Introduced-species
Guides
Chilothorax distinctus
Chilothorax distinctus is a small dung beetle species in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae. It is native to the Palaearctic region and has been introduced to North America, where it has established populations across the United States and Canada. Like other aphodiine scarabs, it is associated with dung and decaying organic matter.
Chondromorpha xanthotricha
Chondromorpha xanthotricha is a millipede in the family Paradoxosomatidae. Native to South India and Sri Lanka, it has become a widespread introduced species across tropical and subtropical regions through human-mediated transport. Adults measure 20–26 mm and exhibit notably rapid movement compared to many millipedes. Two subspecies are recognized: C. x. hamuligerus and C. x. hirsutus.
Choneiulus palmatus
Palm Millipede
A small julid millipede native to the Atlantic zone of northwest Europe, now widely distributed through synanthropic spread and human introduction. Adults reach 12–15 mm with up to 58 body rings. The species shows strong association with human-modified environments in parts of its range, particularly in northern Britain, while retaining woodland populations elsewhere. A genome assembly of 626.52 Mb has been published from an Oxfordshire specimen.
Choreutis pariana
apple leaf skeletonizer moth, apple-and-thorn skeletonizer
Choreutis pariana is a small moth in the family Choreutidae, native to Eurasia and introduced to North America in 1917. The species is known for its larval feeding behavior that creates distinctive skeletonized leaves on host plants. Adults have a wingspan of 11–15 mm and typically display brownish coloration with banded wing patterns. The species has experienced significant taxonomic confusion due to multiple historical generic reassignments.
Choristoneura rosaceana
oblique-banded leafroller, rosaceous leaf roller, oblique banded leaf roller
Choristoneura rosaceana is a tortricid moth native to North America that has been accidentally introduced to other parts of the world. The species is a generalist herbivore whose larvae feed on a broad range of woody and herbaceous plants, with documented hosts spanning over 30 plant genera in more than 20 families. Caterpillars construct leaf rolls for shelter and feeding, causing damage to foliage and occasionally fruit. Adults are bivoltine in most of their range, with flight periods in early and late summer.
Chrysolina staphylaea
brown leaf beetle
Chrysolina staphylaea is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to Europe. It has been introduced to Eastern Canada, with the first record from Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1897. The species is characterized by a reddish-brown body coloration. It is commonly known as the brown leaf beetle.
Chrysolina varians
Chrysolina varians is a leaf beetle species native to Europe and the sole member of the subgenus Sphaeromela within the genus Chrysolina. It has been introduced to Australia and North America. The species is part of a genus that includes several biocontrol agents used against invasive plants.
Cicurina japonica
Cicurina japonica is a spider species in the family Cicurinidae, originally described from Japan. It occurs naturally in Korea and Japan and has been introduced to parts of Europe, including Switzerland and Germany, though some European records are marked as doubtful. The species belongs to a genus that includes several cave-dwelling species, though specific habitat details for C. japonica itself are limited in available sources.
Cionus scrophulariae
Common Figwort Weevil, Figwort Weevil
Cionus scrophulariae is a Palaearctic weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the figwort weevil. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. Taxonomic revision in 2019 synonymized Cionus affinis and C. scrophulariae albosuturatus with this species. It belongs to a genus of 61 recognized species in the Palaearctic region.
Cithaeronidae
Curly-legged Ground Spiders
Cithaeronidae is a small family of araneomorph spiders in the superfamily Gnaphosoidea, established by Simon in 1893. The family contains two genera—Cithaeron and Inthaeron—with approximately ten described species. Members are small, pale yellowish, fast-moving nocturnal hunters that construct silken retreats under rocks. Several species, notably Cithaeron praedonius, have been introduced to the Americas and Australia through human activity.
Cladius
Cladius is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, comprising approximately 17 described species. These insects are known primarily as pests of rose plants, with larvae that feed on leaf tissue causing skeletonization and defoliation. The genus includes notable species such as the Bristly Rose Slug (Cladius difformis) and the Bristley Rose Sawfly (Cladius pectinicornis), both of which cause significant damage to cultivated roses in gardens and horticultural settings.
Cladius pectinicornis
bristly rose sawfly
Cladius pectinicornis is a Palearctic sawfly whose larvae are known as bristly rose slugs, significant pests of cultivated roses. The small wasp-like adults exhibit striking sexual dimorphism in antennae structure, with males bearing pectinate (comb-like) antennae. Larvae skeletonize rose leaves by feeding on tissue between vascular bundles, and can cause severe defoliation when abundant. The species has been introduced to North America, where it occurs on both coasts and ranges from Nova Scotia to British Columbia.
Clivina fossor
Digger Slope-rumped Beetle
Clivina fossor is a ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae, described by Linnaeus in 1758. It is the largest species in its subfamily, characterized by fossorial (digging) adaptations including broad tarsal segments on the forelegs. The species exhibits a widespread Palaearctic distribution with introduced populations in North America, and shows flexible habitat use across grasslands, wetlands, woodlands, and agricultural areas. Adults are nocturnal and subterranean by day, while larvae live entirely underground.
Clubiona lutescens
yellow sac spider, sac spider
Clubiona lutescens is a sac spider in the family Clubionidae, found across Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus, Russia through Kazakhstan, Korea, and Japan. It has been introduced to North America. The species constructs silken retreats rather than prey-capture webs and hunts actively on foot. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed in both natural and human-modified habitats.
Clubiona pallidula
European Sac Spider
Clubiona pallidula is a species of sac spider in the family Clubionidae. It is native to Europe, the Caucasus, Russia (extending to the Far East), and Central Asia, and has been introduced to North America. The species has been the subject of detailed morphological studies examining its genital anatomy and copulatory mechanics. Unlike some related spiders frequently found indoors, this species is primarily encountered in outdoor habitats.
Cnephasia longana
Long-winged Shade, Omnivorous Leaftier Moth, Strawberry Fruitworm
Cnephasia longana is a small tortricid moth native to western Europe and introduced to western North America. Adults show strong sexual dimorphism in wing coloration. The species is notable for its broad larval diet spanning multiple plant families and its status as a pest of cereal crops. First-instar larvae overwinter in bark crevices before resuming feeding in spring.
Coccobius
Coccobius is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Aphelinidae, specialized as parasitoids of armored scale insects (Diaspididae). Species in this genus have been widely used as biological control agents against economically important scale pests on crops including citrus and pine. The genus exhibits weak dispersal ability, with documented dispersal rates of approximately 200 meters per year. Multiple species have been intentionally introduced across Asia, North America, and other regions for classical biological control programs.
Coccotrypes advena
seed borer
Coccotrypes advena is a small weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the seed borer. The species is believed to have originated in Southeast Asia but has established populations in North America and other regions worldwide. It is associated with seeds as a food source, reflecting its common name. As a member of the bark beetle group within Curculionidae, it exhibits the typical compact body form and reduced wing venation characteristic of this lineage.
Coelophora inaequalis
variable ladybird, common Australian lady beetle, common Australian ladybug, Variable Ladybird Beetle
Coelophora inaequalis is a small predatory ladybird beetle native to Australia, Oceania, and Southern Asia. Adults measure 3.70–5.20 mm and display highly variable elytral coloration, with yellow to orange backgrounds bearing four to five black spots that differ among individuals. The species has been introduced to Florida and Hawaii as a biological control agent against the yellow sugarcane aphid (Sipha flava). It is an effective aphid predator with documented prey including Aphis gossypii, Aphis craccivora, and Toxoptera citricida.
Coenonica puncticollis
Coenonica puncticollis is a small rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) in the subfamily Aleocharinae. Originally described from Madagascar in 1857, this species has been introduced to multiple regions worldwide and is now established in Australia, New Zealand, parts of Europe, Egypt, the United States (Florida), and various Caribbean and South American localities. Its native range encompasses the Oriental region, Ryukyu Islands, New Guinea, Tahiti, Tanzania, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, and the Seychelles. The species belongs to the tribe Homalotini within the diverse aleocharine rove beetles.
Coleophora limosipennella
dark elm case-bearer
Coleophora limosipennella is a small case-bearing moth in the family Coleophoridae, described by Duponchel in 1843. Native to Europe with a broad distribution from Fennoscandia to the Mediterranean and east to the Baltic States and Romania, it has been introduced to North America. The species is strongly associated with elm (Ulmus) as a larval host.
Coleophora parthenica
Russian Thistle Stem Miner Moth
Coleophora parthenica is a case-bearing moth introduced to western North America as a biological control agent for invasive Russian thistle (Salsola spp.). Native to arid regions of North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, it was intentionally released in California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Arizona, and Hawaii. The species has proven ineffective as a biocontrol agent due to natural enemy pressure and phenological asynchrony with its host plant. Adults are creamy-white, and larvae are orange, approximately 17 mm at maturity.
Coleosoma
Coleosoma is a genus of comb-footed spiders in the family Theridiidae, established by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1882. The genus comprises ten currently recognized species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Taxonomic revision has been ongoing, with several species transferred to other genera and numerous synonymies established. The genus includes both native and introduced species, with C. octomaculatum documented as established in New Zealand through anthropogenic introduction.
Coleosoma floridanum
Coleosoma floridanum is a small cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae. The species has a broad native distribution across the Americas and has been introduced to multiple regions worldwide, including Europe, West Africa, and Pacific islands. It builds irregular, tangled webs characteristic of its family.
Coprophilus striatulus
Coprophilus striatulus is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, characterized by its elongated body and reduced elytra typical of the family. The species is native to Europe and parts of Northern Asia, and has been introduced to eastern North America. It belongs to the spiny-legged rove beetle group, referring to modifications of the hind legs in males.
Coridromius chenopoderis
Coridromius chenopoderis is a plant bug species in the family Miridae, first described from Western Australia in 2008. The species has established populations across multiple continents, including Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and parts of North America. It belongs to a genus noted for unusual sexual dimorphism and modified male genitalia. The species epithet refers to its association with plants in the family Chenopodiaceae.
Cosmopterix
cosmet moths
Cosmopterix is a large genus of small moths in the family Cosmopterigidae, characterized by narrow lanceolate forewings with distinctive yellow or orange transverse fasciae bordered by metallic silver or golden tubercular scales. The genus is globally distributed with particularly high diversity in tropical and subtropical regions, including 77 recognized species in continental Sub-Saharan Africa alone. Larvae are leaf miners on diverse herbaceous plants including grasses, bamboos, and members of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and other families.
Craspedosoma rawlinsii
A small European millipede in the family Craspedosomatidae, notable as the first chordeumatidan species introduced to North America. Adults reach 15–16 mm in length with 30 body segments and distinctive reddish-brown coloration with dark dorsal markings. The species exhibits extreme morphological variability, leading to the description of numerous subspecies and varieties across its range.
Crioceris duodecimpunctata
Spotted Asparagus Beetle
A small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, Crioceris duodecimpunctata is a significant invasive pest of asparagus cultivations. Adults feed on tender shoots and leaves, while larvae develop exclusively on asparagus berries. The species is widespread across the Palearctic region and has been introduced to North America. Molecular studies confirm its status as a sister taxon to C. quatuordecimpunctata, with both species originating nearly simultaneously from a common ancestor.
Crocidosema lantana
Lantana Flower-Cluster Moth, Lantana Tortricid Moth
Crocidosema lantana is a tortricid moth native to Mexico and the southern United States, deliberately introduced to Hawaii (1902), Australia (1914), and the Caroline Islands (1948–1949) as a biological control agent for invasive Lantana weeds. The species has also been recorded in Yunnan, China and Sri Lanka. It was first described by August Busck in 1910. The larvae develop within pods of Bignonia chrysantha.
Crossocerus elongatulus
Crossocerus elongatulus is a solitary wasp in the family Crabronidae, native to the Palearctic region. It has been introduced to the Azores and North America. The species belongs to a genus of aphid-hunting wasps, though specific prey records for this species are limited. Like other Crossocerus species, females construct nests in pre-existing cavities and provision them with paralyzed prey for their larvae.
Cryptamorpha desjardinsii
Desjardin's beetle, Desjardin's flat beetle
Cryptamorpha desjardinsii is a small silvanid flat bark beetle, originally described from tropical Asia in 1844. It has established cosmopolitan distribution through human-mediated introduction, now occurring across Europe, North America, the Caribbean, and Oceania. The species feeds on mildews and moulds, particularly on plants such as flax. Its spread to New Zealand is documented as occurring via Australia.
Cryptognatha nodiceps
coconut scale predator, sugarcane scale predator
Cryptognatha nodiceps is a small lady beetle introduced to multiple tropical and subtropical regions as a biological control agent targeting scale insects. Native to Trinidad and Tobago, it has established populations across the Caribbean, Florida, and various Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. Both larvae and adults are specialized predators of armored and soft scales, particularly the coconut scale (Aspidiotus destructor). The species has been deliberately released in numerous countries to manage coconut scale outbreaks in coconut-growing regions.
Cryptopleurum minutum
Cryptopleurum minutum is a minute water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae, subfamily Sphaeridiinae. First described by Fabricius in 1775, this species is native to the Palearctic region but has been introduced to North America. The species is associated with wet, decaying organic matter and dung habitats typical of sphaeridiine hydrophilids.
Cryptopleurum subtile
Cryptopleurum subtile is a small water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae, described by David Sharp in 1884. The species has a broad native distribution across East Asia and has been introduced to Europe and North America. It belongs to the subfamily Sphaeridiinae, a group characterized by compact body forms and association with moist or aquatic habitats.
Cryptops hortensis
Common Cryptops
Cryptops hortensis is a small centipede in the family Cryptopidae, commonly known as the Common Cryptops. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to Tasmania, Australia, and southwestern Siberia, Russia. The species is frequently found in human-modified habitats including gardens and greenhouses.
Curinus coeruleus
Metallic Blue Lady Beetle
Curinus coeruleus is a metallic blue ladybeetle in the family Coccinellidae, established as an introduced biological control agent in multiple regions. It is known to prey on armored scale insects, particularly Florida red scale (Chrysomphalus aonidum), and has been evaluated for control of Heteropsylla cubana. The species exhibits a distinctive metallic blue coloration and has been introduced to areas including the Philippines and Florida for pest management.
Cyclophora nanaria
Dwarf Tawny Wave
Cyclophora nanaria, the Dwarf Tawny Wave, is a small geometrid moth first described by Francis Walker in 1861. It is one of the smallest members of its genus, with a wingspan of approximately 16 mm. The species has a broad distribution across the Americas, from the United States through the Caribbean and Central America to South America, and has been introduced to Hawaii.
Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus
Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus is a julid millipede native to northern Europe that has been introduced to North America and is now widespread there. It reaches up to 30 mm in length and is distinguished by a smooth, flat telson rather than a projecting one. The species is common in urban and semi-natural habitats including parks, gardens, and grasslands. Activity peaks in spring and fall, with reduced presence in summer and winter.
Cylindroiulus punctatus
blunt-tailed snake millipede
Cylindroiulus punctatus, commonly called the blunt-tailed snake millipede, is a widespread European millipede in the family Julidae. It is the most commonly recorded millipede in Britain and Ireland, strongly associated with woodland habitats where it feeds on decaying wood and leaf litter. The species exhibits seasonal vertical migration, overwintering in soil and moving to litter and logs during warmer months, with individuals sometimes found metres above ground in trees during summer. It takes three years to reach sexual maturity and can live for several additional breeding years. The species has been introduced to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in North America.
Cylisticus convexus
Curly Woodlouse
Cylisticus convexus, commonly known as the curly woodlouse, is a small terrestrial isopod first described by Charles De Geer in 1778. Native to Europe and Asia, it has been introduced to North Africa, North America, and South America. The species is notable for its ability to conglobate (roll into a ball) while retaining protruding antennae and uropods, and for possessing five pairs of pleopodal lungs—features that distinguish it from similar pillbugs.
Cynipoidea
Gall Wasps and Allies
Cynipoidea is a superfamily of small wasps comprising approximately 3,000 described species across seven extant families, with many undescribed species estimated. The group exhibits diverse life histories: while the family Cynipidae (gall wasps) are phytophagous and induce plant galls, the majority of species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of other insects. The superfamily is taxonomically challenging, with family-level identification historically difficult until the publication of a comprehensive illustrated key in 2020.
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Juniper Shield Bug
Cyphostethus tristriatus, commonly known as the juniper shield bug, is a large shield bug in the family Acanthosomatidae. Native to the Palearctic region, it has been introduced and established in North America. The species exhibits intraspecific melanism, with a highly melanic morph documented in addition to the typical green coloration. It is associated with juniper as a host plant.
Cystiphora sonchi
Cystiphora sonchi is a gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) native to Eurasia that has been introduced to North America as a biological control agent for sow-thistles (Sonchus species). The larvae induce small, circular galls on the leaves of host plants, with females ovipositing through stomata of leaves in final growth stages. The species exhibits strict host specificity to the genus Sonchus, and has established populations in multiple Canadian provinces following intentional releases.
Dahlica lichenella
Lichen Case-bearer
Dahlica lichenella is a bagworm moth in the family Psychidae, commonly known as the Lichen Case-bearer. The species is native to Europe but has been introduced to North America. Males have a wingspan of 13–16 mm and are active in early spring, while females are flightless and remain within their larval cases throughout their adult lives. Larvae construct small, inconspicuous cases from lichen fragments and other debris, often going unnoticed due to their cryptic appearance.
Dasytes plumbeus
Dasytes plumbeus is a soft-bodied beetle in the family Melyridae, native to the Palearctic region and introduced to North America. Adults are small, metallic gray to lead-colored beetles with soft elytra characteristic of the family. The species is frequently observed and well-documented, with over 3,000 iNaturalist observations. It belongs to a genus of predatory or pollen-feeding beetles commonly known as soft-winged flower beetles.
Deleaster dichrous
Deleaster dichrous is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) native to the Western Palaearctic, with established introduced populations in northeastern North America. Adults measure 6.5–8 mm and display distinctive coloration with dark brown head and abdomen contrasting with orange antennae, legs, and thorax. The species occupies diverse open habitats from grasslands to coastal areas and exhibits nocturnal tendencies, with adults active primarily in spring and summer.
Dendrophilus xavieri
clown beetle
Dendrophilus xavieri is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae, first described by Marseul in 1873. The species has a notably broad distribution spanning native ranges in East Asia and introduced populations in Europe, North America, and Australia. Its status as an accepted species versus synonym remains inconsistently reported across taxonomic databases.
Dermestes peruvianus
Peruvian larder beetle
Dermestes peruvianus is a larder beetle in the family Dermestidae, found in North America, Europe, and South America. It closely resembles Dermestes haemorrhoidalis but can be distinguished by specific morphological traits including pale yellow, short, fine, recumbent pubescence on the elytra that does not extend beyond the lateral margins. It has been collected from carrion in forensic studies and is known from Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil.
Derolathrus cavernicolus
Jacobson's beetle
Derolathrus cavernicolus is a small beetle in the family Jacobsoniidae, first described from continental North America in 2010. The species is cavernicolous, inhabiting caves and forested habitats in Florida and the Caribbean. It represents the first record of the family Jacobsoniidae for North America. Some populations may have been introduced through horticultural trade.