True-bug

Guides

Rhiginia cinctiventris
millipede assassin
Rhiginia cinctiventris is a species of assassin bug in the family Reduviidae, specifically classified within the millipede assassin subfamily Ectrichodiinae. The species is distributed across Central America and North America. As a member of the Ectrichodiinae, it belongs to a specialized group of predatory true bugs known for preying on millipedes.
assassin-bug millipede-assassin predatory true-bug Reduviidae Ectrichodiinae Hemiptera Central-America North-America Stål-1872
Rhynchomitra lingula
Rhynchomitra lingula is a planthopper species in the family Dictyopharidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1908. It belongs to the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, a group of true bugs known for their often elaborate head projections. The species has been documented across the southeastern United States.
planthopper true-bug southeastern-US Dictyopharidae Fulgoromorpha
Roburocoris exiguus
Roburocoris exiguus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Weirauch in 2009. The species is distributed across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. As a member of the Miridae, it belongs to a large and diverse family of true bugs commonly known as plant bugs or leaf bugs.
Miridae Hemiptera plant-bug true-bug Nearctic 2009-description Weirauch
Rugosana pullata
Rugosana pullata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Gyponini. It was originally described as Gyponana pullata by Ball in 1935 and later transferred to the genus Rugosana. The species has been documented from multiple U.S. states including Arizona, Georgia, and Mississippi. Like other leafhoppers, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts used to feed on plant sap.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Gyponini true-bug Hemiptera North-America
Sagotylus confluens
Sagotylus confluens is a true bug in the family Coreidae (leaf-footed bugs), first described by Say in 1832 as Coreus confluens. The species has been recorded from Mexico and the southwestern United States including Arizona, California, and Florida. A 2021 study in Veracruz, Mexico, documented seven species of parasitoid wasps associated with its eggs, including members of Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Encyrtidae, and Scelionidae. The species has been collected from sword bean (Canavalia ensiformis) plants.
Hemiptera Coreidae true-bug leaf-footed-bug parasitoid-host agricultural-pest Mexico Veracruz
Saldula nigrita
Saldula nigrita is a species of shore bug in the family Saldidae, described by Parshley in 1921. It belongs to the large genus Saldula, which comprises numerous small predatory true bugs found in damp habitats near water. The species is recorded from North America and Middle America.
Hemiptera Saldidae Saldula shore-bug true-bug Parshley-1921 North-America Middle-America
Scolopocerus
Scolopocerus is a genus of leaf-footed bugs in the family Coreidae, established by Uhler in 1875. The genus contains four described species distributed primarily in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Members of this genus are characterized by the expanded, leaf-like hind tibiae typical of many Coreidae. The genus is placed in the tribe Hypselonotini within the subfamily Coreinae.
leaf-footed-bug Coreidae North-America Mexico Hemiptera true-bug
Semium hirtum
Semium hirtum is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Reuter in 1876. It is distributed across parts of North America and Central America, with confirmed records from Canada, Mexico, and multiple U.S. states including Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and West Virginia. The species belongs to a small genus of mirid bugs, with only four known species in the genus Semium. As a member of the Miridae, it is a true bug with piercing-sucking mouthparts typical of the family.
Miridae plant-bug Hemiptera North-America Central-America true-bug
Sephina
leaf-footed bugs
Sephina is a genus of leaf-footed bugs (family Coreidae) comprising at least 27 described species. The genus was established by Amyot & Serville in 1843 and is classified in the tribe Spartocerini. Recent taxonomic revisions have described new species from Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama, and have clarified species boundaries through synonymies and illustrated identification keys.
leaf-footed-bug Coreidae Neotropical true-bug Heteroptera Spartocerini
Sethenira ferruginea
Sethenira ferruginea is a leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae, first described by Stål in 1870. It belongs to the tribe Hypselonotini and has been recorded across a broad geographic range spanning the Caribbean, Central America, and North America including the conterminous United States. As a member of the Coreidae, it possesses the characteristic expanded hind tibiae typical of leaf-footed bugs, though specific morphological details for this species remain limited in available sources.
Coreidae leaf-footed-bug true-bug Hemiptera Caribbean Central-America North-America
Sigara
water boatmen
Sigara is a genus of water boatmen (family Corixidae) comprising approximately 100 species of aquatic true bugs. The genus is notable for containing halophilic species capable of inhabiting saline and hypersaline waters, including extreme environments such as the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana. Members of this genus are aquatic insects found in various freshwater and saline habitats across multiple continents.
aquatic halophile water-boatman Corixidae true-bug
Sigara ornata
ornate water boatman
Sigara ornata is a species of water boatman (family Corixidae) found in North America. Water boatmen are aquatic true bugs that inhabit freshwater environments, where they are known for their oar-like hind legs adapted for swimming. The specific epithet "ornata" suggests distinctive patterning or markings, though detailed morphological descriptions for this species are limited in available sources.
water-boatman aquatic-insect freshwater true-bug Corixidae Nepomorpha
Sinea rileyi
Sinea rileyi is a species of assassin bug in the family Reduviidae. It has been documented in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China) and North America. Like other members of the genus Sinea, it is a predatory true bug. Beyond its geographic distribution, specific details about its biology and ecology remain poorly documented in available literature.
assassin-bug Reduviidae Harpactorinae predatory-bug true-bug Hemiptera
Sisamnes claviger
Sisamnes claviger is a species of seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae, first described by Uhler in 1895. It belongs to the tribe Myodochini within the subfamily Rhyparochrominae. The species is native to North America, with documented occurrences in the United States. Like other members of Rhyparochromidae, it is a true bug with hemelytra and characteristic seed-feeding habits typical of the family.
seed-bug Rhyparochromidae North-America Hemiptera true-bug
Slaterobius insignis
dirt-colored seed bug
Slaterobius insignis is a species of dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. First described by Uhler in 1872 as Heraeus insignis, it is native to North America with recorded occurrences in the United States and Canada. Like other members of its family, it belongs to the true bug infraorder Pentatomomorpha and is classified within the tribe Myodochini.
Hemiptera Heteroptera Rhyparochromidae seed-bug true-bug North-America
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Membracidae treehopper Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Stictocephala Ceresini Smiliinae Hemiptera sap-feeder pronotum helmet thorn-mimicry plant-feeding-insect phloem-feeder cryptic-coloration camouflage Van-Duzee-1914 Nearctic North-America Florida North-Carolina South-Dakota understudied-species data-deficient taxonomy entomology insect arthropod true-bug auchenorrhynchan cicadomorph leafhopper-relative plant-hopper ornate-pronotum pronotal-extension dorsal-helmet insect-morphology insect-systematics biodiversity natural-history conservation insect-ecology insect-behavior insect-development insect-distribution biogeography species-description type-specimen original-description historical-taxonomy museum-specimen collection-record occurrence-data GBIF iNaturalist citizen-science observation-record range-map distribution-data geographic-range endemic native-species regional-fauna local-biodiversity habitat-specificity host-plant feeding-guild phytophagous herbivore plant-insect-interaction coevolution mimicry defense crypsis evolutionary-adaptation morphological-adaptation exoskeleton-modification structural-coloration insect-identification field-guide diagnostic-character taxonomic-key species-complex cryptic-species morphological-variation geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity life-history reproduction oviposition nymph instar metamorphosis hemimetabolous incomplete-metamorphosis population-dynamics community-ecology food-web trophic-level primary-consumer ecosystem-function nutrient-cycling energy-flow biological-control pest-status agricultural-relevance forestry urban-ecology invasive-potential climate-change habitat-loss conservation-status data-gap research-need taxonomic-revision phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding integrative-taxonomy natural-history-collection specimen-digitization open-data FAIR-data biodiversity-informatics biological-database taxonomic-authority nomenclature zoological-nomenclature International-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclature type-locality type-specimen-deposition author-citation original-combination current-combination synonymy homonymy nomenclatural-act taxonomic-history classification-system phylogenetic-classification evolutionary-relationships monophyly clade lineage stem-group crown-group divergence-time molecular-clock fossil-record paleontology extant extinct living-fossil evolutionary-history biogeographic-history dispersal vicariance range-expansion range-contraction refugium glacial-relict postglacial-colonization anthropogenic-impact human-disturbance land-use-change urbanization agricultural-intensification pesticide-use habitat-fragmentation connectivity corridor protected-area conservation-planning systematic-conservation-planning priority-area hotspot endemic-area center-of-origin center-of-diversity evolutionary-significant-unit management-unit population metapopulation source-sink-dynamics demography vital-rates survival fecundity generation-time population-growth-rate carrying-capacity density-dependence regulation limiting-factor environmental-stochasticity demographic-stochasticity genetic-stochasticity inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness effective-population-size genetic-drift gene-flow migration isolation-by-distance isolation-by-resistance landscape-genetics population-genomics phylogeography historical-demography coalescent-theory approximate-Bayesian-computation species-distribution-model ecological-niche-model habitat-suitability bioclimatic-envelope climate-envelope niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interaction competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation apparent-competition indirect-interaction trophic-cascade top-down-control bottom-up-control mesopredator-release keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species characteristic-species indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species surrogate-species focal-species target-species pest-species invasive-species naturalized-species alien-species non-native-species introduced-species cryptogenic-species range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift phenological-shift temporal-mismatch trophic-mismatch phenology seasonality voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine partial-generation prolonged-diapause aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation microclimate-selection habitat-selection oviposition-site-selection host-selection mate-choice sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation reinforcement hybridization introgression hybrid-zone cline ecotone contact-zone secondary-contact exogenous-selection endogenous-selection ecological-speciation mutation-order-speciation sexual-conflict sexual-dimorphism sexual-size-dimorphism sexual-dichromatism polymorphism color-polymorphism morph phase gregarious-phase solitary-phase density-dependent-polyphenism reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation acclimation acclimatization hardening stress-response heat-shock-protein oxidative-stress hypoxia desiccation starvation immune-response innate-immunity humoral-immunity cellular-immunity encapsulation nodulation phagocytosis melanization antimicrobial-peptide phenoloxidase prophenoloxidase lysozyme defensin cecropin diptericin attacin immune-gene immune-pathway Toll-pathway Imd-pathway JAK-STAT-pathway NF-κB relish dorsal immune-memory specific-immunity transgenerational-immune-priming gut-microbiome symbiosis obligate-symbiont facultative-symbiont primary-symbiont secondary-symbiont vertical-transmission horizontal-transmission mixed-mode-transmission nutritional-symbiosis defensive-symbiosis digestive-symbiosis detoxification metabolism biosynthesis vitamin-synthesis amino-acid-synthesis steroid-synthesis cuticle-synthesis chitin-synthesis molting ecdysis ecdysteroid juvenile-hormone insulin-signaling TOR-signaling nutrient-sensing energy-storage lipid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism protein-metabolism flight-metabolism respiration tracheal-system spiracle gas-exchange water-balance osmoregulation excretion Malpighian-tubule hindgut rectum cryptonephridial-system ion-transport water-reabsorption nitrogenous-waste uric-acid urea ammonia detoxification-enzyme cytochrome-P450 glutathione-S-transferase carboxylesterase mixed-function-oxidase resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance antibiotic-resistance resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-mechanism target-site-resistance metabolic-resistance behavioral-resistance cuticular-resistance resistance-allele resistance-gene fitness-cost fitness-benefit pleiotropy trade-off life-history-trade-off allocation resource-allocation energy-allocation time-allocation foraging optimal-foraging central-place-foraging patch-use marginal-value-theorem predator-avoidance antipredator-defense masquerade Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry intraspecific-mimicry intersexual-mimicry aggressive-mimicry social-parasitism brood-parasitism kleptoparasitism defense-behavior thanatosis death-feigning startle-display deimatic-display eyespot deflection-mark autotomy reflex-bleeding regurgitation defensive-secretion venom toxin allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone sex-pheromone aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone territorial-pheromone recognition-pheromone signature-mixture cuticular-hydrocarbon volatile-organic-compound olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception hygroreception photoreception vision compound-eye ommatidium rhabdom visual-pigment opsin color-vision polarization-vision motion-detection optomotor-response phototaxis photoperiodism circadian-rhythm biological-clock entrainment zeitgeber circannual-rhythm photoperiod day-length critical-day-length critical-photoperiod diapause-induction diapause-termination diapause-maintenance diapause-development endocrine-control neuroendocrine corpus-allatum corpus-cardiacum prothoracic-gland ecdysiotropin ecdysiostatin allatostatin allatotropin neuropeptide hormone hormone-receptor signal-transduction gene-expression transcription-factor regulatory-gene structural-gene gene-network gene-regulatory-network developmental-gene Hox-gene homeobox segment-polarity-gene gap-gene pair-rule-gene maternal-effect-gene zygotic-gene embryonic-development embryogenesis cleavage blastoderm gastrulation segmentation tagmosis appendage-development imaginal-disc holometabolous complete-metamorphosis larva pupa adult apolysis teneral sclerotization tanning cuticle exoskeleton epicuticle procuticle exocuticle endocuticle resilin sclerotin chitin protein lipid wax cement-layer wax-layer surface-lipid waterproofing anti-wetting anti-fouling self-cleaning structural-color pigmentary-color ommin pteridine carotenoid melanin papiliochrome flavonoid anthocyanin betalain iridescence photonic-crystal diffraction-grating thin-film-interference multilayer-reflector scattering Tyndall-scattering Rayleigh-scattering Mie-scattering non-iridescent-structural-color biochrome biofluorescence bioluminescence luciferin luciferase photoprotein bioluminescent-system counter-illumination burglar-alarm lure communication mate-recognition predator-deterrence aposematism warning-coloration honest-signal dishonest-signal signal-evolution signal-design receiver-psychology sensory-bias sensory-exploitation sensory-trap amplifier attenuator signal-efficacy signal-honesty handicap-principle index-signal conventional-signal assessment-signal territorial-signal dominance-signal submissive-signal aggressive-signal courtship-signal copulatory-signal postcopulatory-signal antagonistic-coevolution chase-away-selection sensory-drive reproductive-character-displacement genetic-exchange admixture hybrid-fitness hybrid-breakdown hybrid-vigor heterosis genetic-load mutational-meltdown founder-effect bottleneck population-expansion invasion-genetics propagule-pressure introduction-effort establishment spread lag-phase exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect demographic-Allee-effect component-Allee-effect strong-Allee-effect weak-Allee-effect critical-population-size minimum-viable-population extinction-risk population-viability-analysis stochastic-model deterministic-model individual-based-model agent-based-model spatially-explicit-model metapopulation-model source-sink-model integrated-population-model state-space-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-model machine-learning artificial-intelligence computer-vision image-recognition automated-identification deep-learning neural-network convolutional-neural-network transfer-learning data-augmentation training-set validation-set test-set accuracy precision recall F1-score confusion-matrix receiver-operating-characteristic area-under-curve model-selection model-validation cross-validation bootstrapping permutation-test null-model randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo Gibbs-sampling Metropolis-Hastings-algorithm Bayesian-inference prior-distribution posterior-distribution likelihood-function evidence model-comparison Bayes-factor information-criterion Akaike-information-criterion corrected-AIC Bayesian-information-criterion deviance-information-criterion Watanabe-Akaike-information-criterion cross-validation-information-criterion stacking model-averaging ensemble-model prediction forecasting scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis propagation-of-uncertainty error-budget confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval statistical-power sample-size effect-size significance-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative multiple-comparison Bonferroni-correction false-discovery-rate q-value p-value significance-level alpha-level beta-level statistical-test parametric-test nonparametric-test robust-test exact-test asymptotic-test bootstrap-test jackknife resampling subsampling leave-one-out k-fold stratified-sampling balanced-sampling imbalanced-data class-imbalance oversampling undersampling synthetic-minority-oversampling SMOTE ADASYN cost-sensitive-learning ensemble-method bagging boosting random-forest gradient-boosting XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine kernel-method radial-basis-function polynomial-kernel linear-kernel sigmoid-kernel decision-tree classification-tree regression-tree pruning cost-complexity-pruning minimum-description-length rule-based-classifier association-rule frequent-pattern apriori-algorithm FP-growth sequential-pattern temporal-pattern spatial-pattern spatiotemporal-pattern time-series-analysis trend-analysis seasonal-decomposition autoregressive-model moving-average-model ARIMA SARIMA exponential-smoothing state-space-model Kalman-filter particle-filter hidden-Markov-model dynamic-Bayesian-network recurrent-neural-network long-short-term-memory gated-recurrent-unit transformer attention-mechanism self-attention multi-head-attention encoder decoder encoder-decoder-architecture sequence-to-sequence-model generative-model generative-adversarial-network variational-autoencoder normalizing-flow diffusion-model energy-based-model Boltzmann-machine restricted-Boltzmann-machine deep-belief-network autoencoder denoising-autoencoder sparse-autoencoder contractive-autoencoder variational-inference expectation-maximization maximum-likelihood maximum-a-posteriori maximum-entropy Occam's-razor parsimony model-complexity overfitting underfitting bias-variance-tradeoff regularization L1-regularization L2-regularization elastic-net dropout early-stopping batch-normalization layer-normalization group-normalization instance-normalization weight-decay mixup cutout cutmix random-erasing autoaugment fast-autoaugment population-based-augmentation neural-architecture-search automated-machine-learning hyperparameter-optimization grid-search random-search Bayesian-optimization sequential-model-based-optimization multi-fidelity-optimization knowledge-distillation teacher-student-model model-compression quantization knowledge-transfer domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning one-shot-learning meta-learning learning-to-learn metric-learning siamese-network triplet-loss contrastive-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning semi-supervised-learning weakly-supervised-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning continual-learning lifelong-learning curriculum-learning multi-task-learning multi-modal-learning cross-modal-learning representation-learning feature-learning embedding-learning manifold-learning dimensionality-reduction principal-component-analysis t-SNE UMAP word-embedding sentence-embedding document-embedding knowledge-graph-embedding graph-neural-network graph-convolutional-network graph-attention-network message-passing-neural-network relational-graph-convolutional-network inductive-learning transductive-learning homophily heterophily graph-isomorphism Weisfeiler-Lehman-test subgraph-isomorphism graph-matching network-alignment network-embedding node-embedding edge-embedding graph-classification node-classification link-prediction graph-generation graph-synthesis molecular-generation de-novo-design inverse-design retrosynthesis reaction-prediction property-prediction quantitative-structure-activity-relationship QSAR quantitative-structure-property-relationship QSPR molecular-descriptor fingerprint Morgan-fingerprint extended-connectivity-fingerprint circular-fingerprint atom-pair-fingerprint topological-torsion-fingerprint pharmacophore shape-similarity electrostatic-similarity docking scoring-function binding-affinity-prediction protein-ligand-interaction protein-protein-interaction protein-structure-prediction AlphaFold protein-folding contact-prediction distance-prediction angle-prediction torsion-prediction secondary-structure-prediction tertiary-structure-prediction quaternary-structure-prediction protein-design protein-engineering directed-evolution rational-design computational-design de-novo-protein-design enzyme-design catalytic-antibody ribozyme aptamer DNAzyme synthetic-biology genetic-circuit metabolic-engineering metabolic-flux-analysis flux-balance-analysis genome-scale-metabolic-model dynamic-metabolic-model kinetic-modeling stoichiometric-modeling constraint-based-modeling optimization linear-programming mixed-integer-linear-programming quadratic-programming nonlinear-programming dynamic-programming stochastic-programming robust-optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-optimality evolutionary-algorithm genetic-algorithm genetic-programming differential-evolution particle-swarm-optimization ant-colony-optimization simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic metaheuristic local-search neighborhood-search hill-climbing random-walk randomized-search Monte-Carlo-tree-search upper-confidence-bound Thompson-sampling multi-armed-bandit contextual-bandit reinforcement-learning policy-gradient actor-critic Q-learning deep-Q-network policy-iteration value-iteration temporal-difference-learning SARSA expected-SARSA double-Q-learning dueling-Q-network prioritized-experience-replay distributed-reinforcement-learning impala A3C asynchronous-advantage-actor-critic PPO proximal-policy-optimization TRPO trust-region-policy-optimization DDPG deep-deterministic-policy-gradient TD3 twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradient SAC soft-actor-critic model-based-reinforcement-learning model-predictive-control guided-policy-search imitation-learning inverse-reinforcement-learning apprenticeship-learning behavior-cloning dataset-aggregation DAgger generative-adversarial-imitation-learning third-person-imitation-learning one-shot-imitation-learning meta-reinforcement-learning hierarchical-reinforcement-learning option skill subgoal intrinsic-motivation curiosity-driven-exploration empowerment information-gain prediction-error novelty-seeking diversity-seeking multi-agent-reinforcement-learning mean-field fictitious-play correlated-equilibrium Nash-equilibrium game-theory mechanism-design auction-theory incentive-design social-choice-theory voting-theory fair-division matching-theory market-design algorithmic-game-theory computational-social-choice computational-complexity NP-completeness NP-hardness approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio inapproximability fixed-parameter-tractability parameterized-complexity kernelization treewidth graph-minor forbidden-minor-characterization well-quasi-ordering Robertson-Seymour-theorem graph-structure-theorem bidimensionality-theory meta-theorem Courcelle's-theorem automata-theory finite-automaton pushdown-automaton Turing-machine computability decidability halting-problem Rice's-theorem Gödel's-incompleteness-theorems lambda-calculus combinatory-logic type-theory proof-theory model-theory set-theory forcing large-cardinal axiom-of-choice continuum-hypothesis independence-result consistency-strength reverse-mathematics constructive-mathematics intuitionistic-logic modal-logic temporal-logic epistemic-logic deontic-logic description-logic ontology knowledge-representation semantic-web linked-data RDF SPARQL OWL knowledge-graph entity-linking relation-extraction event-extraction coreference-resolution named-entity-recognition part-of-speech-tagging dependency-parsing constituency-parsing semantic-parsing natural-language-inference textual-entailment natural-language-generation machine-translation summarization question-answering dialogue-system conversational-AI chatbot virtual-assistant speech-recognition speech-synthesis speaker-recognition emotion-recognition sentiment-analysis opinion-mining aspect-based-sentiment-analysis target-dependent-sentiment-analysis stance-detection rumor-detection fake-news-detection fact-checking claim-verification evidence-retrieval argument-mining persuasion-detection deception-detection personality-prediction mental-health-detection suicide-prevention crisis-intervention social-media-mining network-analysis community-detection influence-maximization information-diffusion cascade-modeling epidemic-modeling SEIR-model SIR-model agent-based-epidemic-model compartmental-model network-epidemic-model metapopulation-epidemic-model spatial-epidemic-model stochastic-epidemic-model branching-process renewal-equation generation-interval serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number herd-immunity-threshold vaccination-coverage vaccine-efficacy vaccine-effectiveness breakthrough-infection waning-immunity immune-escape variant-of-concern variant-of-interest variant-under-monitoring phylogenetic-analysis molecular-clock-analysis phylodynamics viral-evolution antigenic-drift antigenic-shift zoonotic-spillover reservoir-host intermediate-host amplifying-host dead-end-host vector-borne-disease mosquito-borne-disease tick-borne-disease flea-borne-disease lice-borne-disease midge-borne-disease sandfly-borne-disease tsetse-borne-disease blackfly-borne-disease triatomine-borne-disease kissing-bug Chagas-disease trypanosomiasis leishmaniasis malaria dengue yellow-fever Zika-virus chikungunya West-Nile-virus Japanese-encephalitis tick-borne-encephalitis Lyme-disease Rocky-Mountain-spotted-fever ehlichiosis anaplasmosis babesiosis tularemia plague murine-typhus epidemic-typhus endemic-typhus scrub-typhus Q-fever trench-fever bartonellosis cat-scratch-disease rat-bite-fever leptospirosis brucellosis anthrax melioidosis glanders tularaemia francisellosis coxiellosis rickettsiosis orientia-infection ehrlichiosis neoehrlichiosis neorickettsiosis anaplasmataceae rickettsiaceae coxiellaceae bartonellaceae brucellaceae francisellaceae pasteurellaceae legionellaceae chlamydiaceae mycoplasmataceae ureaplasmataceae spiroplasmataceae achaenoplasmataceae entomoplasmataceae haloplasmataceae tenericutes mollicutes bacteroidetes fusobacteria spirochaetes synergistetes deferribacteres thermotogae aquificae caldiserica caldithrix deferrisoma desulfurobacterium thermovibrio thermocrinis hydrogenobacter sulfurihydrogenibium persephonella hydrogenobaculum hydrothermus thermothrix sulfuricurvum sulfurimonas sulfurovum thiovulum thiomicrospira pseudomonas vibrio aeromonas photobacterium aliivibrio gracilibacillus halobacillus halomonas chromohalobacter cobetia salinicola kushneria halotalea halovibrio salinivibrio thioalkalivibrio thiohalophilus ectothiorhodospira halorhodospira thiorhodospira halochromatium thioflavicoccus marichromatium thiocapsa lamprocystis thiodictyon thiopedia amoebobacter thiocystis chromatium allo-chromatium thermochromatium rhabdochromatium thiobaca thiohalocapsa halocapsa thiolamprovum thioploca thiomargarita beggiatoa methylococcus methylomonas methylomicrobium methylosinus methylocystis methylocella methylocapsa methylacidiphilum verrucomicrobia planctomycetes chlamydiae lentisphaerae kiritimatiellaeota calditrichaeota fervidibacteria
Stictopsallus
Stictopsallus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, described by Randall T. Schuh in 2006. As a recently described genus within the diverse Miridae family, it represents a group of small, soft-bodied true bugs. The genus belongs to the infraorder Cimicomorpha, which includes many predatory and plant-feeding heteropterans. Very few observations of this genus exist in public databases.
mirid plant-bug true-bug recently-described
Systelloderes biceps
gnat bug
Systelloderes biceps is a species of gnat bug in the family Enicocephalidae, a group of small, predatory true bugs. The species is found across Central America and North America. Members of this family are generally poorly studied, and specific biological details for S. biceps remain limited in the scientific literature.
gnat-bug true-bug Enicocephalidae Hemiptera Heteroptera Dipsocoromorpha North-America Central-America
Taedia scrupea
Taedia scrupea is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Thomas Say in 1832. It is a true bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with a broad distribution across eastern and central North America, extending into Mexico. The species has been documented in 887 iNaturalist observations, indicating it is moderately well-recorded in citizen science datasets.
plant-bug mirid true-bug North-American-fauna
Teleonemia belfragii
Teleonemia belfragii is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae, first described by Stål in 1873. The species belongs to a genus of small, plant-feeding true bugs characterized by their distinctive reticulated wing covers. Observations are sparse, with only six records documented on iNaturalist. It is known to occur in the southeastern United States.
lace-bug true-bug Tingidae North-America southeastern-US
Teleorhinus
Teleorhinus is a genus of true bugs in the family Miridae (plant bugs), first described by Uhler in 1890. The genus belongs to the infraorder Cimicomorpha within the suborder Heteroptera. The name Teleorhinus has also been used historically for an extinct crocodyliform (now Terminonaris), but the valid current usage applies to the hemipteran genus.
Miridae plant-bug true-bug Uhler-1890
Teloleuca
Teloleuca is a genus of shore bugs in the family Saldidae, established by Reuter in 1912. The genus comprises approximately five described species. Members of this genus are true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) within the infraorder Leptopodomorpha. Shore bugs in this family are generally associated with moist habitats near water bodies.
shore-bug true-bug Saldidae Leptopodomorpha Palearctic rare
Tepa
Tepa is a genus of shield bugs (family Pentatomidae) in the tribe Pentatomini. The genus comprises approximately six described species. Members of this genus are true bugs in the order Hemiptera, characterized by the typical shield-shaped body form common to stink bugs. The genus was established by Rolston and McDonald in 1984.
Pentatomidae shield-bug stink-bug Pentatomini Hemiptera true-bug insect arthropod
Tepa vanduzeei
Tepa vanduzeei is a species of stink bug described by Rider in 1986. It belongs to the family Pentatomidae, one of the largest families of true bugs. The species is known to occur in both Central America and North America, though specific details about its biology and ecology remain poorly documented in available literature.
stink-bug Pentatomidae Hemiptera true-bug
Tibicinoides catalina
Tibicinoides catalina is a cicada species in the family Cicadidae, originally described as Okanagana catalina by Davis in 1936. The specific epithet 'catalina' likely refers to the Santa Catalina Mountains in southern Arizona, a region with notable cicada diversity. Like other cicadas, this species has piercing-sucking mouthparts and undergoes subterranean nymphal development before emerging as adults. The genus Tibicinoides is part of the tribe Tibicinini within the subfamily Tibicininae.
cicada Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha Cicadidae Tibicininae Arizona Santa-Catalina-Mountains North-America insect true-bug
Ticida
Ticida is a genus of planthoppers in the family Dictyopharidae, established by Uhler in 1891. Members of this genus are true bugs (Hemiptera) within the suborder Auchenorrhyncha and infraorder Fulgoromorpha. The genus has been documented through 71 iNaturalist observations. The name 'Ticida' has also been applied to a butterfly species (Ladda ticidas), but this usage is taxonomically distinct and not related to the planthopper genus.
planthopper true-bug dictyopharid
Toya nigra
Toya nigra is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. It belongs to the genus Toya, a group of small, often inconspicuous insects within the true bug order Hemiptera. As with other delphacid planthoppers, it is likely associated with grass or sedge host plants, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in available literature.
planthopper Delphacidae Hemiptera true-bug
Triatoma indictiva
kissing bug
Triatoma indictiva is a blood-sucking assassin bug in the subfamily Triatominae, commonly known as a "kissing bug." It is a documented vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The species occurs in Mexico and the southern United States, particularly Arizona and Texas. Adults measure 20–30 mm in length and are characterized by a pear-shaped body, black coloration with red lateral markings, and a tapered proboscis. Like other triatomines, it is primarily associated with vertebrate hosts in natural and peridomestic habitats.
vector Chagas-disease medical-entomology hematophagy Triatominae kissing-bug Trypanosoma-cruzi assassin-bug nocturnal peridomestic Mexico Arizona Texas blood-feeding true-bug Hemiptera Reduviidae
Tuxedo nicholi
Tuxedo nicholi is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae, described by Knight in 1929. The genus Tuxedo was revised by Schuh in 2004, who established it as a distinct genus within the phyline plant bugs. This species is known from the southwestern United States, specifically recorded from Arizona, California, and Utah. Like other members of Phylinae, it is likely associated with specific host plants, though detailed biological studies remain limited.
Miridae Phylinae plant-bug true-bug southwestern-United-States
Tylospilus acutissimus
Northern sharp stink bug
Tylospilus acutissimus is a predatory stink bug in the family Pentatomidae, commonly known as the Northern sharp stink bug. Adults measure 9–10 mm in length. The species has a broad distribution spanning from the southwestern United States through Mexico to Colombia, with activity concentrated from April through November.
predatory-stink-bug true-bug omnivorous
Typhlocybella minima
Typhlocybella minima is a minute leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Baker in 1903. It belongs to the subfamily Typhlocybinae, a group commonly known as the typhlocybine or 'sharpshooter' leafhoppers, many of which are associated with specific host plants. The species has been recorded from scattered localities in the Americas and Hawaii, suggesting either a broad native range or possible human-mediated dispersal. As with most members of its genus, detailed biological information remains limited.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Typhlocybella Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha minute tiny insect true-bug
Tytthus parviceps
Tytthus parviceps is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It has a circumtropical distribution, with records spanning the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe. The species was described by Reuter in 1890. As a member of the genus Tytthus, it belongs to a group of mirid bugs, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Miridae plant-bug circumtropical Hemiptera true-bug
Uhleriola floralis
Uhleriola floralis is a dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae, the sole described species in its genus. It is native to North America, with confirmed records from the United States. Like other members of Rhyparochromidae, it belongs to the true bug infraorder Pentatomomorpha and possesses the piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of Hemiptera.
dirt-colored-seed-bug Rhyparochromidae North-America monotypic-genus true-bug
Vazquezitocoris
Vazquezitocoris is a genus of leaf-footed bugs in the family Coreidae, established by Brailovsky in 1990. The genus comprises approximately 14 described species distributed across the Americas, from the southwestern United States through Central America to South America. Members of this genus belong to the tribe Hypselonotini within the subfamily Coreinae. As true bugs in the order Hemiptera, species in this genus possess piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of the group.
leaf-footed-bug Coreidae true-bug Hemiptera New-World
Vulsirea violacea
Vulsirea violacea is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It was described by Fabricius in 1803. The species has a broad geographic distribution spanning the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America. As a member of the true bug order Hemiptera, it possesses the characteristic piercing-sucking mouthparts typical of the group.
Pentatomidae stink-bug Hemiptera true-bug
Xanthochilus saturnius
Mediterranean seed bug
Xanthochilus saturnius, commonly known as the Mediterranean seed bug, is a small true bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. It measures 6–8 mm and displays distinctive black-on-tan coloration. The species is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, with established populations in North America. It feeds primarily on seeds of Lamiaceae and Scrophulariaceae plants.
seed-bug true-bug Mediterranean introduced-species gregarious overwintering-adult
Zelus janus
Two-faced Assassin
Zelus janus is a species of assassin bug in the genus Zelus, first described by Stål in 1862. Like other members of this genus, it possesses the characteristic 'sundew' predatory adaptation: specialized glands on the forelegs secrete a sticky substance that traps prey. The species name references the Roman two-faced god Janus, though the specific reason for this epithet is not documented in available sources. It is one of approximately 71 species in the genus Zelus, which is distributed primarily in the Americas.
Hemiptera Reduviidae Zelus assassin-bug sundew-assassin-bug true-bug predator Harpactorinae
Zeropamera
Zeropamera is a genus of seed bugs in the family Rhyparochromidae, established by Barber in 1948. It belongs to the tribe Myodochini within the subfamily Rhyparochrominae. The genus is poorly documented in scientific literature, with very few observations recorded. Members of this genus are true bugs (Hemiptera) characterized by their piercing-sucking mouthparts.
seed-bug true-bug Rhyparochromidae poorly-known data-deficient
Zicca taeniola
Zicca taeniola is a leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae, first described by Dallas in 1852. It has a broad distribution spanning Central America, North America, South America, and the Caribbean. As a member of the true bugs (Hemiptera), it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of the order. The species has been documented in at least 323 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is relatively well-observed for a coreid bug.
leaf-footed-bug true-bug Coreidae