Pollinator
Guides
Lasioglossum pectinatum
ground cherry sweat bee
Lasioglossum pectinatum is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, commonly known as the ground cherry sweat bee. It belongs to the largest genus of bees, Lasioglossum, which contains over 1,700 species. Like other halictids, it is a ground-nesting bee and is attracted to human perspiration for the salts and minerals it contains. The species is documented in North America, with records from Vermont.
Lasioglossum pectorale
Rugose-chested Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum pectorale is a small sweat bee in the family Halictidae, first described by Frederick Smith in 1853. It belongs to the enormous genus Lasioglossum, which contains over 1,700 species of halictid bees worldwide. Like other sweat bees, it is attracted to human perspiration for its salt and mineral content. The species is known to visit flowers of prairie clovers and other forbs.
Lasioglossum pectoraloides
Shiny-breasted Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum pectoraloides is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, first described by Cockerell in 1895. It belongs to one of the largest genera of bees, with over 1,700 species. Like other members of its genus, it is a solitary or semi-social ground-nesting bee. The species occurs in North America and Middle America.
Lasioglossum perpunctatum
Densely Punctured Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum perpunctatum is a metallic sweat bee in the subgenus Dialictus, one of the most diverse and commonly collected bee groups in North America. The species was originally described by Ellis in 1913 and has undergone taxonomic revision, with two former species (D. highlandicus and D. junaluskensis) now synonymized with it. Like other Dialictus, it exhibits varied social systems ranging from solitary to eusocial. As a member of the largest bee genus, it contributes to pollination services in its native range.
Lasioglossum petrellum
sweat bee
Lasioglossum petrellum is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, originally described by Cockerell in 1903. It belongs to the subgenus Dialictus, one of the largest and most taxonomically challenging groups within the genus Lasioglossum. Recent integrative taxonomic research using DNA barcoding and morphology has revealed that L. petrellum represents a cryptic species complex, with four new species described from within its former range. The species is native to North America and Middle America.
Lasioglossum pictum
Lasioglossum pictum is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, first described by Crawford in 1902. Like other members of this large genus, it is a ground-nesting bee. The species is documented from North America. As with many Lasioglossum species, detailed natural history information specific to L. pictum is limited in available sources.
Lasioglossum pilosum
sweat bee
Lasioglossum pilosum is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, described by Smith in 1853. It is a generalist pollinator known to visit flowers of diverse plant species and has been documented pollinating commercial fruit crops including apples. The species is native to North America, with confirmed records from the northeastern United States including Vermont. Like other halictid bees, it exhibits the characteristic behavior of lapping human perspiration for salts and minerals. Females possess a sting that has been described as mildly irritating relative to other stinging bees.
Lasioglossum planatum
Flattened Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum planatum is a small sweat bee in the subgenus Dialictus, resurrected from synonymy in a 2010 taxonomic revision of Canadian metallic Lasioglossum. It is one of over 1,700 species in the genus Lasioglossum, the largest genus of bees. Like other Dialictus species, it is a ground-nesting bee with variable social behavior. The species occurs in northeastern North America, with confirmed records from Vermont.
Lasioglossum pruinosum
hoary sweat bee
Lasioglossum pruinosum is a small sweat bee in the family Halictidae, commonly known as the hoary sweat bee. Like other members of the genus Lasioglossum, it is a ground-nesting solitary or semi-social bee. The species is documented in North America and is one of many small halictid bees frequently captured in bowl trap surveys, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited.
Lasioglossum quebecense
Quebec Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum quebecense is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, native to North America. As a member of the genus Lasioglossum—one of the largest bee genera with over 1,700 species—it contributes to pollination services in its native range. The species was first described by Crawford in 1907. Like other sweat bees, it is attracted to human perspiration for moisture and salts.
Lasioglossum semicaeruleum
sweat bee
Lasioglossum semicaeruleum is a small metallic sweat bee in the family Halictidae, subgenus Dialictus. It was described by Cockerell in 1895 and occurs in North America. The species was revised taxonomically in 2010, with two junior synonyms synonymized under it. Like other members of the large genus Lasioglossum, it is a ground-nesting bee and contributes to pollination services in its habitat.
Lasioglossum sisymbrii
Tansy Mustard Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum sisymbrii is a small sweat bee in the family Halictidae, commonly known as the Tansy Mustard Sweat Bee. It belongs to one of the largest bee genera, with over 1,700 species. The species is frequently captured in bowl traps used for bee monitoring, often in large numbers relative to other bee species. It occurs in western North America and has been documented visiting flowers of tansy-mustard (Descurainia spp.) and related plants in the mustard family.
Lasioglossum smilacinae
Mayflower Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum smilacinae, commonly known as the Mayflower Sweat Bee, is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae. It belongs to the large genus Lasioglossum, which contains over 1,700 species of small bees often referred to as sweat bees due to their attraction to human perspiration. As a member of the subgenus Dialictus, this species exhibits traits typical of that group. The species was first described by Robertson in 1897 and occurs in North America.
Lasioglossum tegulare
Epaulette Metallic Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum tegulare is a small sweat bee in the family Halictidae, commonly known as the epaulette metallic-sweat bee. It belongs to the subgenus Dialictus within the large genus Lasioglossum, which contains over 1,700 species. Like other sweat bees, it has been observed visiting flowers for pollen and nectar. The species is part of the diverse assemblage of native bees that contribute to pollination services in North America.
Lasioglossum timberlakei
Lasioglossum timberlakei is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, described by McGinley in 1986. The specific epithet honors P.H. Timberlake, a notable entomologist whose extensive collections contributed significantly to bee taxonomy. As a member of the genus Lasioglossum, it belongs to the largest genus of bees with over 1,700 species worldwide. Very few specific details about this particular species have been documented in the available literature.
Lasioglossum titusi
Titus's Sweat Bee, Titus' Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum titusi is a solitary sweat bee in the family Halictidae, native to North America. It is a ground-nesting species that excavates burrows in flat, bare soil, often forming nest aggregations with multiple individuals nesting in close proximity. As a polylectic species, it collects pollen from a wide variety of flowering plants rather than specializing on a single host. The species is part of the largest genus of bees, Lasioglossum, which contains over 1,700 species globally.
Lasioglossum truncatum
Truncate Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum truncatum is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, one of over 1,700 species in the genus Lasioglossum. Like other members of this large genus, it is a ground-nesting solitary bee. The species occurs in North America and has been documented in Vermont and other regions. As with many Lasioglossum species, detailed natural history information specific to L. truncatum is limited, though it shares general ecological traits with its congeners.
Lasioglossum versans
Friendless Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum versans is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, subgenus Dialictus. It was described by Lovell in 1905 and is one of 84 metallic Dialictus species treated in the Canadian taxonomic revision. The species is known from North America with records from Vermont. Like other members of the large genus Lasioglossum, it is a ground-nesting bee with likely solitary or semi-social nesting biology.
Lasioglossum versatum
Experienced Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum versatum is a sweat bee species in the family Halictidae, subgenus Dialictus, native to North America. It was described by Robertson in 1902 and has undergone taxonomic revision, with three synonymies proposed in a 2010 Canadian revision. Like other Dialictus species, it is small and likely metallic, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The species contributes to the diverse assemblage of Lasioglossum bees that dominate many North American bee surveys.
Lasioglossum vierecki
Viereck's Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum vierecki is a solitary sweat bee in the family Halictidae, commonly known as Viereck's Sweat Bee. It is a sand specialist, nesting exclusively in sandy soils and visiting plants restricted to sandy habitats. The species is distinguished by its densely hairy orange-yellow abdomen with golden-yellow hair on the scutellum and extensively yellow legs in females. Active from April to September, it occurs across eastern North America from Minnesota and southern Canada to Georgia and Louisiana.
Lasioglossum viridatum
sweat bee
Lasioglossum viridatum is a small sweat bee in the family Halictidae, described by Lovell in 1905. Like other members of its genus, it is a ground-nesting solitary or semi-social bee. The species is part of the enormous Lasioglossum genus, which contains over 1,700 species globally and is frequently encountered in bee monitoring studies due to its abundance. It has been recorded in North America, with specific observations from Vermont.
Lasioglossum weemsi
Weems's Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum weemsi is a small sweat bee in the subgenus Dialictus, one of the most species-rich groups of bees in North America. Originally described by Mitchell in 1960, this species was subsequently documented as a new record for Canada. Like other members of Dialictus, it belongs to a group noted for diverse social systems ranging from solitary to eusocial behavior. The species is part of the larger genus Lasioglossum, which comprises over 1,700 species globally and represents a significant component of native bee communities.
Lasioglossum zephyrus
Zephyr Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum zephyrus is a small sweat bee in the family Halictidae, native to the United States and Canada. The species exhibits primitively eusocial behavior with flexible social organization—colonies may contain multiple females with overlapping generations, or females may nest solitarily. Nests are constructed in soil burrows, often in aggregations of up to 1,000 nests along south-facing stream banks. Males are slightly larger than females, with brighter metallic green coloration and redder abdomens.
Lasioglossum zonulum
Sweat bee
Lasioglossum zonulum is a small sweat bee in the family Halictidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. It belongs to the subgenus Dialictus, one of the most species-rich groups of bees globally. Like other Lasioglossum species, it is a ground-nesting bee that visits flowers for pollen and nectar. The species is notable for being frequently captured in bowl traps used for bee monitoring, a trait common to many small halictid bees.
Lepturobosca chrysocoma
Yellow velvet beetle, Golden flower longhorn beetle, Golden-haired flower longhorn
Lepturobosca chrysocoma is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, characterized by its dense coat of golden hairs that gives rise to its common names. The species was originally described as Cosmosalia chrysocoma by William Kirby in 1837, but was reassigned to Lepturobosca in 1998 based on morphological comparisons by Russian entomologist Alexander Ivanovich Miroshnikov. Adults are frequently observed feeding on flowers during summer months, where they function as pollinators by transferring pollen on their hairy bodies. Larvae develop in decaying wood of trees including black spruce (Picea mariana) and poplars (Populus).
Leskiini
Leskiini is a tribe of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising approximately 55 genera distributed worldwide. Members are endoparasitoids of arthropods, with larvae developing inside host organisms. Adults of at least some species visit flowers and contribute to pollination. The tribe includes both widespread genera such as Leskia and Solieria, and numerous regional endemics.
Leucozona velutina
Western Hoary
Leucozona velutina is a species of hoverfly (family Syrphidae) in the order Diptera. The species was described by Williston in 1882. Like other syrphid flies, adults are likely pollinators that visit flowers for nectar and pollen. The genus Leucozona includes species that are often associated with woodland and forest edge habitats.
Limenitis arthemis
red-spotted purple, white admiral, red-spotted admiral
Limenitis arthemis is a North American butterfly exhibiting dramatic wing pattern polymorphism through two primary forms: the white-banded 'white admiral' in northern populations and the iridescent blue 'red-spotted purple' in southern populations. The latter represents a Batesian mimic of the unpalatable pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor). These forms hybridize extensively in a 'suture region' across New England, southern Ontario, and the Great Lakes, producing intermediate phenotypes. The species has been extensively studied as a model for the evolution and genetics of mimicry.
Lintneria
Lintneria is a genus of sphinx moths (Sphingidae) established by Butler in 1876. Species in this genus are medium to large-sized hawkmoths found primarily in the Americas. The genus was historically merged with Sphinx but was reinstated as distinct based on morphological and molecular evidence. Lintneria species are characterized by specific wing venation patterns and genitalic structures that separate them from closely related genera.
Lithurgopsis apicalis
orange-tipped woodborer
Lithurgopsis apicalis is a solitary woodborer bee in the family Megachilidae, commonly known as the orange-tipped woodborer. Adults are active pollinators that visit flowers of several plant families, particularly Cactaceae, Malvaceae, and Asteraceae. The species nests in the hollow stalks of Agave plants, where females excavate tunnels and provision cells with pollen. It occurs across the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Lithurgus
Woodborer Bees
Lithurgus is a genus of solitary bees in the family Megachilidae, commonly known as woodborer bees. Species in this genus excavate nesting tunnels in dead wood rather than using pre-existing cavities. They are distributed across the Mediterranean Basin, Eurasia, North Africa, and parts of Asia, with some species showing recent northward range expansion. Several species have been introduced outside their native ranges, including L. chrysurus and L. huberi in the Americas.
Lomographa vestaliata
White Spring Moth, Spring Faerie
A small, all-white geometrid moth with a wingspan of 15–23 mm. Adults are diurnal and active in spring, often associated with flowering plants. The species occurs across much of North America in dry, shrubby habitats.
Lordotus pulchrissimus
desert bee fly
Lordotus pulchrissimus is a bee fly in the family Bombyliidae, commonly known as the desert bee fly. Males and females exhibit strong sexual dimorphism in size, fur density, and coloration—females are smaller (2–14 mm), more densely furred, and display brighter orange-yellow tones that fade rapidly with age, while males are larger (8–16 mm), less hairy, and possess black markings on the femora. The species is notable for the daily aerial swarming behavior of males, which form aggregations over stabilized dunes for reasons that remain unclear; this behavior is energetically costly and occurs independently of female presence or resource density. Adults feed primarily on nectar from desert brush, particularly rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), and serve as pollinators. Larvae are parasitoids, though specific host insects remain unidentified.
Lordotus zona
Lordotus zona is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae, first described by Coquillett in 1887. The genus Lordotus belongs to the subfamily Lordotinae, a group of bee flies characterized by distinctive morphological features. Records of this species are relatively sparse, with limited observational data available through community science platforms. The species epithet 'zona' likely refers to banded or zoned coloration patterns.
Lycaena phlaeas
small copper, American copper, common copper
Lycaena phlaeas is a holarctic butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as the small copper or American copper. It is widespread across Europe, Asia, North America, and North Africa. The species is notable for its bright orange forewings with dark borders and black spots. It has been identified as a generalist species that shows resilience to habitat degradation, with populations in Germany demonstrating a positive trend in the Grassland Butterfly Index despite overall declines in grassland butterfly populations.
Lycastrirhyncha
neotropical flower flies, neotropical hoverflies
Lycastrirhyncha is a genus of neotropical hoverflies (Syrphidae) comprising five described species. The genus was established by Bigot in 1859 with L. nitens as the type species. At least one species, L. nitens, has been documented as a flower visitor in wetland habitats, where it forages on Pontederia sagittata inflorescences. Observations indicate temporal variation in foraging behavior correlated with nectar availability.
Lycastrirhyncha nitens
Lycastrirhyncha nitens is a hoverfly species (Diptera: Syrphidae) first described by Bigot in 1859. It is known from floral visitation studies on Pontederia sagittata (arrowhead water hyacinth), where it exhibits temporal variation in foraging behavior correlated with nectar availability. The species has been documented in wetland habitats across Brazil, with GBIF records indicating presence in all 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District.
Macroglossum
Hummingbird Hawkmoths
Macroglossum is a genus of hawkmoths (Sphingidae) known for their rapid, hovering flight and diurnal or crepuscular activity patterns. The genus contains approximately 100 species distributed across the Old World, with the most extensively studied species being Macroglossum stellatarum, the Hummingbird Hawkmoth. Members possess elongated proboscises adapted for nectar feeding from tubular flowers. Several species exhibit migratory behavior, with individuals capable of long-distance movements across continental Europe and into Africa. The genus serves as an important pollinator group, with some species showing specialized coevolutionary relationships with particular plant species.
Macroglossum stellatarum
Hummingbird Hawk-moth, Hummingbird Hawkmoth, Eurasian Hummingbird Hawkmoth
Macroglossum stellatarum is a diurnal hawkmoth renowned for its hovering flight and long-distance migratory behavior. Adults feed on nectar from diverse flowers using an exceptionally long proboscis, and are significant pollinators across their range. The species exhibits complex visual learning capabilities and innate color preferences that guide foraging decisions. Populations in southern Europe may be resident and multivoltine, while northern populations depend on annual immigration from the south.
Macrotera echinocacti
barrel cactus macrotera, barrel cactus goblin bee
Macrotera echinocacti is a small solitary bee in the family Andrenidae, commonly known as the barrel cactus goblin bee. The species was described by Timberlake in 1954 under the basionym Perdita echinocacti. It is known from Central America and North America, with extremely limited observational records.
Mallota
Mimic Flies
Mallota is a Holarctic genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) containing approximately 30 described species. Adults are well known for their robust, bee-like appearance, functioning as mimics of bumble bees (Bombus species). The genus has been documented from North America, Europe, and Asia. Larvae develop in water-filled tree holes and other decaying wood cavities.
Mallota bautias
Bare-eyed Bee-mimic Fly
Mallota bautias is a hoverfly (family Syrphidae) native to eastern North America. The species is notable for its exceptional mimicry of bumblebees (genus Bombus), particularly Bombus pennsylvanicus, serving as a classic example of Batesian mimicry in which a harmless species evolves to resemble a stinging model. Adult flies are pollinators, while larvae develop in tree holes filled with water. The species has been the subject of behavioral studies examining how avian predators respond to the mimic and its model.
Mallota diversipennis
A syrphid fly in the tribe Eristalini, described by Curran in 1922. Like other members of the genus Mallota, the larvae develop in water-filled tree holes. Adults are bumble bee mimics and are known to use leaves as platforms for grooming behavior. The specific epithet "diversipennis" refers to variation in wing pattern.
Mallota illinoensis
Midwestern Bee-mimic Fly
Mallota illinoensis is a syrphid fly (family Syrphidae) in the tribe Eristalini, described by Robertson in 1901 from Illinois. The species is a bumble bee mimic, with adults resembling bees in size, coloration, and behavior. Larvae develop in tree holes, where they inhabit water-collecting cavities in rotting wood. The species is part of a genus whose members are associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic larval habitats.
Mallota mississipensis
Eastern Mimic Fly
Mallota mississipensis is a species of hover fly (family Syrphidae) in the subfamily Eristalinae. It is one of approximately 13 species in the genus Mallota found in North America. The species is a bumble bee mimic, exhibiting the black and yellow coloration typical of this defensive mimicry strategy. Like other members of its genus, the larvae develop in aquatic or semi-aquatic environments, specifically in water that collects in tree holes. The species is known from eastern North America, with observations documented in the iNaturalist database.
Mallota posticata
Hairy-eyed Bee-mimic Fly
Mallota posticata is a syrphid fly (family Syrphidae) known for its bumble bee mimicry. The species is documented in Illinois and broader North America, with larvae developing in water-filled tree holes. Adults exhibit grooming behavior on leaves and serve as pollinators.
Mallota sackeni
brown-haltered mimic fly, brown-haltered bee-mimic fly
Mallota sackeni is a species of hover fly (family Syrphidae) native to western North America. The species is known for its bee-mimicry, a common defensive adaptation among syrphid flies. Adults are active pollinators, while larvae develop in aquatic or semi-aquatic environments typical of the tribe Eristalini. The species has been documented from British Columbia to southern California and eastward to Idaho and Utah.
Manduca quinquemaculatus
Five-spotted Hawk Moth, Tomato Hornworm
Manduca quinquemaculatus, commonly known as the five-spotted hawk moth or tomato hornworm, is a large sphinx moth whose caterpillar is a significant agricultural pest. The adult moth has a wingspan up to 5 inches (12 cm) and is a strong flier active at night. The larval stage feeds primarily on tomatoes and other Solanaceae plants, causing extensive defoliation when populations are high. The species is closely related to and often confused with the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta).
Manduca rustica
Rustic Sphinx
Manduca rustica, the rustic sphinx, is a large hawkmoth (Sphingidae) first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. The species is notable for its broad geographic distribution across the Americas, ranging from the southern United States through Central and South America to Uruguay. It exhibits considerable ecological flexibility, inhabiting diverse environments from rainforests to deserts, and has been documented using host plants from at least five plant families. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Mannophorus forreri
Mannophorus forreri is a longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. It belongs to the tribe Trachyderini, a group known for often brightly colored and patterned species. The species is rarely encountered in collections and appears to have a restricted distribution in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Field observations indicate adults are active in early autumn and visit flowers of yellow composites in mountainous areas of Arizona.
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