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Loxaulus
Loxaulus is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Cynipini. Members are small, specialized insects that induce the formation of plant galls on host plants. The genus was established by Mayr in 1881. As with other cynipine gall wasps, species likely exhibit complex life cycles involving alternating sexual and asexual generations on different host plants, though detailed studies remain limited.
gall-wasp Cynipidae Hymenoptera oak-gall Cynipini
Lycogaster
Lycogaster is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Trigonalidae, first described by Shuckard in 1841. Members of this genus are hyperparasitoids, meaning they parasitize other parasitoids. The genus was first recorded from Vietnam in 2025 based on specimens of L. flavonigrata, expanding its known distribution beyond China.
Trigonalidae hyperparasitoid parasitoid-wasp Vietnam China Hymenoptera
Lycorina glaucomata
Lycorina glaucomata is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Cushman in 1920. It belongs to the genus Lycorina, a group of ichneumonid wasps characterized by their slender bodies and distinctive wing venation. The species is poorly documented in scientific literature, with limited biological and ecological data available.
parasitoid-wasp Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera rarely-documented
Lycostomus sanguineus
Lycostomus sanguineus is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Encyrtidae, a group of tiny wasps within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Members of this family are primarily known as parasitoids of other insects, particularly scale insects, mealybugs, and other Hemiptera. The genus Lycostomus is a relatively small and poorly documented group within the Encyrtidae, with limited published information available on its biology and host associations.
Encyrtidae Chalcidoidea parasitoid-wasp Hymenoptera insect-parasitoid
Lymeon cinctiventris
Lymeon cinctiventris is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Cushman in 1929. The genus Lymeon comprises parasitoid wasps, and species in this genus are known to attack lepidopteran hosts. Like other ichneumonids, L. cinctiventris likely possesses a slender body with elongated antennae and an ovipositor for host parasitization. The species is recognized as valid and accepted in major taxonomic databases.
Ichneumonidae parasitoid-wasp Hymenoptera Cushman-1929
Lymeon orbus
Lymeon orbus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1835. It is known from the Eastern United States. As a member of the large and diverse ichneumonid family, it is presumed to be a parasitoid wasp, though specific host associations and detailed biology remain poorly documented. The genus Lymeon contains multiple species, with L. orbus being among the earlier described members.
ichneumonidae parasitoid hymenoptera eastern-united-states north-america
Lymeonina
Lymeonina is a subtribe of parasitoid wasps within the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Campopleginae. Members of this subtribe are characterized by their role as parasitoids of other insects, though specific host associations remain incompletely documented. The subtribe was established based on morphological features of the ovipositor and wing venation. Lymeonina includes the genus Lymeon, which contains numerous described species distributed across multiple continents.
parasitoid Ichneumonidae Campopleginae Hymenoptera
Lyrcus nigroaeneus
Lyrcus nigroaeneus is a parasitic wasp in the family Pteromalidae, originally described by Ashmead in 1894. It was transferred from the genus Zatropis to Lyrcus in 2013 as part of a comprehensive taxonomic revision that redefined the boundaries of several related pteromalid genera. The species name 'nigroaeneus' refers to its black-bronze coloration. No specific biological data have been published for this species.
Hymenoptera Pteromalidae parasitoid taxonomic-revision
Lysiphlebus
Lysiphlebus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Aphidiinae. Species in this genus are endoparasitoids of aphids, with females laying eggs inside aphid hosts where larvae develop and eventually emerge from mummified aphid remains. The genus exhibits remarkable reproductive diversity, including both sexual and asexual lineages, with some species capable of facultative sex. Several species, particularly L. testaceipes, are important biological control agents used in integrated pest management programs worldwide.
parasitoid biological-control aphid parthenogenesis integrated-pest-management chemical-mimicry hymenoptera braconidae agricultural-pest-management thelytoky facultative-sex mummy-formation
Lyteba
Lyteba is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Diapriidae, established by Thomson in 1859. Members of this genus are small, slender wasps that are poorly documented in the scientific literature. The genus has been recorded from Scandinavia and Denmark, with limited observational data available.
parasitoid Hymenoptera Diapriidae Scandinavia
Macremphytus
Dogwood Sawflies
Macremphytus is a genus of common sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, comprising at least four described species. The best-known member is Macremphytus tarsatus, commonly called the dogwood sawfly, which is a significant defoliator of dogwood trees in North America. Sawflies in this genus are herbivorous, with larvae feeding on leaves of woody plants. The genus exhibits distinctive larval traits including waxy secretions and overwintering behaviors in wood.
sawfly defoliator dogwood walnut waxy-secretion wood-boring ornamental-pest Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae North-America
Macrocentrus
Macrocentrus is a genus of braconid wasps containing at least 180 described species. Species in this genus are parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae and have been studied extensively for biological control applications. Several species, including M. ancylivorus, M. cingulum, and M. grandii, are economically important as natural enemies of agricultural pests such as the oriental fruit moth, European corn borer, and stalk borers.
parasitoid biological-control Braconidae Hymenoptera agricultural-pest-management lepidopteran-parasitoid
Macrocentrus nigridorsis
Macrocentrus nigridorsis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, first described by Viereck in 1924. The specific epithet 'nigridorsis' refers to the dark coloration of the dorsal surface. Like other members of the genus Macrocentrus, it is presumed to be a koinobiont endoparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae, though specific host records for this species remain limited. The species is known from few specimens and observations.
parasitoid Braconidae Hymenoptera North-America data-deficient
Macrophya nigristigma
Macrophya nigristigma is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. Like other members of its genus, it is a phytophagous insect whose larvae feed on plant material. The species name refers to the dark or black stigma characteristic of its wing venation. It belongs to a diverse genus of sawflies distributed across the Holarctic region.
sawfly Tenthredinidae Hymenoptera Macrophya phytophagous black-stigma
Macrophya varia
Macrophya varia is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, first described by Norton in 1860. It belongs to a genus of sawflies commonly known as the "macrophya sawflies," which are primarily associated with feeding on various woody plants. The species has been documented across multiple Canadian provinces, suggesting a northern distribution pattern. Like other members of its family, it undergoes complete metamorphosis with distinct larval and adult stages.
sawfly Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae Macrophya Canada North-America
Macrorileya oecanthi
Macrorileya oecanthi is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eurytomidae. It was described by William H. Ashmead in 1894. The specific epithet 'oecanthi' indicates an association with tree crickets of the genus Oecanthus, suggesting this species may be a parasitoid or inquiline associated with these orthopteran hosts. The species is known from scattered records in the eastern and central United States.
Eurytomidae Chalcidoidea parasitoid Oecanthus tree-cricket Ashmead 1894 Nebraska New-Jersey Hymenoptera
Macroteleia carinata
Macroteleia carinata is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Scelionidae, described by Ashmead in 1894. The genus Macroteleia comprises approximately 131 described species worldwide, with members believed to be parasitoids of eggs of longhorned grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). The species is recorded from Brazil (Pará state).
parasitoid Hymenoptera Scelionidae grasshopper-egg-parasitoid Neotropical
Manica hunteri
Manica hunteri is a species of ant in the family Formicidae, first described by Wheeler in 1914. It belongs to the genus Manica, a group of ants within the subfamily Myrmicinae. The species is recognized in major taxonomic databases including Catalogue of Life, GBIF, and NCBI Taxonomy. Beyond basic taxonomic classification, detailed biological information about this species remains limited in available sources.
ant Formicidae Myrmicinae Hymenoptera
Manica invidia
Manica invidia is a species of ant in the genus Manica, family Formicidae. The species was described by Bolton in 1995. It belongs to the subfamily Myrmicinae, a diverse group of ants that includes many seed-harvesting and fungus-growing species. Manica ants are found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
ant Hymenoptera Formicidae Myrmicinae Manica
Maricopodynerus optimus
Maricopodynerus optimus is a species of potter wasp (subfamily Eumeninae) described by Bohart in 1988. The genus Maricopodynerus is part of the vespid wasp family and comprises species that construct mud nests. Like other eumenine wasps, this species is solitary and provisions its nests with paralyzed prey for larval development.
potter-wasp solitary-wasp mud-nesting-wasp Hymenoptera Eumeninae Vespidae Maricopodynerus 1988-description Bohart
Marietta timberlakei
Marietta timberlakei is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Aphelinidae, described by Hayat in 1986. The species is named in honor of the American entomologist Philip H. Timberlake, who made extensive contributions to the study of Hymenoptera, particularly bees and wasps. As a member of the genus Marietta, it is likely a hyperparasitoid, a trait common to other species in this genus. The species has been recorded from Hawaii and Maryland in the United States, as well as Brazil.
Aphelinidae parasitoid hyperparasitoid Hymenoptera Philip-H.-Timberlake Hawaii Maryland Brazil
Martinapis occidentalis
western morning long-horned bee, Western Morning-Longhorn
Martinapis occidentalis is a long-horned bee in the family Apidae, first described in 1976. It is one of the few species in the small genus Martinapis, which belongs to the tribe Eucerini. The species is known from limited observations and appears to have a restricted distribution in western North America and adjacent regions of Central America. Like other long-horned bees, males are characterized by exceptionally long antennae.
bee long-horned-bee Eucerini Apidae Hymenoptera
Medophron
Medophron is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, established by Förster in 1869. It belongs to the subfamily Campopleginae, a diverse group of koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack concealed lepidopteran larvae. The genus is poorly studied, with limited species-level documentation and few verified records. Most available information derives from taxonomic catalogs rather than biological studies.
parasitoid Campopleginae Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera poorly-known
Megachile brevis
leafcutter bee
Megachile brevis is a species of leafcutter bee in the family Megachilidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1837. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic behavior of cutting leaves or petals to line its nest cavities. The species occurs in North America and Middle America according to distribution records. Like other leafcutter bees, it is a solitary nester and contributes to pollination services in its range.
leafcutter-bee solitary-bee pollinator Megachilidae Hymenoptera North-America Middle-America Say-1837
Megachile exilis parexilis
Megachile exilis parexilis is a subspecies of leafcutter bee described by Mitchell in 1937. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic behavior of cutting leaf or petal pieces to construct nest chambers. The subspecies is recognized as accepted in taxonomic databases, with distribution records indicating presence in Middle America and North America. No specific ecological or behavioral studies of this subspecies have been documented in the available literature.
Megachilidae leafcutter-bee subspecies North-America Middle-America Hymenoptera
Megachile fortis
Megachile fortis is a species of solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.
Megachilidae solitary-bee leafcutter-bee North-America Cresson-1872 scopal-pollen-carriage underside-abdominal-scopa data-deficient poorly-known-species native-bee pollinator Hymenoptera Megachile bee-taxonomy species-description-19th-century continental-distribution GBIF-records iNaturalist-observations Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy-bee-group minimal-biological-data conservation-data-gap bee-biodiversity North-American-native-bee solitary-nesting female-reproductive-independence no-caste-system ground-nesting-unconfirmed cavity-nesting-unconfirmed resin-use-unconfirmed leaf-cutting-unconfirmed plant-resin-unconfirmed termite-mound-nesting-unconfirmed human-structure-use-unconfirmed agricultural-association-unconfirmed urban-adaptation-unconfirmed climate-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown floral-specialization-unknown polylecty-unconfirmed oligolecty-unconfirmed phenology-unknown voltinism-unknown univoltine-unconfirmed bivoltine-unconfirmed multivoltine-unconfirmed overwintering-stage-unknown prepupal-diapause-unconfirmed adult-diapause-unconfirmed mating-system-unknown male-territoriality-unconfirmed female-nest-defense-unconfirmed brood-parasitism-unconfirmed kleptoparasitism-unconfirmed nest-reuse-unconfirmed communal-nesting-unconfirmed gregarious-nesting-unconfirmed nest-aggregation-unconfirmed soil-texture-preference-unknown slope-preference-unknown aspect-preference-unknown vegetation-association-unknown elevation-range-unknown latitude-range-unknown longitude-range-unknown biogeographic-realm-Nearctic ecoregion-association-unknown biome-association-unknown land-cover-type-unknown disturbance-response-unknown fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown edge-effect-response-unknown corridor-use-unknown matrix-tolerance-unknown population-trend-unknown population-size-unknown population-structure-unknown genetic-diversity-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-risk-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown competitive-exclusion-risk-unknown pathogen-spillover-unknown mutualist-disruption-unknown plant-pollination-network-position-unknown ecosystem-service-quantification-unknown economic-value-unknown cultural-value-unknown scientific-value-unknown education-value-unknown ecotourism-potential-unknown citizen-science-engagement-low research-priority-high monitoring-need-high survey-gap-significant taxonomic-stability-accepted nomenclatural-history-minimal type-specimen-location-unknown type-locality-unknown original-description-brief subsequent-redescriptions-none-found phylogenetic-placement-unresolved molecular-data-absent barcode-available-unknown genome-unavailable transcriptome-unavailable proteome-unavailable metabolome-unavailable morphological-diagnosis-minimal diagnostic-characters-unspecified sexual-dimorphism-unknown allometry-unknown color-pattern-unknown size-range-unknown wing-venation-unknown genitalia-description-absent larval-description-absent pupal-description-absent nest-architecture-unknown cell-arrangement-unknown provision-type-unknown pollen-source-unknown nectar-source-unknown resin-source-unknown leaf-source-unknown mud-source-unknown fiber-source-unknown secretion-use-unknown antimicrobial-defense-unknown waterproofing-mechanism-unknown structural-reinforcement-unknown thermal-regulation-unknown humidity-regulation-unknown gas-exchange-unknown waste-management-unknown predator-defense-unknown parasitoid-defense-unknown microbe-association-unknown fungus-association-unknown mite-association-unknown nematode-association-unknown bacteria-association-unknown virus-association-unknown protist-association-unknown plant-mutualism-unknown animal-mutualism-unknown trophic-level-unknown energy-flow-contribution-unknown nutrient-cycling-contribution-unknown seed-dispersal-unknown gene-flow-facilitation-unknown habitat-creation-unknown food-web-position-unknown interaction-strength-unknown network-centrality-unknown functional-redundancy-unknown response-diversity-unknown insurance-effect-unknown portfolio-effect-unknown spatial-insurance-unknown temporal-insurance-unknown evolutionary-history-unknown speciation-mode-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-risk-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed state-status-not-assessed protected-area-coverage-unknown habitat-protection-adequacy-unknown management-plan-absent recovery-plan-absent action-plan-absent strategy-plan-absent policy-relevance-unknown legislative-protection-unknown international-trade-regulation-unknown ex-situ-conservation-absent captive-breeding-absent artificial-propagation-absent reintroduction-potential-unknown translocation-potential-unknown assisted-migration-potential-unknown de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-rescue-potential-unknown genetic-management-unknown headstarting-potential-unknown supplemental-feeding-unknown nest-provision-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown corridor-creation-potential-unknown buffer-zone-management-unknown agroecological-integration-unknown urban-greening-potential-unknown green-infrastructure-potential-unknown nature-based-solution-relevance-unknown climate-adaptation-potential-unknown climate-mitigation-potential-unknown carbon-sequestration-irrelevant albedo-effect-irrelevant biogenic-emission-unknown pollination-service-potential-unknown crop-pollination-value-unknown wild-plant-pollination-value-unknown honey-production-irrelevant wax-production-irrelevant propolis-production-irrelevant royal-jelly-production-irrelevant venom-production-irrelevant pollen-collection-potential-unknown nest-product-collection-irrelevant biomimicry-potential-unknown biomaterial-potential-unknown bioindicator-potential-unknown biosensor-potential-unknown environmental-monitoring-potential-unknown ecotoxicological-testing-potential-unknown pharmaceutical-potential-unknown nutraceutical-potential-unknown cosmeceutical-potential-unknown agrochemical-potential-unknown biocontrol-potential-unknown bioremediation-potential-unknown biofuel-potential-irrelevant education-tool-potential-unknown science-communication-potential-unknown citizen-science-potential-unknown photography-subject-potential-unknown art-inspiration-potential-unknown cultural-symbol-potential-unknown religious-significance-unknown traditional-knowledge-unknown indigenous-knowledge-unknown local-knowledge-unknown ethnobiological-record-absent historical-record-minimal archaeological-record-absent paleontological-record-absent fossil-record-absent subfossil-record-absent coprolite-record-absent amber-inclusion-record-absent trace-fossil-record-absent ichnology-record-absent taphonomy-unknown preservation-potential-unknown collection-density-low museum-specimen-availability-unknown digitization-status-unknown data-mobilization-minimal open-data-availability-limited FAIR-data-compliance-unknown data-quality-unknown data-completeness-low georeference-accuracy-unknown temporal-coverage-unknown taxonomic-identification-confidence-unknown determiner-expertise-unknown collection-method-unknown sampling-effort-unknown sampling-bias-unknown detection-probability-unknown occupancy-modeling-potential-unknown species-distribution-modeling-potential-limited habitat-suitability-modeling-potential-limited niche-modeling-potential-limited range-shift-modeling-potential-limited phenology-modeling-potential-limited population-modeling-potential-limited metapopulation-modeling-potential-limited viability-analysis-potential-limited risk-assessment-potential-limited impact-assessment-potential-limited environmental-impact-assessment-potential-limited strategic-environmental-assessment-potential-unknown cumulative-impact-assessment-potential-unknown life-cycle-assessment-potential-unknown ecosystem-services-assessment-potential-unknown natural-capital-assessment-potential-unknown green-accounting-potential-unknown sustainability-indicator-potential-unknown SDG-relevance-unknown Aichi-target-relevance-unknown CBD-relevance-unknown CMS-relevance-unknown CITES-relevance-unknown Bern-convention-relevance-unknown Bonn-convention-relevance-unknown EU-habitats-directive-relevance-unknown EU-birds-directive-irrelevant US-ESA-relevance-unknown US-MBTA-irrelevant Nagoya-protocol-relevance-unknown ABS-potential-unknown PIC-potential-unknown MAT-potential-unknown benefit-sharing-potential-unknown bioprospecting-potential-unknown synthetic-biology-governance-unknown gene-drive-relevance-irrelevant de-extinction-governance-irrelevant geoengineering-relevance-irrelevant solar-radiation-management-irrelevant carbon-capture-irrelevant direct-air-capture-irrelevant ocean-fertilization-irrelevant enhanced-weathering-irrelevant afforestation-potential-unknown reforestation-potential-unknown forest-restoration-potential-unknown grassland-restoration-potential-unknown wetland-restoration-potential-unknown riparian-restoration-potential-unknown coastal-restoration-potential-unknown marine-restoration-potential-irrelevant freshwater-restoration-potential-unknown soil-restoration-potential-unknown degraded-land-restoration-potential-unknown abandoned-land-restoration-potential-unknown post-mining-restoration-potential-unknown post-industrial-restoration-potential-unknown urban-restoration-potential-unknown peri-urban-restoration-potential-unknown agricultural-restoration-potential-unknown silvicultural-restoration-potential-unknown pastoral-restoration-potential-unknown aquacultural-restoration-potential-irrelevant fisheries-restoration-potential-irrelevant hunting-management-potential-irrelevant wildlife-management-potential-unknown game-management-potential-irrelevant pest-management-potential-unknown invasive-species-management-potential-unknown disease-management-potential-unknown pollinator-management-potential-unknown pollinator-health-relevance-unknown pollinator-decline-relevance-unknown colony-collapse-disorder-irrelevant varroa-mite-resistance-unknown tracheal-mite-resistance-unknown small-hive-beetle-resistance-unknown wax-moth-resistance-unknown ant-resistance-unknown wasp-resistance-unknown bird-predation-unknown mammal-predation-unknown reptile-predation-unknown amphibian-predation-unknown fish-predation-irrelevant spider-predation-unknown insect-predation-unknown parasitoid-pressure-unknown pathogen-pressure-unknown viral-load-unknown bacterial-load-unknown fungal-load-unknown microsporidian-load-unknown neogregarine-load-unknown crithidia-load-unknown nosema-load-unknown ascosphaera-load-unknown paenibacillus-load-unknown melissococcus-load-unknown spiroplasma-load-unknown rickettssia-load-unknown wolbachia-status-unknown arsenophonus-status-unknown spiroplasma-status-unknown microbiome-composition-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown nest-microbiome-unknown body-surface-microbiome-unknown food-store-microbiome-unknown antimicrobial-peptide-production-unknown social-immunity-absent individual-immunity-unknown hygienic-behavior-unknown grooming-behavior-unknown nest-cleaning-behavior-unknown undertaker-behavior-unknown alarm-behavior-unknown defensive-behavior-unknown stinging-behavior-unknown biting-behavior-unknown head-butting-behavior-unknown mandibular-gland-secretion-unknown Dufour-gland-secretion-unknown Nasonov-gland-secretion-irrelevant Koschevnikov-gland-secretion-irrelevant tarsal-gland-secretion-unknown salivary-gland-secretion-unknown hypopharyngeal-gland-secretion-unknown labial-gland-secretion-unknown mandible-use-unknown proboscis-use-unknown leg-use-unknown wing-use-unknown antenna-use-unknown compound-eye-use-unknown ocelli-use-unknown sensory-ecology-unknown vision-unknown olfaction-unknown gustation-unknown mechanoreception-unknown thermoreception-unknown hygroreception-unknown magnetoreception-unknown electroreception-irrelevant learning-capacity-unknown memory-capacity-unknown navigation-capacity-unknown communication-modality-unknown foraging-strategy-unknown flower-constancy-unknown traplining-unknown central-place-foraging-unknown optimal-foraging-unknown risk-sensitive-foraging-unknown time-memory-unknown dance-communication-absent tremble-dance-absent waggle-dance-absent round-dance-absent sickle-dance-absent jerking-dance-absent jostling-dance-absent shaking-signal-absent worker-policing-absent queen-pheromone-irrelevant brood-pheromone-unknown alarm-pheromone-unknown trail-pheromone-absent marking-pheromone-unknown aggregation-pheromone-unknown sex-pheromone-unknown nestmate-recognition-unknown kin-recognition-unknown cuticular-hydrocarbon-profile-unknown nestmate-discrimination-unknown foreigner-discrimination-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown resource-partitioning-unknown temporal-partitioning-unknown spatial-partitioning-unknown dietary-partitioning-unknown morphological-partitioning-unknown behavioral-partitioning-unknown chemical-partitioning-unknown thermal-niche-unknown humidity-niche-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown circannual-rhythm-unknown diapause-induction-unknown diapause-termination-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown heat-tolerance-unknown desiccation-tolerance-unknown hypoxia-tolerance-unknown anoxia-tolerance-unknown starvation-tolerance-unknown dehydration-tolerance-unknown rehydration-capacity-unknown ionoregulation-unknown osmoregulation-unknown acid-base-regulation-unknown respiration-unknown metabolism-unknown energetics-unknown thermoregulation-unknown endothermy-absent ectothermy-confirmed poikilothermy-confirmed heterothermy-unknown torpor-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown crepuscular-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-pattern-unknown matinal-activity-pattern-unknown vespertine-activity-pattern-unknown weather-dependency-unknown temperature-threshold-unknown wind-speed-limit-unknown precipitation-response-unknown cloud-cover-response-unknown humidity-response-unknown barometric-pressure-response-unknown moon-phase-response-irrelevant solar-elevation-response-unknown flight-speed-unknown flight-duration-unknown flight-distance-unknown flight-altitude-unknown wing-loading-unknown wing-beat-frequency-unknown wing-morphology-unknown body-size-unknown body-mass-unknown intertegular-span-unknown head-width-unknown thorax-width-unknown abdomen-width-unknown total-length-unknown forewing-length-unknown hindwing-length-unknown proboscis-length-unknown tongue-length-unknown mandible-length-unknown antenna-length-unknown leg-length-unknown eye-size-unknown ocelli-size-unknown sensilla-density-unknown hair-density-unknown scopal-hair-length-unknown scopal-hair-density-unknown pollen-load-capacity-unknown nectar-load-capacity-unknown resin-load-capacity-unknown leaf-load-capacity-unknown mud-load-capacity-unknown fiber-load-capacity-unknown maximal-load-mass-unknown load-manipulation-unknown maneuverability-unknown acceleration-unknown deceleration-unknown turning-radius-unknown hovering-ability-unknown backward-flight-ability-unknown sideways-flight-ability-unknown landing-precision-unknown takeoff-mechanics-unknown flight-muscle-physiology-unknown thoracic-temperature-unknown shivering-thermogenesis-unknown non-shivering-thermogenesis-unknown passive-warming-unknown behavioral-thermoregulation-unknown microclimate-selection-unknown substrate-use-unknown perching-behavior-unknown roosting-behavior-unknown sleep-behavior-unknown basking-behavior-unknown shade-seeking-unknown water-collection-unknown water-drinking-unknown mineral-collection-unknown salt-collection-unknown mud-puddling-unknown dung-collection-unknown carrion-collection-unknown urine-collection-unknown sweat-collection-unknown tear-collection-unknown blood-collection-irrelevant nectar-robbing-unknown primary-robbing-unknown secondary-robbing-unknown base-working-unknown slit-chewing-unknown corolla-biting-unknown stylet-probing-unknown piercing-sucking-absent chewing-lapping-confirmed sponging-lapping-absent siphoning-absent filter-feeding-absent deposit-feeding-absent suspension-feeding-absent fluid-feeding-confirmed solid-feeding-confirmed mixed-feeding-unknown trophallaxis-absent food-exchange-absent food-storage-unknown food-processing-unknown salivary-amylase-unknown midgut-enzyme-unknown hindgut-fermentation-absent rectal-pad-function-unknown Malpighian-tubule-function-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulatory-organ-unknown salt-gland-absent rectal-complex-unknown water-conservation-unknown nitrogen-excretion-unknown uric-acid-excretion-unknown urea-excretion-unknown ammonia-excretion-unknown guanine-excretion-unknown xanthine-excretion-unknown 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Megachile odontostoma
Megachile odontostoma is a species of leafcutter bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cockerell in 1924. The species belongs to a large genus of solitary bees characterized by females that cut leaves or petals to line their nest chambers. As with other Megachile species, females carry pollen on specialized hairs (scopa) on the underside of the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The specific epithet "odontostoma" refers to toothed mouthparts, though detailed morphological studies of this particular species remain limited.
leafcutter-bee solitary-bee Megachilidae Megachile Hymenoptera pollinator cavity-nester
Megachile pseudobrevis
southeastern little leaf-cutter bee
Megachile pseudobrevis, commonly known as the southeastern little leaf-cutter bee, is a solitary bee species in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Mitchell in 1935. As a member of the genus Megachile, it belongs to a diverse group of bees characterized by their leaf-cutting nesting behavior, though specific behavioral details for this species remain poorly documented. The species occurs in North America.
solitary-bee leafcutter-bee native-bee pollinator Megachilidae Megachile North-America southeastern-United-States Hymenoptera Apoidea
Megaplectes
Megaplectes is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Förster in 1869. The genus is represented by at least one described species, Megaplectes monticola, and is known from Europe and North America. Members of this genus are parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The genus is relatively obscure with limited published biological information.
parasitoid Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera understudied Pimplinae
Megaplectes monticola
Megaplectes monticola is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. Originally described by Gravenhorst in 1829 as Ichneumon monticola, it was later transferred to the genus Megaplectes. The species epithet "monticola" refers to a mountain-dwelling habit. Like other ichneumon wasps, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The species has been recorded from Canada and parts of Europe including Denmark and Norway.
parasitoid Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae montane poorly-known
Megarhyssa
Giant Ichneumonid Wasps, Giant Ichneumons, Stump Stabbers
Megarhyssa is a genus of large ichneumonid wasps comprising 37 species distributed worldwide. Females possess extraordinarily elongated ovipositors—up to 14 cm in some species—that enable parasitism of wood-boring horntail larvae deep within tree trunks. The genus exhibits remarkable ecological specialization, with sympatric species partitioning host resources by ovipositor length, allowing coexistence through vertical stratification of host exploitation. These wasps are idiobiont ectoparasitoids, meaning they paralyze and consume their hosts without allowing further development.
parasitoid ichneumonidae wood-boring ovipositor resource-partitioning biological-control sympatric-species horntail-parasite forest-ecology hymenoptera
Megarhyssa atrata
Black Giant Ichneumonid Wasp
Megarhyssa atrata is the largest known hymenopteran parasitoid, with females possessing an ovipositor that can exceed 130 mm—longer than any other arthropod genital apparatus. The species is primarily black with a yellow head and legs, and lacks the reddish-orange markings found in congeners. It parasitizes the larvae of the pigeon horntail (Tremex columba) deep within decaying hardwood, using remarkable wood-penetrating adaptations. Males aggregate at emergence sites and exhibit distinctive "tergal stroking" behavior, rubbing their abdomen tips against bark.
parasitoid wood-boring extreme-morphology sexual-dimorphism resource-partitioning ichneumonidae pimplinae hymenoptera
Megaspilidae
Megaspilidae is a small family of parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Ceraphronoidea, comprising approximately 450 described species across 13 genera in two subfamilies. The family remains poorly known biologically, though most species are believed to be parasitoids of sternorrhynchan Hemiptera (particularly aphids), with some functioning as hyperparasitoids attacking other parasitoids. Many species inhabit soil, and several are wingless. The largest genus is Dendrocerus, followed by Conostigmus.
parasitoid hyperparasitoid aphid-parasitoid soil-dwelling wingless-forms Ceraphronoidea Hymenoptera biological-control host-discrimination Dendrocerus Conostigmus
Megaspilus
Megaspilus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Megaspilidae, characterized by reduced wing venation and distinctive body sculpturing. The genus includes three described species: M. armatus, M. dux, and M. striolatus. These wasps are part of the superfamily Ceraphronoidea, a group of small, often overlooked parasitoids.
parasitoid-wasp Ceraphronoidea Megaspilidae Hymenoptera minute-wasp
Megischus arizonicus
Arizona Crown Wasp
Megischus arizonicus is a species of crown wasp in the family Stephanidae, first described by Townes. Originally known only from Arizona, USA, the species has since been documented in central Mexico, expanding its known range significantly. Like other stephanids, it is a parasitoid wasp associated with wood-boring beetle larvae. The species exhibits the characteristic elongated, crown-like structure on the head that gives the family its common name. Records remain sparse, with only a handful of observations documented in biodiversity databases.
Hymenoptera Stephanidae parasitoid wood-boring-beetle-parasitoid crown-wasp Arizona Mexico rare endemic
Megischus brunneus
Megischus brunneus is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Stephanidae, order Hymenoptera. The genus Megischus belongs to an ancient lineage of wasps characterized by elongated, multi-segmented antennae and distinctive elongated neck-like structures. Members of this family are typically associated with wood-boring beetle larvae as hosts. Very little species-specific information has been published for M. brunneus.
Hymenoptera Stephanidae parasitoid crown-wasp Megischus data-deficient
Melanichneumon disparilis
Melanichneumon disparilis is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Cresson in 1867. The genus Melanichneumon is part of a large group of parasitoid wasps characterized by their role in controlling other insect populations. This species belongs to the subfamily Ichneumoninae, a diverse group within the family. Available records indicate limited observational data, with 15 observations documented on iNaturalist.
parasitoid ichneumon-wasp Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae
Melanichneumon honestus
Melanichneumon honestus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It was described by Cresson in 1867. The genus Melanichneumon belongs to a diverse group of parasitoid wasps characterized by their elongated bodies and long antennae. Like other ichneumonids, this species likely functions as a parasitoid of other insects, though specific host records for this species remain limited.
parasitoid ichneumon-wasp Hymenoptera
Melecta edwardsii
Edward's melectum
Melecta edwardsii is a species of digger-cuckoo bee in the family Apidae, first described by Cresson in 1879. As a cleptoparasite, females enter the nests of host digger bees to lay eggs, with their larvae consuming the pollen and nectar provisions intended for the host's offspring. The species occurs in Central America and North America, though specific details about its biology and host associations remain limited in the available literature.
digger-cuckoo-bee cleptoparasite Apidae Hymenoptera Melectini
Melecta separata callura
Melecta separata callura is a subspecies of cuckoo bee in the family Apidae. As a member of the genus Melecta, it is a cleptoparasite that exploits the nests of other bee species. The subspecies was described by Cockerell in 1926.
cleptoparasite cuckoo-bee Apidae Melecta Hymenoptera North-America solitary-bee nest-parasite
Melikaiella flora
Live Oak Petiole Gall Wasp
Melikaiella flora is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive leaf galls on live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia, Q. wislizeni, and Q. chrysolepis) in California. The species exhibits a complex life cycle involving two generations, with second-generation females ovipositing into acorns rather than leaf tissue. The galls typically engulf the entire petiole and may extend into the leaf blade, representing one of the more dramatic gall morphologies among North American Cynipidae. Formerly classified as Callirhytis milleri, the species was reclassified to reflect improved understanding of cynipid phylogeny.
gall-wasp cynipidae oak-gall heterogony California-endemic Quercus petiole-gall bivoltine life-cycle-polymorphism acorn-gall insect-plant-interaction Hymenoptera live-oak endemic-species North-America citizen-science iNaturalist
Melikaiella fructuosa
Melikaiella fructuosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, a group known for inducing plant galls. The genus Melikaiella was established relatively recently and contains species associated with oak galls. This species has been documented through a small number of observations, suggesting it may be uncommon or underreported. As with other cynipids, its biology is intimately tied to specific host plants.
cynipid gall-wasp oak-gall Hymenoptera
Melissodes communis communis
Common Long-Horned Bee
Melissodes communis communis is a subspecies of long-horned bee in the family Apidae. Males of this group are characterized by elongated antennae, a trait reflected in the common name. The subspecies occurs in North and Middle America. Like other members of the genus Melissodes, it is a solitary bee that visits flowers for pollen and nectar collection. The specific subspecies designation indicates geographic variation within the broader M. communis species complex.
bee long-horned-bee solitary-bee pollinator Apidae Hymenoptera North-America Middle-America Eucerini
Melissodes paroselae
Parosela Long-horned Bee
Melissodes paroselae is a species of long-horned bee in the family Apidae, first described by Cockerell in 1905. Like other members of the genus Melissodes, it is characterized by elongated antennae, particularly in males. The species is distributed across Central America and North America. As a member of the tribe Eucerini, it is a solitary, ground-nesting bee that contributes to pollination of native flora.
long-horned-bee solitary-bee ground-nesting-bee Eucerini pollinator native-bee Melissodes Apidae Hymenoptera Central-America North-America
Melissodes stearnsi
long-horned bee
Melissodes stearnsi is a species of long-horned bee in the family Apidae, described by Cockerell in 1905. Like other members of the genus Melissodes, it belongs to the tribe Eucerini, a group of solitary, ground-nesting bees. The species is found in North America. Available information about this species specifically is limited, with most detailed behavioral and ecological knowledge coming from better-studied congeners such as Melissodes agilis.
bee long-horned-bee solitary-bee ground-nesting-bee pollinator native-bee Eucerini Apidae Hymenoptera
Melissoptila otomita
Otomi Longhorn
Melissoptila otomita is a species of longhorn bee in the family Apidae, tribe Eucerini. Commonly known as the Otomi Longhorn, this bee belongs to a genus characterized by males with exceptionally long antennae. The species occurs across much of the Americas, from North America through Middle America to South America. As a member of the Eucerini, it is a solitary bee that likely nests in the ground and visits flowers for pollen and nectar.
bee longhorn-bee solitary-bee pollinator Apidae Eucerini Melissoptila Otomi-Longhorn Hymenoptera Americas
Melitoma marginella
Margined Turret Bee
Melitoma marginella is a species of chimney bee (also called turret bee) in the family Apidae. It is native to Central America and North America. The common name "Margined Turret Bee" refers to the distinctive nest architecture this species constructs.
bee chimney-bee turret-bee pollinator Apidae Emphorini North-America Central-America Hymenoptera
Melitta eickworti
Deerberry Blunt-Horn, deerberry melitta
Melitta eickworti is a species of melittid bee in the family Melittidae, commonly known as the Deerberry Blunt-Horn or deerberry melitta. It was described by Snelling & Stage in 1995. The species is found in North America and belongs to a specialized group of bees that are oligolectic, meaning they collect pollen from a narrow range of host plants. Based on its placement in the genus Melitta, it is likely associated with specific floral resources, though detailed ecological studies remain limited.
bee melittid oligolectic North-America Hymenoptera
Melittobia
Melittobia is a genus of tiny parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, notable for extreme polymorphism, complex social behaviors, and highly female-biased sex ratios. Females exhibit three distinct morphs—winged 'fliers,' short-winged 'jumpers,' and wingless 'crawlers'—determined by larval density rather than genetics. Males are blind, flightless, and comprise only about 5% of offspring, produced asexually through arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. The genus attacks prepupae and pupae of solitary bees, wasps, and other insects in their hosts' nests, with some species also parasitizing fruit flies and flesh flies. Several species are well-studied model organisms for genetics, developmental biology, and behavioral ecology, though taxonomic confusion persists due to extreme morphological plasticity.
parasitoid polymorphism arrhenotoky sex-ratio model-organism gregarious ectoparasitoid Eulophidae Tetrastichinae hymenoptera developmental-plasticity kin-selection pheromone lethal-male-combat morph-determination cosmopolitan biological-control bee-parasite wasp-parasite
Meniscomorpha michiganensis
Meniscomorpha michiganensis is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Davis in 1894. The species is known from a limited number of observations and appears to be rarely collected. Like other members of its family, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain undocumented. The specific epithet refers to Michigan, suggesting the type locality or primary known range.
parasitoid-wasp Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera North-America rarely-collected poorly-known