exist, reflecting either genuine rarity or limited survey effort in this restricted habitat.
endemic gypsum-dunes desert-moth New-Mexico White-Sands
Provia argentata
Provia argentata is a moth species and the sole member of the monotypic genus Provia within the family Noctuidae. It was first described in 1910 by entomologists William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough. The species is endemic to Utah, United States. As the only known species in its genus, it represents a unique lineage among noctuid moths.
endemic monotypic-genus North-America Noctuidae Noctuinae Utah
Prumnacris rainierensis
Cascade Timberline Grasshopper
Prumnacris rainierensis, commonly known as the Cascade Timberline Grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper endemic to the Pacific Northwest United States. The species is distinguished by its association with high-elevation timberline habitats, particularly in the Cascade Range. It belongs to the subfamily Melanoplinae, a diverse group of grasshoppers often associated with montane and alpine environments.
endemic montane alpine Cascade-Range Pacific-Northwest
Psammotettix cahuilla
Psammotettix cahuilla is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Edward P. Van Duzee in 1925. It belongs to a genus of grass-feeding leafhoppers commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions. The species epithet 'cahuilla' references the Cahuilla Nation, indigenous peoples of the Mojave Desert region.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Mojave-Desert endemic
Pseudanophthalmus
Pseudanophthalmus is a genus of small carabid beetles comprising over 200 described species, all obligate cave dwellers restricted to karst regions of the eastern United States. Species exhibit extreme short-range endemism, often confined to single caves or cave systems. The genus forms part of the Trechoblemus complex within the tribe Trechini. Many species are rare or potentially extinct due to habitat restriction and anthropogenic threats.
cave-beetle troglobite karst endemic conservation Trechini
Pseudanophthalmus cerberus cerberus
Pseudanophthalmus cerberus cerberus is a subspecies of troglobitic ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It belongs to a genus of small, eyeless beetles adapted to life in caves. The subspecies was described by Barr in 1985 and is currently accepted as valid. Like other members of Pseudanophthalmus, it is likely restricted to subterranean habitats in the eastern United States.
troglobitic cave-dwelling endemic Carabidae ground-beetle
Pseudanophthalmus hoffmani
Hoffman's Cave Beetle
Pseudanophthalmus hoffmani, known as Hoffman's cave beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is endemic to Virginia, United States. The species belongs to a genus of troglobitic beetles specialized for subterranean environments.
troglobitic cave-beetle endemic Virginia Carabidae ground-beetle