Bark-beetle
Guides
Dactylotrypes longicollis
Dactylotrypes longicollis is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. It is an exotic species native to the Canary Islands that was first documented in California and North America in 2012. The species has been recorded in Africa, Europe, and North America, with established populations in California. As a scolytine beetle, it is associated with woody plants and bark habitats.
Dendroctonus
bark beetles, tree-killing beetles
Dendroctonus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. The genus name derives from Greek 'dendron' (tree) and 'ktonos' (murder), reflecting its capacity to kill trees. Species in this genus are among the most destructive forest pests in North America, with several species capable of causing extensive tree mortality through mass attacks. The genus exhibits complex chemical communication systems involving aggregation and antiaggregation pheromones, and maintains symbiotic relationships with yeasts and bacteria that aid in digestion and pheromone production.
Dendroctonus adjunctus
roundheaded pine beetle
Dendroctonus adjunctus, commonly known as the roundheaded pine beetle, is a bark beetle native to North America that infests and kills pine trees. Adults are 5–6 mm long with shiny, dark brown to black exoskeletons covered in hairs. The species has a one-year life cycle, with adults colonizing weakened pine trees in autumn, constructing extensive egg galleries in the cambium and phloem. Outbreaks can be devastating, killing up to 50% of pines in pure stands. The beetle is distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico, and is considered a serious pest of commercial and wild pine stocks.
Dendroctonus brevicomis
Western Pine Beetle
Dendroctonus brevicomis, commonly known as the western pine beetle, is a destructive bark beetle species in the family Curculionidae. It is a major pest of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri) in western North America. The species is known for causing extensive tree mortality during outbreaks, with documented losses of 60–90% of host trees in affected landscapes. A notable outbreak occurred in the central and southern Sierra Nevada Range from 2014 to 2017, killing millions of ponderosa pines. The beetle plays a significant role in forest dynamics but also poses substantial economic and ecological challenges.
Dendroctonus jeffreyi
Jeffrey pine beetle
Dendroctonus jeffreyi is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, endemic to western North America. The species is monophagous on Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), feeding on phloem and causing significant tree mortality during outbreak conditions. Adults bore into bark to create egg chambers, with larvae developing in galleries under the bark. The beetle possesses specialized mycangia for transporting the symbiotic fungus Ophiostoma clavigerum, which contributes to tree mortality. Populations show genetic structure across their range, with southern California populations most differentiated.
Dendroctonus mexicanus
Mexican bark beetle
Dendroctonus mexicanus is a bark beetle native to Mexico and Central America, recognized as the most widely distributed and destructive bark beetle in Mexico. It colonizes more than 21 pine species and causes significant tree mortality in coniferous forests. The species' population dynamics are strongly influenced by climate variables, particularly temperature and precipitation, with outbreak risk increasing under warmer, drier conditions. It is considered a major forest pest affecting wood supply and ecosystem services.
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murrayanae
Lodgepole Pine Beetle
Dendroctonus murrayanae, commonly known as the lodgepole pine beetle, is a bark beetle species in the subfamily Scolytinae. It is native to North America and primarily associated with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Unlike more aggressive Dendroctonus species, it is not a primary agent of tree mortality and typically attacks individual, predisposed trees rather than conducting mass attacks. The species has one annual generation, overwintering as larvae.
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain Pine Beetle
Dendroctonus ponderosae, commonly known as the mountain pine beetle, is a bark beetle native to western North America. It is a significant forest disturbance agent that attacks and kills pine trees, particularly during outbreak conditions. The beetle has a hard black exoskeleton and measures approximately 5 mm. Population success is heavily influenced by temperature, which drives phenology and adult emergence synchrony required for mass attacks on host trees. The species has been responsible for extensive tree mortality across millions of acres in the western United States and Canada.
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae
Douglas-fir beetle, Douglas fir beetle
The Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) is a bark beetle native to western North America and a major pest of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Adults are small (4.4–7 mm), light brown when young, darkening to brown or black with reddish wing covers. Outbreaks typically follow disturbances such as storms, fire, or drought, which provide stressed or dead host trees. The species has one of the most thoroughly studied pheromone systems among bark beetles, with operational use of its antiaggregation pheromone (MCH) to protect high-value trees developed over 40 years of research. The beetle also infests downed western larch (Larix occidentalis), though brood do not survive in live larch due to high 3-carene content.
Dendroctonus rufipennis
spruce beetle, great spruce bark beetle
Dendroctonus rufipennis, the spruce beetle, is a bark beetle native to North America and a major pest of spruce forests. Adults measure 4–7 mm in length and are among the larger bark beetles in spruce. The species undergoes a facultative life cycle of 1, 2, or 3 years, with 2-year cycles being most common. Outbreaks have caused extensive tree mortality across western North America, particularly affecting Engelmann and white spruce. Climate warming and drought stress are key factors driving population increases.
Dendroctonus simplex
Eastern Larch Beetle
Dendroctonus simplex, the eastern larch beetle, is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae that colonizes the phloem of tamarack (Larix laricina). Historically a secondary pest attacking stressed or dying trees, it has undergone an unprecedented 18-year outbreak in northern Minnesota since 2000, killing over 440,000 acres of tamarack forest. Research indicates that warming climate has enabled some populations to complete development without an obligatory overwintering period, potentially allowing multiple generations per year. The beetle is a holobiont, engaging in multipartite symbiotic interactions with bacteria and fungi that facilitate host colonization and detoxification of terpenes.
Dendroctonus terebrans
Black Turpentine Beetle
Dendroctonus terebrans, the black turpentine beetle, is the largest bark beetle in the southeastern United States. It attacks pine trees near the base of the trunk and in stumps, typically targeting stressed or freshly cut trees. Unlike the more destructive southern pine beetle (D. frontalis), it rarely kills healthy trees outright but can contribute to tree mortality through sustained feeding damage and by vectoring blue-stain fungi. The species produces and responds to complex semiochemicals, including frontalin and brevicomin, which facilitate mass attack behavior and may mediate interactions with other bark beetle species.
Dendroctonus valens
Red Turpentine Beetle
Dendroctonus valens is a bark beetle native to North and Central America, ranging from Canada to Honduras. In its native range, it primarily colonizes stumps of freshly cut trees and stressed or damaged conifers, causing minimal economic damage. Following its accidental introduction to China in the mid-1990s, likely via wood packaging material, it has become a highly destructive invasive pest. In China, it attacks healthy as well as stressed pine trees, particularly Pinus tabuliformis, and has killed over six million trees. The species exhibits complex mating behavior involving acoustic signals and chemical pheromones, and maintains symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria that assist in nutrition and detoxification of host plant defenses.
Dendrosinus bourreriae
Dendrosinus bourreriae is a species of crenulate bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It was described by E.A. Schwarz in 1920. The species is known to occur in North America and the Caribbean.
Dendroterus striatus
Dendroterus striatus is a species of bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, first described by Wood in 1972. It is known from North America and Middle America. As a member of the bark beetle guild, it likely colonizes woody substrates, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented in the available literature.
Deretaphrus
Deretaphrus is a genus of dry bark beetles (family Bothrideridae) comprising 25 species with a highly disjunct distribution centered on Australia. The genus was established in 1842 by Edward Newman based on specimens from Port Phillip, Australia. Most species (22) occur in Australia, with single species in New Caledonia, Bolivia, and western North America. The larvae are ectoparasites of woodboring beetle grubs, while adults appear to consume plant material.
Dolurgus pumilus
Dolurgus pumilus is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, first described by Eichhoff in 1868. It belongs to the genus Dolurgus, a group of bark beetles within the weevil superfamily Curculionoidea. The species has been recorded from northwestern North America, specifically British Columbia in Canada and Alaska in the United States. Very little detailed biological or ecological information is available for this species.
Dryocoetes
Dryocoetes is a genus of bark beetles (subfamily Scolytinae) in the weevil family Curculionidae. Species are distributed across North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The genus includes both conifer- and hardwood-associated species, with documented hosts including fir, spruce, pine, alder, birch, beech, poplar, liquidambar, and walnut. Several species are economically significant forest pests or invasive species.
Dryocoetes affaber
Faber Spruce Bark Beetle
Dryocoetes affaber, commonly known as the Faber Spruce Bark Beetle, is a bark beetle species in the weevil family Curculionidae. It is native to North America and has been documented across multiple Canadian provinces. As a member of the genus Dryocoetes, it is associated with coniferous trees, though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Dryocoetes betulae
birch bark beetle
Dryocoetes betulae is a bark beetle in the weevil family Curculionidae, commonly known as the birch bark beetle. It is a secondary colonizer that specializes in weakened, dying, or dead birch trees rather than attacking healthy hosts. The species has been documented in paper birch forests of northern Idaho and across North America from Alberta to Newfoundland.
Dryocoetes granicollis
Dryocoetes granicollis is a small bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. The species was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1876. It occurs in North America, with records from Canada including Manitoba and Québec. As a member of the genus Dryocoetes, it is associated with woody plants, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented.
Dryocoetini
Dryocoetini is a tribe of small bark beetles within the weevil family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. Members are characterized by their compact body form and association with woody hosts. The tribe includes economically significant species that colonize both coniferous and broadleaf trees.
Dysmerus basalis
Dysmerus basalis is a species of lined flat bark beetle in the family Laemophloeidae, described by Casey in 1884. It belongs to a family of small beetles commonly associated with dead or decaying wood, where they feed on fungal hyphae. The species has been documented in North America. Like other members of Laemophloeidae, it is likely adapted to life under bark, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Eidophelus
Eidophelus is a genus of minute bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. The genus was established by Eichhoff in 1876 and contains species formerly classified within the tribe Cryphalini. Based on recent taxonomic revision, Eidophelus has been reassigned from the former Cryphalini to one of three newly erected tribes. Species are extremely small, comparable in size to a grain of wheat.
Eidophelus jalapae
Eidophelus jalapae is a minute bark beetle species in the tribe Cryphalini. Like other members of this group, it is extremely small, measuring approximately 1 mm in length. The species was subject to taxonomic reclassification as part of the 2024 revision of the former Cryphalini, which reorganized this historically chaotic group into three distinct tribes. Eidophelus jalapae is one of multiple species within the genus Eidophelus that were clarified through this taxonomic work.
Elacatis umbrosus
Elacatis umbrosus is a narrow-waisted bark beetle in the family Salpingidae. It is restricted to western North America where it is associated with dead and dying conifers. The species was originally described as Othnius umbrosus by LeConte in 1861, with Othnius lugubris Horn 1868 later synonymized under it. It is one of seven recognized Nearctic species in the genus Elacatis.
Enoclerus lecontei
blackbellied clerid
Enoclerus lecontei is a predatory checkered beetle (family Cleridae) specialized in hunting bark beetles. It is found in North and Central America, with well-documented populations in western North America where it serves as a significant predator of the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis). The species has been extensively studied for its potential as a biological control agent against forest pest beetles.
Enoclerus sphegeus
Red-bellied Clerid
Enoclerus sphegeus, commonly known as the red-bellied clerid, is a species of checkered beetle in the family Cleridae. It is found in Central America and North America, including Alberta, Canada. The species is a significant predator of bark beetles, particularly the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and Ips species. Larval development is variable, with individuals completing either two or three stadia depending on prey size consumed during the first stadium. The species pupates underground.
Eudesma
Eudesma is a genus of cylindrical bark beetles in the family Zopheridae, established by LeConte in 1863. The genus contains a single described species, Eudesma undulata. These beetles belong to a group of primarily wood-associated beetles characterized by their compact, cylindrical body form.
Gnathotrichus retusus
western pinewood stainer
Gnathotrichus retusus, commonly known as the western pinewood stainer, is an ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is primarily univoltine, with a minimum development time of 40 days from egg to adult in Douglas-fir logs. The species is known to reproduce in both Douglas-fir and western hemlock stumps. Flight activity is strongly crepuscular, with a major peak at dusk and a minor morning peak, regulated primarily by light intensity.
Hylastes
Hylastes is a genus of crenulate bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, comprising over 90 species. Members are primarily associated with coniferous hosts, particularly pines and spruces, where they breed in stumps, roots, and stressed or dying trees. Several species are economically significant as vectors of fungal pathogens causing tree mortality. The genus has a fossil record extending to the Eocene, with Hylastes perkovskyi described from Rovno amber.
Hylastes gracilis
crenulate bark beetle
Hylastes gracilis is a bark beetle species in the family Curculionidae, first described by LeConte in 1868. It belongs to the subfamily Scolytinae, a group commonly known as bark and ambrosia beetles. The species has been documented in North America and Middle America, with specific records from British Columbia, Canada.
Hylastes macer
root-feeding bark beetle
Hylastes macer is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the root-feeding bark beetle. It belongs to the subfamily Scolytinae, a group of beetles known for their association with woody plants. The species is native to North America, with records from Canada and the United States. As a member of the genus Hylastes, it is likely associated with coniferous hosts, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Hylastes nigrinus
Hylastes nigrinus is a root-feeding bark beetle in the family Curculionidae (subfamily Scolytinae) that breeds in the roots and stumps of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), particularly in trees killed by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. The species exhibits strong temperature-dependent emergence and light-influenced flight behavior, with peak activity occurring in late afternoon or early evening. It is a suspected vector of the pathogen Verticicladiella wageneri, which causes black stain root disease. Development typically spans one year, with five larval instars and overwintering by both adults and mature larvae in galleries.
Hylastes opacus
crenulate bark beetle
Hylastes opacus is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, native to the Palearctic region and recently introduced to North America. The species breeds in stumps and roots of dead or dying pines (Pinus) and occasionally other conifers. Adults use host volatiles as chemical cues to locate suitable breeding material, with documented attraction to nonanal, ethanol, and (-)-α-pinene. The species has been recorded in North American locations including Vermont and New York.
Hylastes porculus
Hylastes porculus is a crenulate bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, found in North America. The species has been documented as a vector of pathogenic fungi, including Leptographium terebrantis, Leptographium procerum, and Ophiostoma ips, to wounded roots of red pine (Pinus resinosa). Its role in transmitting these fungi implicates it in red pine decline disease.
Hylastini
Hylastini is a tribe of bark and ambrosia beetles within the subfamily Scolytinae. These beetles are primarily associated with coniferous host plants across multiple families. The tribe is of significant economic importance due to its role as a forest pest and its potential for international spread through trade in wood products.
Hylastinus
clover root borer (for H. obscurus)
A genus of crenulate bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) comprising approximately 11 described species. The genus is best known through Hylastinus obscurus, the clover root borer, which has been extensively studied due to its status as a major agricultural pest of red clover (Trifolium pratense). Members develop in roots of leguminous plants, with larvae creating short galleries in root tissues. The genus has a Palearctic native distribution but H. obscurus has been introduced to North and South America where it causes significant crop damage.
Hylesinini
Crenulate Bark Beetles
Hylesinini is a tribe of crenulate bark beetles within the weevil family Curculionidae. The tribe comprises at least 20 genera and approximately 80 described species. Members are characterized by the presence of crenulate (scalloped or notched) elytral declivity, a diagnostic feature distinguishing them from related bark beetle tribes. These beetles are primarily associated with woody plants and are distributed across multiple continents.
Hylesinus
crenulate bark beetles
Hylesinus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae comprising more than 180 described species. Members are commonly known as crenulate bark beetles and are primarily associated with woody plants, particularly ash (Fraxinus) and pistachio (Pistacia). Several species have been studied as pests of economic or ornamental importance.
Hylesinus aculeatus
eastern ash bark beetle
Hylesinus aculeatus, commonly known as the eastern ash bark beetle, is a species of bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is one of approximately 20 species in the genus Hylesinus, which are primarily associated with ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). The species is native to North America and has been documented across a broad geographic range from Canada through the United States. Like other bark beetles in this genus, it is likely a phloem feeder that develops under the bark of host trees, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in published literature.
Hylesinus fasciatus
crenulate bark beetle
Hylesinus fasciatus is a species of crenulate bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, first described by LeConte in 1868. It is native to North America, with confirmed records from Canada (Ontario) and the United States. As a member of the genus Hylesinus, it belongs to a group of bark beetles associated with woody plants.
Hylesinus mexicanus
Hylesinus mexicanus is a species of bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, described by Wood & Bright in 1992. It is one of several species in the genus Hylesinus, a group commonly referred to as crenulate bark beetles. The species is recorded from North America and Middle America. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with woody plants, though specific host associations for this species have not been documented in available sources.
Hylocurus
Hylocurus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. The genus was established by Eichhoff in 1872 and contains approximately a dozen described species. Members of this genus are found in North America, with records from Mexico and the United States including California. Hylocurus species are associated with woody plants; H. hirtellus has been recorded from northern California black walnut (Juglans hindsii).
Hylocurus carinifrons
Hylocurus carinifrons is a species of bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, described by Atkinson in 1989. The species is known from North America. Like other members of the genus Hylocurus, it is associated with woody plants and belongs to the group commonly known as typical bark beetles.
Hylocurus hirtellus
Hylocurus hirtellus is a bark beetle (Scolytinae) described by Wood & Bright in 1992. It has been documented in Middle America and North America, including British Columbia, Canada. The species is known from a new host record involving northern California black walnut (Juglans hindsii), though detailed biological information remains limited.
Hylocurus parkinsoniae
Hylocurus parkinsoniae is a bark beetle species in the family Curculionidae, first described by Blackman in 1922. It belongs to the genus Hylocurus, a group of weevils associated with woody plants. The species is recorded from North America. Information on its biology and ecology remains limited.
Hylocurus rudis
Hylocurus rudis is a bark beetle species in the weevil family Curculionidae, described by Wood & Bright in 1992. It belongs to the genus Hylocurus, which contains ambrosia beetles that typically inhabit dead or dying wood. The species has been recorded in North America, specifically in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Québec. Very limited biological information is available for this species, with only two observations documented in iNaturalist.
Hylurgopinus
native elm bark beetles
Hylurgopinus is a monotypic genus of bark beetles in the tribe Hylesinini. The sole species, Hylurgopinus rufipes, is native to North America and serves as a principal vector of Dutch elm disease. Adults are small, brownish-red beetles that bore into elm bark to construct galleries for reproduction and overwintering.
Hylurgopinus rufipes
Native Elm Bark Beetle
The native elm bark beetle is a small scolytine weevil and principal vector of Dutch elm disease in the northern Great Plains and prairie provinces of Canada. Adults are brownish-red, measuring 2.3–2.9 mm, and complete one generation annually. Overwintered adults emerge in spring to colonize weakened or dying American elm, constructing egg galleries in the inner bark where larvae feed on cambium tissue. The species exhibits distinctive acoustic communication: males produce simple multipulse calls, stress/rivalry chirps, and bimodal premating stridulation at gallery sites, while females do not stridulate. Males become strongly arrested at attractive female galleries and engage in brief contests with rival males shortly after a resident male establishes presence.