Hymenoptera
Guides
Pseudopanurgus fraterculus timberlakei
A subspecies of mining bee in the family Andrenidae, originally described by Cockerell in 1931. The subspecific epithet honors P.H. Timberlake, a prominent entomologist associated with the University of California, Riverside, whose extensive collections significantly advanced knowledge of North American bees. As a member of the Panurginae, this bee is a solitary ground-nester.
Pseudopanurgus rugosus
Pseudopanurgus rugosus is a species of mining bee in the family Andrenidae, first described by Robertson in 1895. The species is native to North America and Middle America. As a member of the Panurginae subfamily, it is a solitary bee that excavates nests in soil. The specific epithet 'rugosus' refers to a wrinkled or roughened surface texture, likely describing some aspect of the integument.
Pseudoplatylabus townesi
Pseudoplatylabus townesi is a species of ichneumon wasp described by Heinrich in 1962. It belongs to the large family Ichneumonidae, a group of parasitoid wasps. The species is extremely poorly known, with only two documented observations on iNaturalist and minimal published biological information. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to be a parasitoid of other insects, though specific host records are unavailable.
Psorthaspis brimleyi
spider wasp
Psorthaspis brimleyi is a species of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae. It is one of several species in the genus Psorthaspis, which are specialized predators of spiders. The species was originally described as Pedinaspis brimleyi by Malloch in 1928. Spider wasps in this family are solitary hunters that paralyze spiders to provision nests for their larvae.
Psorthaspis formosa
Psorthaspis formosa is a species of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, first described by Smith in 1862. The genus Psorthaspis comprises spider-hunting wasps that provision their nests with paralyzed spiders as food for their larvae. Like other pompilids, this species is solitary and exhibits specialized predatory behavior toward spiders. The species has been documented in the southwestern United States, with observations from Arizona.
Psorthaspis legata
Psorthaspis legata is a species of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, first described by Cresson in 1867. Members of the genus Psorthaspis are known as scoliid wasps, characterized by their robust bodies and parasitoid lifestyle. The species has been documented in North America with 279 observations recorded on iNaturalist. Like other pompilid wasps, Psorthaspis species are solitary hunters that provision their nests with paralyzed spiders as food for their larvae.
Psorthaspis luctuosa
Psorthaspis luctuosa is a species of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, first described by Nathan Banks in 1910. The genus Psorthaspis belongs to a group of solitary wasps known for hunting spiders as prey for their larvae. Records of this species are sparse, with limited observational data available. A related species, Psorthaspis portiae, has been documented in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona, suggesting similar montane habitats may be occupied by P. luctuosa.
Psorthaspis mariae
Psorthaspis mariae is a species of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, first described by Cresson in 1867. The genus Psorthaspis belongs to the spider wasp family, members of which are known for hunting spiders to provision their nests. Information specifically documenting this species is limited in the provided sources.
Psorthaspis portiae
Psorthaspis portiae is a species of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, first described by Rohwer in 1921. The species has been documented in the southwestern United States, with specific observations in Arizona. As a member of the genus Psorthaspis, it belongs to a group of wasps known for hunting spiders to provision their nests. The species is recognized by its distinctive coloration, featuring a black body with bright orange thorax and whitish abdominal apex.
Psorthaspis sanguinea
Psorthaspis sanguinea is a species of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, first described by Smith in 1855. As a member of this family, it belongs to a group of solitary wasps known for hunting spiders to provision their nests. The specific epithet 'sanguinea' (Latin for 'bloody' or 'blood-red') likely refers to coloration characteristics of this species. Very limited specific biological information is available for this particular species.
Pterocheilus denticulatus
Pterocheilus denticulatus is a solitary mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae, characterized by fossorial nesting behavior in sandy or soft soils. Females excavate burrows using specialized morphological adaptations including a tarsal rake on the front feet and a psammophore—a "beard" of long setae on the palps used to transport excavated soil away from the nest entrance. The species was described by de Saussure in 1855 and belongs to a genus of approximately 40 North American species, most diverse in the southwestern United States.
Pterocheilus diversicolor
Pterocheilus diversicolor is a species of solitary mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae, described by Rohwer in 1911. Like other members of the genus Pterocheilus, females are fossorial, excavating burrows in soil or sand using specialized tarsal spines and a psammophore (beard-like setae on the mouthparts) to carry excavated material away from the nest entrance. The species belongs to a genus of approximately 40 North American species with greatest diversity in the southwestern United States. Specific biological details for P. diversicolor remain poorly documented compared to better-studied congeners such as P. quinquefasciatus.
Pterocheilus hirsutipennis
A solitary mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae, Pterocheilus hirsutipennis is one of approximately 40 North American species in this genus. Like other Pterocheilus, females are fossorial, excavating subterranean burrows in sandy or soft soils rather than using pre-existing cavities or building mud nests. The species was described by Bohart in 1940 and is part of a genus whose members are most diverse in the southwestern United States. Most species biology remains poorly documented.
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mirandus
Pterocheilus mirandus is a solitary mason wasp in the family Vespidae, subfamily Eumeninae, described by Cresson in 1897. Like other members of the genus Pterocheilus, this species is fossorial, excavating burrows in soil rather than using pre-existing cavities or constructing mud nests. The genus is most diverse in the southwestern United States, with approximately forty North American species. Most Pterocheilus species are poorly known biologically due to their secretive nesting habits and effective concealment of burrow entrances.
Pteromalini
Pteromalini is a tribe of chalcid wasps within the subfamily Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae). Members are small parasitoid wasps, part of the hyperdiverse superfamily Chalcidoidea. The tribe includes genera such as Miristhma, which contains rare and poorly collected species. Most biological details of the tribe remain undocumented.
Pteromalus
Pteromalus is a large genus of parasitic wasps in the family Pteromalidae, containing at least 430 described species. These small chalcidoid wasps are recognized as important biocontrol agents, particularly against pest fruit flies. The genus presents significant taxonomic challenges due to numerous cryptic species that are visually identical but genetically distinct. Many species remain undescribed, and identification relies heavily on detailed morphological measurements and modern interactive keys.
Pteromalus puparum
white butterfly pupal parasitoid wasp
Pteromalus puparum is a gregarious endoparasitoid wasp that attacks the pupal stage of butterflies, particularly pierids and papilionids. It is widely distributed and has been extensively studied for biological control of agricultural pests, notably Pieris rapae, the small white cabbage butterfly. The species exhibits sophisticated host manipulation through venom injection during oviposition, which suppresses host immunity and regulates development. It is a model organism for studying parasitoid venom biochemistry, reproductive strategies, and innate immunity.
Ptiloglossa mexicana
Mexican feather-tongue
Ptiloglossa mexicana is a nocturnal bee species in the family Colletidae, commonly known as the Mexican feather-tongue. It is found from Central America north to Texas, USA. As a member of the genus Ptiloglossa, it belongs to a group of bees characterized by their distinctive feathery glossae (tongue structures) adapted for nectar collection. The species is part of the diverse and ecologically important community of native bees that contribute to pollination in its range.
Pulverro
Pulverro is a genus of aphid wasps in the family Crabronidae, subfamily Pemphredoninae. The genus was established by Pate in 1937 and contains approximately 13 described species. These wasps are specialized predators of aphids, a characteristic trait of the Ammoplanina group within the Pemphredoninae.
Pygocryptus brevicornis echthroides
Pygocryptus brevicornis echthroides is a subspecies of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, described by Townes in 1944. The genus Pygocryptus belongs to the large and diverse ichneumonid wasp family, whose members are predominantly parasitoids of other insects. This subspecies is part of the nominate species P. brevicornis, with 'echthroides' indicating a distinctive morphological or geographic variant. Ichneumonid wasps in this genus are generally small to medium-sized parasitoids.
Pygodasis quadrimaculata
Large Four-spotted Scoliid Wasp
Pygodasis quadrimaculata, commonly known as the Large Four-spotted Scoliid Wasp, is a species of scoliid wasp in the family Scoliidae. Scoliid wasps are solitary, ground-nesting wasps that parasitize scarab beetle larvae. This species is notable for its large size among scoliids and its distinctive four-spotted wing pattern. The species has been documented in 1,712 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is relatively well-observed and likely not rare in its range.
Rhadinoceraea nubilipennis
Rhadinoceraea nubilipennis is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. The species is known from limited observations, with 11 records documented on iNaturalist. It belongs to a genus of sawflies whose larvae are typically associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic plants.
Rhogogaster lateraria
Rhogogaster lateraria is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, originally described from North America by Cresson in 1880. It belongs to a genus of relatively large, often brightly colored sawflies commonly known as green sawflies. The species is documented from western Canada, with records from Alberta and British Columbia. Like other members of its genus, it likely exhibits the characteristic sawfly morphology with a broad connection between thorax and abdomen, lacking the narrow waist typical of many other Hymenoptera.
Rhopalosoma nearcticum
Rhopalosoma nearcticum is a parasitoid wasp in the family Rhopalosomatidae. Its larvae develop as ectoparasitoids on crickets, with documented hosts including multiple Hapithus species and the Anaxipha exigua species-group. The species is found in the Americas from the United States to Brazil, though phylogenetic studies suggest at least two genetically distinct Rhopalosoma clades exist in America north of Mexico.
parasitoidectoparasitoidcricket-parasitewaspshymenopterarhopalosomatidaenearcticumbrues-1943americasunited-statesbrazilmid-atlantictennesseehapithusanaxiphagryllidaetrigonidiidaebarcodingphylogeneticsgenetic-cladeslarval-developmenthost-specificityinsect-parasitoidaculeatavespoideaapocritahexapodaarthropodainsectaanimaliametazoaeukaryotacypress-grove-nature-parkjackson-tennesseeopen-journal-of-animal-sciencesjournal-of-hymenoptera-researchgbifinaturalistcatalogue-of-lifencbi-taxonomywikipediadna-barcodingnew-host-recordspecies-complexcryptic-speciesnorth-americacentral-americasouth-americamexicomexican-statesutahdistribution-recordsobservations327-observations737475767778mxcmxemxgmximxnmxsmxtutaacceptedexact-matchspecies-rank1943bruesrhopalosoma-cressonhymenoptera-rhopalosomatidaeamerica-north-of-mexicocricket-parasitizing-wasphabitat-abundancesmid-atlantic-parkectoparasitoid-larvaehost-speciesgryllidae-hapithinaetrigonidiidae-trigonidiinaegenetic-evidencesecond-speciesphylogenetic-analysesgenetically-distinct-cladesat-least-two-speciesdocumented-specieslarvae-collectedcollection-sitenature-parkconservativefactualaccuratestructuredentomologyguidetaxon-recordjson-schemahigh-level-overviewphysical-descriptiondistinguishsimilar-taxaenvironmentconditionsgeographic-rangetimingactivityfeedingdevelopmentalstagesnotableactionshabitsecosysteminteractionmeaningfuladditional-contextcleardirectconcretenon-overlappinguniquecautiousobservedknownnullsupportedjustifiedinferredmediumlowsparsewell-supportedpartialreliablecritical-rulesfield-intentstyle-rulesquality-rulesoutput-formatstrictly-matchno-extra-fieldsno-commentaryprioritycorrectnesscompletenessclarityverbosityusefulnessspeculationvaguegeneralizationsfabricatebehaviorsdiet-detailslife-cycle-detailshost-relationshipsflufffillertaxonomyprosetechnical-jargonconcrete-statementsabstract-descriptionsRhopalosomatidae
Rhopalosomatid Wasps
Rhopalosomatidae is a small family of aculeate wasps containing approximately 68 extant species in four genera: Rhopalosoma, Olixon, Liosphex, and Paniscomima. Adults are solitary and often ant-like in appearance. Larvae are obligate ectoparasitoids of crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea), attaching to the lateral side of the host between the metafemur and abdomen. The family exhibits remarkable morphological diversity, with winged species typically nocturnal and brachypterous species mainly diurnal. The family has a worldwide tropical and subtropical distribution, absent from Europe and Antarctica.
Rhopalum atlanticum
Rhopalum atlanticum is a species of solitary wasp in the family Crabronidae, described by R. Bohart in 1974. The genus Rhopalum comprises small, predatory wasps known as sand wasps that provision nests with paralyzed prey. This species occurs in North America and Middle America. Like other members of its genus, it likely excavates burrows in sandy soils and hunts small insects to provision larval cells.
Rhopalum clavipes
Rhopalum clavipes is a species of square-headed wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is native to Europe and Northern Asia, and has been introduced to North America where it is now widespread. The species has been documented with a unique phoretic association with the dipteran Ptychoneura minuta, whose eggs are attached to the thorax of adult female wasps.
Rhopalum sp.
A member of the digger wasp genus *Rhopalum*, provisionally assigned as a likely introduced species pending formal identification. *Rhopalum* species are solitary, predatory wasps that provision nests with paralyzed prey for their larvae. This record represents a specimen or population detected outside its presumed native range, suggesting human-mediated dispersal. The genus occurs across multiple continents, with some species widely distributed due to commerce and travel.
Rhysipolinae
Rhysipolinae is a small cosmopolitan subfamily of braconid wasps comprising approximately 10 genera and more than 80 species. Members are cyclostome wasps characterized by koinobiont ectoparasitoid biology—a rare strategy among Braconidae that deviates from the more common koinobiont-endoparasitoid or idiobiont-ectoparasitoid modes. The subfamily has been taxonomically challenging due to the absence of exclusive morphological diagnostic features, though recent phylogenomic analyses using ultraconserved elements have confirmed its monophyly and clarified some generic boundaries.
Rhysipolis
Rhysipolis is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Rhysipolinae (Braconidae), comprising approximately 22 described species. Species are small, with body lengths of 2.5–4.0 mm and fore wing lengths of 2.2–4.0 mm. The genus is distributed across the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions, with records from China, Russia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and parts of Europe. Members are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, with documented hosts including bagworm moths (Psychidae) and snout moths (Pyralidae).
Rhyssa lineolata
Rhyssa lineolata is a species of ichneumonid wasp in the genus Rhyssa. The species has been documented in North America with records from Canada (Edmonton, George L) and the United States (Vermont). A photographic study has documented its host location and oviposition mechanisms, indicating it is a parasitoid wasp that locates hosts and deposits eggs using specialized behaviors. Like other members of the genus Rhyssa, it is presumed to be associated with wood-boring hosts, though specific host records for this species were not available in the consulted sources.
Rhyssella nitida
Rhyssella nitida is a diurnal ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. The female possesses an exceptionally long ovipositor used to drill into wood and locate host larvae. It is an external parasitoid of wood-wasp larvae in the genus Xiphydria. The species has been documented at blacklight traps, though this appears to be an exception to its normally diurnal activity pattern.
Rhytidothorax
Rhytidothorax is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, first described by Ashmead in 1900. The genus is part of the subfamily Encyrtinae within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Like other encyrtids, members of this genus are presumed to be parasitoids, though specific host associations and biological details remain poorly documented in available literature.
Rubicundiella
Rubicundiella is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, described by Heinrich in 1961. As a member of this large parasitoid wasp family, species in this genus likely exhibit the slender body form and elongated ovipositor characteristic of many ichneumonids. The genus name suggests a reddish coloration. The 74 iNaturalist observations indicate some level of detectability in the field, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Rysepyris micidus
Rysepyris micidus is a species of wasp in the family Bethylidae, a group of small parasitoid wasps. Members of this genus are known to parasitize larvae of beetles and other insects. The species is characterized by its compact body form typical of bethylids. Specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented in published literature.
Rysepyris subtilis
Rysepyris subtilis is a species of sand wasp in the family Bembicidae. The genus Rysepyris belongs to the tribe Bembicini, a group of solitary wasps known for their ground-nesting behavior and predatory habits. Species in this genus are poorly documented in the primary literature, with most information derived from museum specimens and taxonomic catalogs. The specific epithet 'subtilis' suggests subtle or delicate characteristics, though the precise morphological basis for this naming is not clearly documented in available sources.
Sapyga
Sapyga is a genus of sapygid wasps comprising at least 19 described species. Species in this genus are cleptoparasites (kleptoparasites) of solitary bees, particularly megachilid bees. They enter host nests to lay eggs in unfinished or provisioned cells, with their larvae consuming host provisions and killing host larvae. The genus exhibits specialized parasitic adaptations including the ability to oviposit through cell closures.
Sapyga angustata
Sapyga angustata is a species of sapygid wasp, a member of the family Sapygidae within the order Hymenoptera. Sapygid wasps are cleptoparasites, meaning they lay their eggs in the nests of other solitary bees and wasps, where their larvae consume the host's provisions. This species is part of a genus distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records primarily from Europe and western Asia. Observations of S. angustata remain relatively sparse, reflecting both its small size and its secretive nesting biology.
Sapyga confluenta
Sapyga confluenta is a species of sapygid wasp in the family Sapygidae, a group of solitary wasps that are cleptoparasites of other solitary bees. The species belongs to the genus Sapyga, which is the type genus of the family. Sapygid wasps are generally small to medium-sized with distinctive body shapes and are known for their parasitic lifestyle targeting mason bees and other solitary bee groups.
Sapyga louisi
Louis's Club-horned Cuckoo Wasp, club-horned cuckoo wasp
A small species of club-horned wasp in the family Sapygidae. Adults visit flowers for nectar. The larvae are kleptoparasites that develop by consuming the provisions and host larvae of leaf-cutter bees, including Heriades carinata. The species is distinguished from allies by distinctive yellow body markings and reduced size.
Saranaca apicalis
Saranaca apicalis is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Cresson in 1877. The genus Saranaca is a small genus within this large family of parasitoid wasps. Ichneumonid wasps are characterized by their slender bodies, long antennae, and parasitoid life history, with females laying eggs in or on host insects. The specific epithet 'apicalis' refers to a feature at the apex, likely of the wing or abdomen, though the original description details are not provided in available sources.
Sathon
Sathon is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, established by Mason in 1981. These insects belong to the order Hymenoptera and are part of the diverse group of wasps, ants, and bees. The genus is known from limited observations, with distribution records indicating presence in Norway and Sweden.
Saygorytes
Saygorytes is a genus of sand wasps in the family Crabronidae, established by Nemkov in 2007. The genus comprises approximately seven described species distributed in North America. Members are solitary wasps that visit sunflowers and other plants for nectar. They are part of the diverse community of wasps attracted to extrafloral nectaries on sunflowers in arid and disturbed habitats.
Saygorytes phaleratus
Saygorytes phaleratus is a species of sand wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is found in Central America and North America. The species was originally described by Thomas Say in 1837. As a member of the sand wasp group, it is likely associated with sandy habitats where it hunts for prey to provision its nest.
Scelio floridanus
Scelio floridanus is a parasitoid wasp species first described by Ashmead in 1893. It belongs to the genus Scelio within the family Platygastridae (formerly treated as Scelionidae). The species is native to Florida, as indicated by its specific epithet. Like other members of Scelio, it is presumed to be an egg parasitoid of orthopteran hosts, though specific host records for this species are not well documented in available sources.
Sceliphron curvatum
Asian mud-dauber wasp
Sceliphron curvatum is a solitary mud-daubing wasp native to Central Asia that has become invasive in Europe and North America. First recorded in Europe in 1979, it has since expanded across multiple European countries and was first documented in North America in 2013. The species is smaller and darker than the native North American Sceliphron caementarium, with a body length of 15–25 mm and black coloration with yellow and red ornaments. It exhibits strongly synanthropic behavior, frequently nesting indoors on clothing, books, and furniture rather than exclusively on building exteriors.
Schenkia parallela
Schenkia parallela is a species of ichneumonid wasp described by Townes and Gupta in 1962. It belongs to the genus Schenkia within the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. The species name refers to parallel structures, likely describing some aspect of its morphology. Like other ichneumonids, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host relationships remain undocumented in available sources.
Schizopyga frigida
Schizopyga frigida is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, described by Ezra Townsend Cresson in 1870. The genus Schizopyga belongs to the diverse parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families within Hymenoptera. Members of this genus are known as parasitoids of other insects, though specific biological details for S. frigida remain limited in published literature.
Schwarzella
Schwarzella is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Chalcididae, described by Ashmead in 1904. The genus belongs to the tribe Hybothoracini within the subfamily Haltichellinae. Chalcidid wasps in this group are generally small parasitoids, though specific biological details for Schwarzella remain poorly documented. The genus is rarely encountered in field observations, with limited published natural history information.
Schwarzella arizonensis
Schwarzella arizonensis is a species of chalcidid wasp described by Ashmead in 1904. It belongs to the family Chalcididae, a group of small parasitoid wasps. The species is recorded from the southwestern United States, specifically Arizona, California, and New Mexico. Like other members of its family, it likely functions as a parasitoid of other insects, though specific host records for this species are not well documented.