Braconidae
Guides
Compsobracon
Compsobracon is a genus of braconid parasitoid wasps. One species, C. mirabilis, has been observed parasitizing wood-boring Lepidoptera larvae by inserting its ovipositor directly through woody branches to reach hosts concealed inside. The genus belongs to the diverse family Braconidae, which contains thousands of parasitoid species attacking various insect hosts.
Cotesia electrae
Cotesia electrae is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae. It belongs to a genus well-known for biological control of caterpillar pests. The species was described by Viereck in 1912 and is present in North America and Middle America. Very few observations of this species have been recorded.
Cotesia flaviconchae
Cotesia flaviconchae is a parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae. Like other members of the genus Cotesia, it is a koinobiont endoparasitoid that attacks caterpillars. The species was described by Riley in 1881 and is known from North America.
Cotesia glomerata
white butterfly parasite, Cabbage White Parasitoid Wasp
Cotesia glomerata is a small gregarious parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae that specializes in attacking caterpillars of Pieris butterflies, particularly the large white (Pieris brassicae) and small white (Pieris rapae). Females deposit 16–52 eggs into a single host caterpillar, where the larvae develop internally for 15–20 days before emerging and spinning white silken cocoons in clusters on or near the host. The species exhibits complex behavioral adaptations including superparasitism, local mate competition with highly female-biased sex ratios, and protandry with males emerging before females. Originally described by Linnaeus in 1758, it has been widely introduced for biological control of cabbage pests and occurs across multiple continents.
Crassomicrodus clypealis
Crassomicrodus clypealis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, described in 2011 by Figueroa, Sharkey and Romero. The genus Crassomicrodus belongs to a group of braconid wasps that are parasitoids of other insects. As a relatively recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited.
Dapsilarthra
Dapsilarthra is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Alysiinae. The genus belongs to the Dapsilarthra genus group within the tribe Alysiini. At least one species, Dapsilarthra rufiventris, has been studied extensively for its foraging behavior on leaf-mining hosts. The genus is recorded from Europe, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Diachasmimorpha
Diachasmimorpha is a genus of braconid parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Opiinae, established in 1913. The genus is most clearly defined by an apical sinuate ovipositor, a synapomorphic character that defines a monophyletic lineage. Species in this genus are solitary endoparasitoids of tephritid fruit fly larvae and are widely used as biological control agents in integrated pest management programs. The genus is relatively small and primarily distributed in subtropical regions, with some species extending into the Nearctic and northern Neotropical regions.
Diaeretiella
Diaeretiella is a monotypic genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Aphidiinae. The sole species, Diaeretiella rapae, is a cosmopolitan koinobiont endoparasitoid of aphids with documented occurrence in 87 countries. It has been recorded parasitizing approximately 98 aphid species across more than 180 plant species in 43 plant families, with particular association to cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on cruciferous crops. The genus is recognized as an important biological control agent in integrated pest management systems.
Digonogastra
Digonogastra is a genus of braconid wasps comprising approximately 260 described species distributed across Afrotropical, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions. Members are idiobiont ectoparasitoids that attack larval stages of stalk-boring Lepidoptera, particularly pyralid and crambid borers in gramineous crops. The genus has documented significance as a biological control agent for agricultural pests in sugarcane, maize, and sorghum systems.
Disophrini
Disophrini is a tribe of parasitoid wasps within the family Braconidae. Members of this tribe are understudied, with limited published information on their biology and ecology. The tribe contains genera that are morphologically distinct within the Braconidae but lack comprehensive taxonomic revision. Most species appear to be small, slender wasps with reduced wing venation characteristic of many braconid groups.
Dolichozele
Dolichozele is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described by Viereck in 1911. Members of this genus belong to the superfamily Ichneumonoidea, one of the largest and most diverse groups of parasitoid wasps. The genus is part of the subfamily Braconinae or a related group within Braconidae, though precise subfamilial placement may require verification. Like other braconid wasps, species in this genus are presumed to be koinobiont or idiobiont parasitoids of other insects, though specific host associations remain poorly documented.
Earinini
Earinini is a tribe of parasitoid wasps within the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Members of this tribe are small wasps that parasitize other insects. The tribe is relatively small and poorly documented compared to other braconid tribes.
Ecclitura
Ecclitura is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described by Kokujev in 1902. Members of this genus belong to the large and diverse subfamily Microgastrinae or related groups within Braconidae. The genus is poorly documented in modern literature, with extremely limited observational records—only one observation has been recorded on iNaturalist. As with other braconid genera, species likely function as koinobiont or idiobiont parasitoids of larval insects.
Elasmosoma
Elasmosoma is a small genus of ant-parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Euphorinae, tribe Neoneurini. Species are minute, typically under 2.0 mm in length, and are specialized endoparasites of adult Formicidae ants. Females attack host workers in flight, alighting briefly to oviposit into the abdomen. The genus comprises approximately 13 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from Europe, Asia, and North America. The host-parasite association represents a well-balanced system that has persisted for at least 40 million years.
Elasmosoma michaeli
Elasmosoma michaeli is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, described by Shaw in 2007. It belongs to a genus of small wasps that attack ants. The genus Elasmosoma is part of the subfamily Euphorinae, tribe Neoneurini, which are specialized ant parasitoids.
Elasmosoma schwarzi
Elasmosoma schwarzi is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, subfamily Euphorinae, described by Ashmead in 1895. The genus Elasmosoma comprises ant parasitoids, with females depositing eggs inside adult ant workers. E. schwarzi is native to the southwestern United States, where it has been documented in Texas. Like other members of the genus, it exhibits specialized adaptations for attacking ants, which are highly defensive hosts.
Ephedrini
Ephedrini is a tribe of koinobiont aphid parasitoids within the subfamily Aphidiinae (Braconidae). The tribe comprises approximately 29 species in India, including genera such as Ephedrus and Toxares. Members are exclusively endoparasitoids of aphids, with some species exhibiting extreme polyphagy—Toxares deltiger parasitizes 27 aphid species and Ephedrus plagiator parasitizes 22. Several species have been successfully employed in biological control programs worldwide.
Ephedrus
Ephedrus is a genus of small braconid wasps in the subfamily Aphidiinae, all species of which are obligate parasitoids of aphids. The genus includes both extant and fossil species, with records from the Eocene Baltic amber indicating an ancient evolutionary history. Multiple species have been evaluated or employed as biological control agents against agricultural pest aphids, particularly in greenhouse systems. Species-level studies reveal complex host discrimination behaviors involving external marking pheromones and internal host quality assessment.
Epsilogaster
Epsilogaster is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, established by Whitfield and Mason in 1994. As a member of the subfamily Microgastrinae (implied by its taxonomic placement within Braconidae), it likely comprises small koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae. The genus is poorly documented in public literature, with minimal species-level information available. A single observation exists on iNaturalist, indicating it is rarely encountered or reported.
Euphorinae
The Euphorinae are a large subfamily of Braconidae parasitoid wasps comprising over 1,270 described species worldwide. They are characterized as koinobiont endoparasitoids, typically attacking adult insects or nymphs of hemimetabolous hosts—a notably broad host range among parasitoid wasps. The subfamily is sister to the Meteorinae and has been used in biological pest control programs.
Glyptapanteles
Glyptapanteles is a genus of koinobiont endoparasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, distributed across all continents except Antarctica. Species in this genus are distinguished by their ability to manipulate host behavior: after larval emergence from caterpillar hosts, the paralyzed host remains near the pupal cocoons and defends them against predators through violent thrashing movements. This behavioral manipulation is mediated by one or two larvae that remain within the host and sacrifice their own development to protect their siblings. Several species have been evaluated for biological control of lepidopteran pests, particularly Lymantria dispar.
Glyptocolastes
Glyptocolastes is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, established by Ashmead in 1900. Members of this genus belong to the large and diverse ichneumonoid wasp lineage. The genus contains relatively few documented species and is poorly represented in biological collections and literature.
Glyptocolastes texanus
Glyptocolastes texanus is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, first described by William H. Ashmead in 1900. It belongs to a genus of braconid wasps whose members are typically associated with parasitizing beetle larvae. The species is recorded from Hawaii and the continental United States.
Helorimorphini
Helorimorphini is a tribe of parasitoid wasps within the family Braconidae. Members are koinobiont endoparasitoids, meaning they develop inside living hosts without immediately killing them. The tribe is relatively small and understudied, with most species associated with lepidopteran hosts.
Heterospilus eurostae
Heterospilus eurostae is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, first described by Viereck in 1917. The genus Heterospilus comprises small braconid wasps, many of which are understudied and poorly documented in the literature. This species appears to be rarely encountered, with minimal observational records available. Its specific host associations and biology remain largely unknown.
Homolobus truncator
A braconid wasp originally described from North America, with records extending to Europe and Asia including northern Iran. Collected in Iran using Malaise traps during spring through autumn months. As a member of subfamily Homolobinae, it likely functions as a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain undocumented in available sources.
Hoplitalysia
Hoplitalysia is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described by Ashmead in 1900. Members of this genus are part of the diverse ichneumonoid wasp fauna, which are predominantly parasitoids of other insects. The genus is represented by very few observations in biodiversity databases, suggesting it is either rare, understudied, or restricted in distribution. As with other braconid wasps, species in this genus likely play roles in regulating insect populations through parasitism.
Hormiinae
Hormiinae is a subfamily of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) comprising approximately 8 species in 4 genera and 2 tribes in Iran, with a cosmopolitan genus Hormius. Members include brachypterous and micropterous species with reduced wings. Some species are parasitoids of lepidopteran pupae.
Ichneumonoidea
Ichneumonid and Braconid Wasps
Ichneumonoidea is a superfamily of Hymenoptera containing two extant families: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae, the two largest families within the order. The group encompasses an estimated 100,000 species, the vast majority undescribed. Members are solitary parasitoid wasps whose larvae develop on or inside host insects, eventually killing them. The superfamily is defined morphologically by fusion of the costal and radial veins of the fore wing and typically more than 11 antennal segments.
Ichneutes
Ichneutes is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, established by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in 1814. The genus belongs to the large and diverse ichneumonoid wasp superfamily, which contains thousands of species that parasitize other insects. Very few observations of Ichneutes have been recorded, with only 4 documented on iNaturalist. The genus has been reported from parts of northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Lispixys
Lispixys is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described by Mason in 1969. It belongs to the diverse ichneumonoid wasp superfamily, which contains thousands of species that parasitize other insects. The genus is part of the subfamily Opiinae based on morphological characteristics, though this placement has been subject to taxonomic revision. Very few species have been described, and the group remains poorly known biologically.
Lysiphlebus
Lysiphlebus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Aphidiinae. Species in this genus are endoparasitoids of aphids, with females laying eggs inside aphid hosts where larvae develop and eventually emerge from mummified aphid remains. The genus exhibits remarkable reproductive diversity, including both sexual and asexual lineages, with some species capable of facultative sex. Several species, particularly L. testaceipes, are important biological control agents used in integrated pest management programs worldwide.
Macrocentrinae
Macrocentrinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitic wasps comprising eight recognized genera. Members are relatively large braconids characterized by small teeth on the trochantellus and often exhibit pale coloration and nocturnal habits. They are solitary or gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars, with documented associations primarily with pyralid moth larvae. Several species have been deployed in biological control programs against agricultural pests.
Macrocentrus
Macrocentrus is a genus of braconid wasps containing at least 180 described species. Species in this genus are parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae and have been studied extensively for biological control applications. Several species, including M. ancylivorus, M. cingulum, and M. grandii, are economically important as natural enemies of agricultural pests such as the oriental fruit moth, European corn borer, and stalk borers.
Macrocentrus nigridorsis
Macrocentrus nigridorsis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, first described by Viereck in 1924. The specific epithet 'nigridorsis' refers to the dark coloration of the dorsal surface. Like other members of the genus Macrocentrus, it is presumed to be a koinobiont endoparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae, though specific host records for this species remain limited. The species is known from few specimens and observations.
Macrocentrus pyraustae
Macrocentrus pyraustae is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, described by Viereck in 1917. The species epithet 'pyraustae' indicates an association with moths in the family Crambidae (formerly Pyralidae), specifically the genus Ostrinia. It is a specialized parasitoid whose larvae develop within host caterpillars.
Mendesellinae
Mendesellinae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Braconidae, one of the largest families of Hymenoptera. The subfamily is poorly known and rarely encountered, with extremely limited published information. It represents a distinct lineage within the braconid wasp radiation, though its phylogenetic relationships and biological characteristics remain largely unstudied. The single iNaturalist observation suggests it is seldom detected in field surveys.
Meteorus
Meteorus is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, comprising over 330 described species worldwide. These wasps are distinguished from other braconids by two key morphological features: a second submarginal cell in the forewing and a petiolate (stalked) first tergite. The genus includes species with remarkable behavioral adaptations, such as Meteorus stellatus, which constructs star-shaped communal cocoon masses suspended by threads up to 1 meter long. Meteorus species function as biological control agents, parasitizing diverse host insects including caterpillars of moths and beetles.
Meteorus rubens
Meteorus rubens is a gregarious larval parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae that attacks significant agricultural pests, particularly the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon). Female wasps demonstrate strong attraction to host kairomones, with 94.3% responding to hexane extracts of their host compared to only 22.3% of males. The species has been shown to carry Rioviridae RNA viruses, a rare trait among parasitoids. It naturally coexists with other parasitoids such as Apanteles ruficrus, with which it exhibits niche partitioning based on host instar preference.
Microctonus pilatus
Microctonus pilatus is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, subfamily Euphorinae. Members of this genus are known as parasitoids of adult beetles, particularly weevils (Curculionidae). The species was described within the genus Microctonus, which has been subject to taxonomic revision and includes species used in biological control programs. Specific details about M. pilatus itself remain limited in published literature.
Microtypinae
Microtypinae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Braconidae. The subfamily contains a single genus, Microtypus Ratzeburg, with at least four described species. Iranian records include Microtypus trigonus (Nees, 1843), documented as a new country record. Host associations have been recorded for species in this subfamily.
Mirax
miracine wasps
Mirax is a genus of tiny parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Miracinae (Braconidae). Species are typically 1–2 mm in length and are koinobiont endoparasitoids of leaf-mining caterpillars. The genus has been documented in Australia, Puerto Rico, and other regions, with several species described through citizen science initiatives. Some species, such as Mirax insularis, have been studied for their potential as biological control agents of agricultural pests.
Monoctonina
Monoctonina is a subtribe of aphid parasitoid wasps within the subfamily Aphidiinae (Braconidae). Members are small parasitic wasps that develop within aphid hosts, eventually killing them. The subtribe includes genera such as Monoctonus and Falciconus, with species documented from high-elevation mountain habitats in Europe and Asia.
Monoctonus
Monoctonus is a genus of solitary parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Aphidiinae (Braconidae). Species in this genus are specialized parasitoids of aphids, with females laying eggs in the thoracic nerve ganglia of host aphids. Multiple species have been documented, including M. paulensis, M. nervosus, M. paludum, and M. leclanti, with distributions spanning the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Oriental regions.
Monolexis fuscicornis
Monolexis fuscicornis is a parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, subfamily Doryctinae. It has been documented as a larva-pupa parasitoid of the wood-boring beetle Trogoxylon impressum, a pest of fig plants in Turkey. The species represents a potentially significant biological control agent for managing bostrichid beetle infestations in agricultural settings.
Myosoma
Myosoma is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). The genus was described by Brullé in 1846 and has priority over a later homonym in Entoprocta. At least two species are known from the Old World: M. chinensis and M. nyanzaensis, the latter described from Kenya as a gregarious ectoparasitoid of the stem-borer pest Chilo partellus.
Nealiolus
Nealiolus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Brachistinae. The genus comprises nine described species, with three occurring in the Neotropical region. Members are specialized parasitoids of stem-boring and fruit-boring weevils (Curculionidae), including significant agricultural pests such as the sunflower stem weevil and cotton boll weevil. The genus has recognized potential as a biological control agent due to its host specificity and high parasitism rates.
Neoneurini
Neoneurini is a tribe of braconid wasps in the subfamily Euphorinae, historically treated as a separate subfamily but now placed within Euphorinae based on molecular data. The tribe contains three European genera—Elasmosoma, Kollasmosoma, and Neoneurus—comprising koinobiont endoparasitoids of adult ants. These wasps possess highly specialized morphological adaptations for attacking ants, including a strongly curved, hook-shaped ovipositor directed forward, and modified legs with vestigial tarsal claws and enlarged pulvilli for grasping ant metasomas. The tribe has a fossil record extending to Baltic amber.
Neoneurus
Neoneurus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, tribe Neoneurini. These wasps are specialized ant parasitoids, with females attacking adult ant workers in flight to deposit their eggs. The genus includes species such as Neoneurus vesculus, which has been filmed ovipositing into Formica cunicularia workers. Neoneurus species are among the few parasitoids capable of overcoming ant defenses, representing a highly specialized ecological adaptation.
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cincta
Neothlipsis cincta is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, first described by Cresson in 1873. It belongs to a genus of small wasps that are parasitoids of other insects. Records indicate this species has been documented in North America and Oceania. As with many braconid wasps, it likely plays a role in biological control by parasitizing host insects, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented.