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Lygus convexicollis
Lygus convexicollis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, native to western North America. It is one of 34 recognized species in the genus Lygus on the continent. The species was described by Reuter in 1876, with two former varieties (coloratus and dolichorhynchus) later synonymized under it. Like other Lygus species, it is a true bug with piercing-sucking mouthparts and is associated with herbaceous vegetation.
plant-bug Miridae Lygus Hemiptera western-North-America true-bug taxonomic-revision
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
agricultural-pest plant-bug Miridae cotton-pest strawberry-pest alfalfa-pest western-North-America diapause biological-control integrated-pest-management insecticide-resistance mark-release-recapture salivary-enzymes extraoral-digestion Peristenus-relictus Hippodamia-convergens drone-sampling fluorescent-marking SmartWater vector Pantoea-ananatis Serratia potassium-chloride deterrent artificial-diet lentil seed-crops California Texas Arizona Nevada Washington Mexico polyphagous phytophagous stylet-probing scutellum nymph-spots economic-entomology organic-agriculture ecosystem-services bird-predation molecular-gut-analysis ELISA immunomarking parasitoid population-suppression crop-protection sampling-protocols sweep-net drop-cloth Y-tube-olfactometer gustatory-deterrent visual-cues volatile-cues reproductive-diapause postdiapause oogenesis oviposition longevity body-mass life-history mass-spectrometry salivary-proteins polygalacturonase α-amylase protease laccase glucose-dehydrogenase xanthine-dehydrogenase plant-defense host-pathogen-interaction iDrone-Bee UAV unmanned-aerial-vehicle open-source field-scouting IPM economic-threshold Bt-cotton natural-enemy conservation-biological-control landscape-ecology habitat-management weed-management border-sprays spot-treatment selective-insecticide neonicotinoid pyrethroid resistance-management sustainable-agriculture food-security economic-impact simulation-model population-dynamics immigration parasitism averted-loss value-loss cost-benefit research-methodology insect-marking dispersal fluorophore autofluorescence survivorship mortality mark-transfer crowding olfactometer feeding-behavior no-choice-assay choice-assay gustation host-selection plant-quality succulent-growth fruiting-structures square boll bloom terminal defoliation stand-loss dirty-bloom puckered-petals lesion carpel-wall lint-damage seed-damage yield-loss fiber-quality management-threshold scouting-interval action-threshold treatment-timing insecticide-efficacy labeled-rate difficult-to-control species-complex identification-key morphology color-variation wing-development antennae thorax abdomen instar developmental-stage laboratory-rearing oligidic-diet semisolid-slurry chicken-egg soybean wheat-germ lima-bean cost-reduction biomass-production survival fecundity egg-production generation-time population-growth log-phase colony-maintenance genetic-diversity field-collection adaptation stress-tolerance oxidative-stress temperature-extreme food-deficit resource-allocation reproductive-senescence endogenous-reserves environmental-stressor climate-adaptation phenology migration dispersal-pattern habitat-patch source-sink population-source population-sink crop-border field-edge non-crop-habitat refuge overwintering-site spring-emergence summer-population fall-population density-dependence aggregation spatial-distribution sampling-accuracy pest-detection monitoring-technology precision-agriculture digital-agriculture automation robotics machine-learning computer-vision sensor-technology data-collection decision-support grower-education extension stakeholder-engagement multidisciplinary-research academia-industry-collaboration sustainable-intensification agroecosystem food-system plant-insect-interaction insect-plant-coevolution salivary-secretion digestive-enzyme lytic-enzyme tissue-maceration feeding-injury physiological-damage mechanical-damage wound-response plant-defense-response induced-resistance systemic-acquired-resistance jasmonic-acid ethylene salicylic-acid secondary-metabolite phenolic-compound oxidative-enzyme redox-enzyme bacterial-transmission phytopathogen opportunistic-pathogen infection-court inoculum disease-vector epidemiology crop-hygiene sanitation crop-rotation cover-crop trap-crop push-pull habitat-manipulation conservation-biocontrol augmentative-biocontrol classical-biocontrol importation establishment non-target-effect host-specificity parasitoid-biology reproductive-parasitoid 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phytoalexin lignin suberin callose papilla cell-wall-reinforcement hypersensitive-cell-death induced-systemic-resistance priming defense-elicitor plant-activator biostimulant plant-strengthener organic-amendment compost manure biochar vermicompost compost-tea microbial-inoculant plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria mycorrhizal-fungus endophyte epiphyte phytosphere rhizosphere phyllosphere spermosphere anthroposphere ecosystem-process nutrient-cycling carbon-sequestration nitrogen-fixation phosphorus-solubilization potassium-mobilization micronutrient-availability soil-structure water-infiltration water-holding-capacity erosion-control pollination pest-suppression disease-suppression weed-suppression decomposition detritivory predation herbivory mutualism commensalism competition facilitation inhibition amensalism neutralism symbiosis antagonism trophic-interaction food-chain energy-flow material-cycling biomass-pyramid trophic-pyramid ecological-efficiency production-efficiency 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Lygus mexicanus
Lygus mexicanus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Kelton in 1973. It is one of 34 recognized species of Lygus in North America. The genus Lygus comprises economically significant plant-feeding bugs commonly known as lygus bugs or tarnished plant bugs, many of which are agricultural pests. Specific biological and ecological details for L. mexicanus remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
plant-bug Miridae Hemiptera North-America Middle-America Kelton-1973
Lygus punctatus
plant bug
Lygus punctatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It reaches a body length of approximately 6–7 mm. The species has a broad distribution across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Southern Asia. Adults have been recorded in high abundance on alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
Miridae plant-bug Hemiptera agricultural-pest alfalfa palearctic nearctic punctate-scutellum
Lygus rubroclarus
Lygus rubroclarus is a North American plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Knight in 1917. The species was previously known as Lygus frisoni, which was synonymized with L. rubroclarus in the 1975 revision of the genus. It belongs to a genus containing 34 recognized species in North America, many of which are significant agricultural pests.
Miridae Hemiptera North-America plant-bug Lygus synonymized-taxon Knight-1917
Lygus rugulipennis
European Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus rugulipennis is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, commonly known as the European tarnished plant bug. It is a widespread polyphagous pest with an exceptionally broad host range, documented on over 400 plant species across 57 families. The species is native to the Palaearctic region but has been introduced to North America. It is economically significant as a pest of alfalfa, clover, potato, cereals, sugar beet, and various other crops, causing damage through feeding on plant tissues.
agricultural-pest polyphagous plant-bug Miridae vibratory-communication oviposition-behavior invasive-species integrated-pest-management
Lygus shulli
Lygus shulli is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Knight in 1941. It belongs to the economically significant genus Lygus, whose members are major agricultural pests of cotton, strawberries, and other crops. The species occurs in boreal and western regions of North America. Like other Lygus species, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts and is associated with herbaceous vegetation.
plant-bug Miridae North-America Lygus boreal western-North-America
Lygus striatus
Lygus striatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Knight in 1917. It belongs to the genus Lygus, which contains several economically significant agricultural pests. The species is distributed across western North America, with records from the western United States and western Canada. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with herbaceous vegetation, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented compared to better-studied congeners such as Lygus hesperus and Lygus lineolaris.
plant-bug Miridae western-North-America Lygus Hemiptera Heteroptera
Macrolophus brevicornis
Macrolophus brevicornis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1926. The genus Macrolophus contains predatory plant bugs that have been studied for their potential in biological control of agricultural pests. This species is part of a genus whose members are known to feed on various arthropod prey including whiteflies, spider mites, and other small insects.
Miridae plant-bug predatory-bug biological-control North-America
Macrolophus mimuli
Macrolophus mimuli is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1968. The species is known from Arizona, USA, and belongs to a genus whose members are primarily associated with vegetation. The specific epithet "mimuli" suggests a possible association with plants in the genus Mimulus (monkeyflowers), though this relationship requires verification.
Miridae plant-bug Nearctic Arizona-endemic
Macrolophus pygmaeus
Macrolophus pygmaeus is a zoophytophagous plant bug in the family Miridae, widely distributed across Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. It functions as a generalist predator of agricultural pests including whiteflies, aphids, thrips, and spider mites, while also feeding on plant sap and extrafloral nectar. The species has been extensively studied for its potential as a biological control agent in greenhouse vegetable crops, particularly for controlling whiteflies and the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta. Males produce distinctive vibrational signals during courtship and male-male interactions.
zoophytophagous biological-control vibrational-communication systemic-resistance greenhouse-pest-management Miridae predatory-bug
Macrotylus
Macrotylus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae, first described by Fieber in 1858. The genus comprises at least 60 described species distributed across multiple continents, with documented occurrences in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Species within this genus exhibit considerable morphological variation, particularly in coloration and male genitalia structure. Some species are host-plant specialists with documented associations to specific plant families.
plant-bug Phylinae Miridae phytophagous host-specialist Palearctic Afrotropical
Macrotylus amoenus
Macrotylus amoenus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Reuter in 1909. It is found in North America, with confirmed records from Connecticut in the United States. As a member of the genus Macrotylus, it belongs to a group of mirid bugs typically associated with vegetation.
plant-bug Miridae North-America Hemiptera Heteroptera
Macrotylus essigi
Macrotylus essigi is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Van Duzee in 1916. It is a member of the diverse genus Macrotylus, which comprises small to medium-sized mirid bugs often associated with specific host plants. The species is known from limited records in California, USA.
Miridae plant-bug California-endemic rarely-recorded taxonomically-obscure
Macrotylus intermedius
Macrotylus intermedius is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Wagner in 1950. It belongs to a genus of small, often inconspicuous true bugs that are primarily associated with herbaceous vegetation. The species is documented from Dalmatia (Croatia) based on distribution records. Like other members of Macrotylus, it likely inhabits dry, open habitats where its host plants grow, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in available sources.
Miridae Hemiptera Croatia Dalmatia plant-bug true-bug
Macrotylus sexguttatus
Macrotylus sexguttatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Provancher in 1887. It is a small predatory or phytophagous true bug with a North American distribution centered in eastern Canada. The species name 'sexguttatus' (six-spotted) likely refers to a distinctive dorsal color pattern. Like other members of the genus Macrotylus, it is associated with herbaceous vegetation.
plant-bug Miridae North-America Canada six-spotted
Macrotylus tristis
Macrotylus tristis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Uhler in 1890. The species is endemic to California, where it has been documented from a small number of observations. As a member of the genus Macrotylus, it belongs to a group of mirids often associated with specific host plants.
endemic california plant-bug miridae rarely-observed
Macrotylus undescribed-sp-a
Macrotylus undescribed-sp-a is an unclassified species within the plant bug genus Macrotylus (family Miridae). As a formally undescribed species, it lacks published scientific documentation, type specimens, and diagnostic descriptions. Members of Macrotylus are generally small, soft-bodied heteropterans associated with herbaceous vegetation. The specific morphological features, host associations, and geographic range of this particular entity remain undocumented in scientific literature.
undescribed Miridae Phylinae plant-bug placeholder
Macrotylus vanduzeei
Macrotylus vanduzeei is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1932. It is found in North America, with confirmed records from California, USA. Like other members of the genus Macrotylus, it belongs to the diverse and economically important family of true bugs that feed on plant tissues.
Miridae plant-bug North-America California
Maculamiris insulanus
Maculamiris insulanus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Weirauch in 2006. The species is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, specifically Santa Catalina Island and San Clemente Island. As a member of the diverse Miridae family, it belongs to one of the largest families of true bugs, though specific ecological details for this island-endemic species remain poorly documented.
endemic island Channel-Islands California plant-bug Miridae
Malacocoris
Malacocoris is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Fieber in 1858. The genus contains at least two described species: Malacocoris chlorizans and Malacocoris elongatus. Species are distributed across Europe and North America, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Miridae plant-bugs true-bugs Hemiptera
Megalocoleus
Megalocoleus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae. The genus contains approximately 18 described species. Members are true bugs (Hemiptera) characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts. The genus was established by Reuter in 1890.
plant-bugs Miridae Hemiptera true-bugs Cimicomorpha Palearctic
Megalopsallus
Megalopsallus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae. The genus was established by Knight in 1927 and contains at least 30 described species. Species in this genus are small, soft-bodied insects with the characteristic hemelytra of true bugs. The genus is primarily distributed in western North America, where species inhabit various plant associations.
Miridae Phylinae plant-bugs western-North-America Hemiptera Knight-1927
Megalopsallus brendae
Megalopsallus brendae is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae, described by Schuh in 2000. It belongs to the tribe Hallodapini, a group of mirid bugs often associated with conifer hosts. The species is known from the western United States, specifically Arizona, California, and Nevada. Like other members of the genus Megalopsallus, it is likely associated with coniferous vegetation, though specific host plant records for this species are not documented in available sources.
Miridae Phylinae Hallodapini plant-bug western-North-America conifer-associated Schuh-2000
Megalopsallus ephedrae
Megalopsallus ephedrae is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae. Originally described by Knight in 1968 as Merinocapsus ephedrae, it was later transferred to Megalopsallus. The species is associated with Ephedra (Mormon tea) in arid regions of western North America. It is one of approximately 20 species in the genus Megalopsallus, which occurs primarily in western North America.
Miridae Phylinae plant-bug Ephedra Mojave-Desert western-North-America arid-habitat Knight-1968 Merinocapsus
Megalopsallus humeralis
Megalopsallus humeralis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, originally described by Van Duzee in 1923 as Sthenarus humeralis. It belongs to the subfamily Phylinae, a group of small predatory or phytophagous true bugs commonly known as leaf bugs or plant bugs. The genus Megalopsallus comprises small mirids distributed primarily in western North America and adjacent regions of Mexico. This species has been documented from arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
Miridae Phylinae Hemiptera true-bug plant-bug western-North-America desert-fauna Van-Duzee-1923 Sthenarus
Megalopsallus marmoratus
Megalopsallus marmoratus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1968. It belongs to the genus Megalopsallus, which was revised by Schuh in 2000 with descriptions of new species from western North America. The species is documented from the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
Miridae Phylinae plant-bug Hemiptera North-America Mexico Arizona California Baja-California
Megalopsallus nicholi
Megalopsallus nicholi is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae. It was described by Knight in 1968. The species is known from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. As a member of the genus Megalopsallus, it belongs to a group of small, often inconspicuous mirids associated with coniferous vegetation.
Miridae Phylinae plant-bug conifer-associated Nearctic
Megalopsallus nigricaput
Megalopsallus nigricaput is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae, described by Randall T. Schuh in 2000. The species belongs to a genus of small, often inconspicuous mirids associated with coniferous host plants. It is known from the southwestern United States, specifically Arizona, Nevada, and Utah.
Miridae Phylinae plant-bug western-North-America conifer-associated
Megalopsallus pictipes
Megalopsallus pictipes is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, originally described as Plagiognathus pictipes by Van Duzee in 1918. The species is distributed across the western United States and northern Mexico. Like other members of the genus Megalopsallus, it is a small predatory or plant-feeding true bug. The specific epithet 'pictipes' refers to the marked or painted legs, a characteristic feature of this species.
Miridae Hemiptera plant-bug western-North-America Mexico United-States Van-Duzee-1918 Plagiognathus-pictipes
Megalopsallus rubropictipes
Megalopsallus rubropictipes is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae. It was described by Knight in 1927. The species is distributed across western North America, with records from the western United States and Canada. As a member of the genus Megalopsallus, it belongs to a group of small, often inconspicuous phytophagous mirids associated with various host plants.
Miridae Phylinae plant-bug western-Nearctic North-America
Megalopsallus sparsus
Megalopsallus sparsus is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, first described from the western Nearctic region. It belongs to a genus of conifer-inhabiting phyline plant bugs. The species has been recorded from arid and semi-arid regions of western North America, including the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico.
Miridae Phylinae Hemiptera western-Nearctic conifer-associated plant-bug
Megalopsallus teretis
Megalopsallus teretis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Schuh in 2000. It belongs to the subfamily Phylinae, a group commonly known as leaf bugs or plant bugs that feed on plant sap. The species is known from arid and semi-arid regions of western North America.
Miridae Phylinae Hemiptera plant-bug western-North-America arid-habitat
Melymacra
Melymacra is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Schwartz in 2004. It belongs to the diverse infraorder Cimicomorpha within the true bugs (Heteroptera). The genus is poorly documented in scientific literature, with minimal published information on its species composition, biology, and ecology. Available records indicate extremely few observations, suggesting either genuine rarity, cryptic habits, or undercollection.
Miridae Heteroptera plant-bugs Cimicomorpha Schwartz-2004 data-deficient rarely-collected Nearctic
Melymacra apicalis
Melymacra apicalis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Van Duzee in 1916. It belongs to the genus Melymacra, which is part of the diverse and speciose family of true bugs commonly known as plant bugs or capsid bugs. The species is documented from the southwestern United States, specifically Arizona and California.
plant-bug capsid-bug southwestern-US Van-Duzee-1916 Miridae Hemiptera
Metriorrhynchomiris
plant bugs
Metriorrhynchomiris is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, containing at least three described species. The genus is most well-documented through Metriorrhynchomiris dislocatus, a widespread North American species known for extreme color polymorphism. Members are associated with woodland habitats and diverse plant hosts.
Miridae plant-bugs Hemiptera North-America color-polymorphism woodland-insects phytophagous
Metriorrhynchomiris fallax
Metriorrhynchomiris fallax is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is native to North America, with records from Pennsylvania and West Virginia in the United States. As a member of the genus Metriorrhynchomiris, it belongs to a group of mirid plant bugs known for exhibiting considerable color polymorphism, though specific details about M. fallax remain poorly documented in the scientific literature.
Miridae plant-bug Hemiptera North-America poorly-known-species color-polymorphism-genus
Mexicomiris
Mexicomiris is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, containing seven described species. The genus was established by Carvalho & Schaffner in 1974. Species are distributed in Mexico and the southern United States, with several species names suggesting associations with oak (Quercus). The genus is part of the diverse mirid fauna of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions.
Miridae plant-bug Nearctic Neotropical
Mexicomiris texanus
Mexicomiris texanus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Carvalho in 1986. It is a member of the diverse and speciose family of true bugs commonly known as plant bugs or leaf bugs. The species is known from Texas and has been recorded in North America.
Miridae Hemiptera plant-bug North-America Texas
Microtechnites
garden fleahopper
Microtechnites is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae containing approximately six described species. The genus includes the garden fleahopper (M. bractatus), an economically significant agricultural pest with a broad host range spanning at least 17 plant families. Species in this genus are distributed across the Americas from Canada to Argentina. M. bractatus has been extensively studied for its developmental biology and host plant interactions.
agricultural-pest polyphagous Miridae plant-bug vector
Microtechnites bractatus
garden fleahopper
Microtechnites bractatus, commonly known as the garden fleahopper, is a polyphagous plant bug in the family Miridae. It is an agricultural pest with documented economic impact on multiple crop species. The species has been recorded across the Americas from Canada to South America and has been introduced to Hawaii. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant variation in developmental success across host plants, with Fabaceae species supporting optimal fitness.
agricultural-pest polyphagous virus-vector Miridae plant-bug
Mimoceps insignis
Mimoceps insignis is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Uhler in 1890. The species is characterized by its distinctive coloration and moderate size among mirid bugs. It occurs in grasslands and open field habitats across parts of North America.
Miridae plant-bug Nearctic grassland
Monalocoris americanus
American Bracken Bug
Monalocoris americanus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found in North America and the Caribbean. The species is commonly known as the American Bracken Bug.
plant-bug Miridae North-America Caribbean
Monalocorisca rostrata
Monalocorisca rostrata is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Johnston in 1939. It belongs to the large and diverse family of true bugs, which are characterized by their piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species is currently accepted and documented in taxonomic catalogs, though detailed biological information remains limited.
Miridae Hemiptera Insecta Texas USA plant-bug true-bug
Myiomma
Myiomma is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, subfamily Isometopinae. The genus was established by Puton in 1872. At least 15 species of Isometopinae are recorded from China, with Myiomma being one of four genera represented in the region. The genus includes Myiomma qinlingensis, described from the Qinling Mountains of China.
Miridae Isometopinae plant-bug true-bug Heteroptera China Qinling-Mountains Puton-1872
Neocapsus fasciativentris
Neocapsus fasciativentris is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Stål in 1862. It occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species is part of the diverse and speciose genus Neocapsus, which contains numerous mirid species found primarily in the Americas. Like other mirids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant fluids.
Miridae Hemiptera plant-bug Nearctic Neotropical
Neocapsus leviscutatus
Neocapsus leviscutatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1925. Originally described as a subspecies of Neocapsus cuneatus, it is now recognized as a full species. The species is known from a limited number of records in the southeastern United States. Like other mirids, it belongs to the diverse group of true bugs characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Miridae plant-bug true-bug Hemiptera North-America
Neocyrtopeltocoris triangularis
Neocyrtopeltocoris triangularis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, order Hemiptera. As a member of the largest family of true bugs, it shares the characteristic piercing-sucking mouthparts typical of the order. The species is documented from very few observations, indicating it is either rare, cryptic, or undercollected.
Miridae Hemiptera plant-bug true-bug
Neolygus
Neolygus is a large genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, containing at least 110 described species. The genus was first reported from the Himalayas in 2012, with records from Nepal and North India. Species identification relies heavily on male genitalia structure. Several species have been transferred to this genus from related genera such as Lygocoris.
plant-bug mirid Hemiptera Heteroptera Miridae Mirinae
Neolygus caryae
Hickory Plant Bug
Neolygus caryae, commonly known as the hickory plant bug, is a mirid bug species associated with hickory trees (Carya spp.). The species name "caryae" directly references this host association. As a member of the plant bug family Miridae, it is a true bug with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species occurs in the eastern United States.
miridae plant-bug hickory-associated eastern-usa