Grassland
Guides
Chlorochroa osborni
Black-winged Chlorochroa
Chlorochroa osborni is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae, commonly known as the Black-winged Chlorochroa. It is distributed across Central America and North America. The species belongs to a genus of green stink bugs, though specific distinguishing features of this species include its black-winged appearance. It has been documented in field observations in mixed-grass prairie habitats.
Chloropidae
frit flies, grass flies, eye gnats
Chloropidae are a large family of small flies comprising approximately 2000 described species in over 160 genera, distributed worldwide. Adults are minute to small (1.0–4.0 mm, rarely to 12 mm), typically yellow, black, gray, or greenish, with a shiny appearance due to sparse pubescence. The mesonotum often bears three to five dark longitudinal stripes. Larvae exhibit diverse life histories: most are phytophagous, feeding on grasses and cereal crops, with some species causing significant agricultural damage; others are saprophagous, predatory, parasitic, or kleptoparasitic. A few species in genera Hippelates and Siphunculina are attracted to lachrymal secretions and other body fluids of mammals, earning the name 'eye gnats' and serving as mechanical vectors of bacterial and viral pathogens.
Chlorotettix lusorius
Chlorotettix lusorius is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Pendarini. It is a small, greenish true bug distributed across the northern Great Plains and adjacent regions of North America. The species was described by Osborn and Ball in 1897. Records indicate presence in prairie and grassland habitats.
Choristostigma plumbosignalis
Choristostigma plumbosignalis is a small crambid moth described by Charles H. Fernald in 1888. The species is distributed across western and central North America, from British Columbia and Alberta south to Arizona and New Mexico, and east to South Dakota. Adults have a wingspan of 20–21 mm and are active during summer months.
Chortophaga
green-striped grasshopper, band-winged grasshopper
Chortophaga is a genus of North American band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, tribe Chortophagini. The genus contains at least four recognized species, with C. viridifasciata (northern green-striped grasshopper) being the most widely distributed and best studied. Members are characterized by their banded hindwings and preference for moist grassland habitats. The genus ranges from Canada through the United States and into Central America and the Caribbean.
Cicadettana
Cicadettana is a genus of small cicadas established in 2017, previously classified under Cicadetta. These insects measure 12–20 mm in body length and produce high-pitched songs. The genus comprises five species, with one species endemic to Hispaniola and the remainder distributed across the eastern and central United States.
Cicadettana calliope
Southern Grass Cicada
A small North American cicada species known as the Southern Grass Cicada. Adults emerge and lay eggs in late spring. The species has a median total life cycle of approximately four years from egg to natural adult death. Formerly placed in the genus Cicadetta, it was transferred to the revalidated genus Cicadettana. The species is notable for increasing in abundance in prairies managed with spring and fall prescribed burns, unlike prairie cicadas in the genus Tibicen which are negatively impacted by such burns.
Cicadettana calliope floridensis
little green cicada
Cicadettana calliope floridensis is a subspecies of the little green cicada, a small cicada in the family Cicadidae. It belongs to a genus with only two species in the United States. The subspecies was described by Davis in 1920 and is currently considered valid. Like other members of its species, it is associated with grassland habitats and has a biology adapted to fire-prone environments.
Cicadettana kansa
Kansas Grass Cicada
Cicadettana kansa is a small North American cicada species formerly classified in the genus Cicadetta. Adults are lime green in coloration and produce a soft, barely audible buzzing call. The species inhabits mixed shortgrass prairie and is active in late spring and summer. It is distinguished from the similar C. calliope by having 4–5 apical cells in the hind wing rather than 6.
Cicadettini
True Largeclasper Cicadas
Cicadettini is a large tribe of cicadas within the family Cicadidae, comprising at least 110 genera and over 520 described species. Members are distributed worldwide except for the Neotropics, with notable radiations in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Palearctic. The tribe includes diverse ecological specialists, from grassland inhabitants to species associated with seasonal riverine floodplains. Many species produce species-specific acoustic signals used for mate recognition.
Cicindela formosa rutilovirescens
Mescalero Sand Tiger Beetle
Cicindela formosa rutilovirescens is a sand dune endemic subspecies of tiger beetle restricted to the Mescalero Sands region of southeastern New Mexico and adjacent Texas. First described by Rumpp in 1986, it is distinguished from other C. formosa subspecies by its distinctive greenish-red to coppery coloration. The subspecies is active in late summer and fall, with adults running on open sandy surfaces. It is considered uncommon and patchily distributed within its restricted habitat range.
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Cimarron Tiger Beetle
Cicindela purpurea cimarrona is a subspecies of the purple tiger beetle complex found in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of North America. As part of the spring-fall life history group within the true Cicindela, adults emerge in fall as sexually immature individuals, overwinter in burrows, and re-emerge in spring to mate and reproduce. This subspecies is one of several color variants within C. purpurea, which exhibits notable polymorphism including green, blue, black, and bronze-purple morphs. The specific epithet 'cimarrona' references its association with the Cimarron River region and surrounding grassland habitats.
Cicindela purpurea hatchi
Hatch's Tiger Beetle
Cicindela purpurea hatchi is a subspecies of the purple tiger beetle endemic to western North America, particularly in intergrade zones with the nominate subspecies in the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain regions. Adults exhibit the characteristic spring-fall life history of the Cicindela purpurea complex, emerging in fall as sexually immature adults, overwintering in burrows, and re-emerging in spring to mate and oviposit. The subspecies shows color polymorphism including green and black morphs, with black morphs occurring at lower frequency than in the nominate subspecies C. p. audubonii.
Cicindelidia obsoleta
Large Grassland Tiger Beetle, Prairie Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia obsoleta is a large tiger beetle species distributed across grassland habitats in central North America, from Texas through Oklahoma and northward into the Great Plains. The species exhibits notable geographic variation, with the nominate subspecies C. o. obsoleta occurring in the western portion of its range and displaying predominantly black coloration, while the disjunct Missouri/Arkansas population (C. o. vulturina) shows green to olive-green coloration. Adults are active during fall months, with the disjunct population showing a phenologic shift to cooler autumn activity compared to the summer-active main population. The species is among the largest North American tiger beetles, with adults reaching sizes comparable only to Tetracha virginica in its eastern range.
Cicindelidia obsoleta neojuvenilis
Rio Grande Grassland Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia obsoleta neojuvenilis, the Rio Grande Grassland Tiger Beetle, is a subspecies of the large grassland tiger beetle found in south Texas. It represents one of four recognized subspecies of C. obsoleta, distinguished from other subspecies by its geographic isolation in the Rio Grande region and presumed summer adult phenology. The subspecies occurs within a broader species complex that spans much of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, with disjunct populations in Missouri and Arkansas exhibiting notably different fall-emergent behavior.
Cicindelidia obsoleta obsoleta
Large Grassland Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia obsoleta obsoleta, the Large Grassland Tiger Beetle, is a subspecies of large tiger beetle found in dry grassland habitats of the southwestern United States. Adults are active during summer months and are among the largest tiger beetles in their range. The nominate subspecies occurs from western Texas and eastern New Mexico northward into eastern Colorado, overlapping with related subspecies in some areas. It is distinguished from the disjunct Missouri/Arkansas population (subspecies vulturina) by its summer adult phenology and generally darker coloration with reduced elytral maculations.
Cicindelidia obsoleta santaclarae
Santa Clara Grassland Tiger Beetle
A subspecies of the large grassland tiger beetle distinguished by bright green coloration and relatively well-developed elytral maculations compared to other subspecies. Adults are active during summer months and exhibit the classic 'summer' species life history pattern. The subspecies occurs in New Mexico and Arizona, where individuals show considerable color variation from black to bright green.
Circotettix carlinianus
Carlinian Snapper, Snapper Grasshopper
Circotettix carlinianus, commonly known as the carlinian snapper or snapper grasshopper, is a band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is characterized by its noisy flight and dark or black hindwings. The species is more frequently heard than seen due to its secretive nature. It occurs throughout grassland habitats in Wyoming and broader North America.
Coccinella undecimpunctata
eleven-spot ladybird, eleven-spotted lady beetle, eleven-spotted ladybird beetle
Coccinella undecimpunctata, commonly known as the eleven-spot ladybird or eleven-spotted lady beetle, is a small predatory beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is endemic to the Palearctic region and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand as a biological control agent. The species is distinguished by eleven black spots on its red or orange elytra, though one central spot creates the appearance of six spots per elytron. It is an effective predator of aphids and is used in integrated pest management programs.
Coenonympha haydenii
Hayden's ringlet
Hayden's ringlet is a narrowly endemic brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Despite its restricted geographic range, the species maintains genetic diversity levels comparable to more widespread butterflies. Population genetic structure is driven primarily by geographic isolation and distance rather than host plant specialization. The species shows a strong feeding preference for grasses over sedges, though this preference does not correlate with genetic differentiation among populations.
Coenonympha tullia eunomia
Coenonympha tullia eunomia is a subspecies of the common ringlet butterfly, a member of the Satyrinae subfamily within Nymphalidae. It occurs in Europe and North America, with populations found in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and other regions. As a subspecies of the widespread C. tullia, it inhabits similar environments to the nominate form, typically associated with grassland and bog habitats.
Collops nigriceps
Eastern Coastal Collops
Collops nigriceps is a soft-winged flower beetle (family Melyridae) with a documented preference for flowers of Gutierrezia sarothrae (broom snakeweed) in the southwestern United States. The species has been collected in northeastern New Mexico and has been observed in association with other flower-visiting beetles including cerambycids and cantharids. As a member of the genus Collops, it likely functions as a generalist predator in flower-based arthropod communities.
Colonus puerperus
Colonus puerperus is a jumping spider species found in the eastern United States, notable for its exceptional jumping ability. Adult females measure 7–11 mm, while males are smaller at 5–7 mm. The species has been documented jumping up to 38 times its body length, with a measured maximum horizontal jump of 23 cm for a 6.2 mm male. It inhabits grassy areas and is active during warmer months.
Conocephalinae
Coneheads and Meadow Katydids
Conocephalinae is a subfamily of katydids (family Tettigoniidae) comprising two main groups: meadow katydids (tribe Conocephalini, including genera Conocephalus and Orchelimum) and conehead katydids (tribe Copiphorini, including genera Neoconocephalus and Pyrgocorypha). Members are characterized by elongated bodies, long thread-like antennae, and often possess a distinctive forward-projecting cone or fastigium of the vertex. The subfamily is abundant in eastern North America and adjacent Canada, particularly in grasslands, wetlands, and meadows. Many species are known for their stridulatory songs produced by rubbing forewings together, and they exhibit diverse feeding habits ranging from herbivory to opportunistic predation.
Conocephalus brevipennis
Short-winged Meadow Katydid
The short-winged meadow katydid (Conocephalus brevipennis) is a small, flightless katydid native to North America and the Caribbean. Males produce species-specific stridulations by rubbing forewing structures together to attract mates. Females are distinguished by a prominent sword-like ovipositor used to deposit eggs in protected locations. The species is active primarily in late summer and autumn.
Conocephalus gracillimus
Graceful Meadow Katydid
Conocephalus gracillimus, commonly known as the graceful meadow katydid, is a species of meadow katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is native to North America, with records from Florida and broader North American distribution. As a member of the subfamily Conocephalinae, it belongs to a group of abundant orthopterans in the eastern United States and adjacent Canada.
Conocephalus saltans
Prairie Meadow Katydid, Western Prairie Grasshopper, Wingless Prairie Grasshopper
Conocephalus saltans, commonly known as the prairie meadow katydid, is a species of meadow katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. Despite common names suggesting otherwise, it is not a true grasshopper but a katydid (bush-cricket). The species is found in North America, with records from states including Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, and others. It belongs to the subfamily Conocephalinae, which includes abundant orthopterans of grasslands and prairies.
Conocephalus strictus
Straight-lanced Meadow Katydid
Conocephalus strictus, the straight-lanced meadow katydid, is a North American katydid notable for the female's exceptionally long, straight ovipositor that exceeds body length. The species exhibits wing dimorphism with short-winged (13–22 mm) and long-winged (21–30 mm) forms. Adults appear in late summer and occur year-round in dry grasslands, old fields, and pastures where they form dense aggregations. Males produce a faint, pulsating purr at 10–20 kHz.
Cosmopterix callichalca
Cosmopterix callichalca is a small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae with a forewing length of 3.1–5.7 mm. It is native to the Americas, with records from Argentina, Brazil, and the southern and midwestern United States. The larvae are leaf miners on Schizachyrium scoparium. The species exhibits geographic variation in voltinism: univoltine in Michigan, bivoltine in the southern United States, and likely multivoltine in Brazil.
Crambus agitatellus
double-banded grass-veneer moth, Double-banded Grass-veneer
A small crambid moth of eastern North America, recognized by its distinctive wing pattern and slender resting posture. Adults are active during mid-summer months. The species was first described by J.B. Clemens in 1860 and remains common in open grassy habitats.
Crambus girardellus
Girard's grass-veneer, Girard's grass-veneer moth
Crambus girardellus, commonly known as Girard's grass-veneer moth, is a small crambid moth described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1860. It is found across northeastern and north-central North America, from the Canadian prairies through the Great Lakes region to the northeastern United States. The species is associated with grassland habitats, where its larvae develop as root-feeders.
Crambus laqueatellus
Eastern Grass-veneer
Crambus laqueatellus, commonly known as the Eastern Grass-veneer, is a moth species in the family Crambidae. It was described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1860. The species is widespread across eastern and central North America, with adults active from spring through late summer. Larvae are grass-feeders, making this species a typical member of the grass-veneer group within Crambus.
Crambus multilinellus
multinellus grass-veneer
Crambus multilinellus is a small crambid moth known as the multinellus grass-veneer, described by Fernald in 1887. It is found in eastern North America, with records from the southeastern United States through the Great Lakes region to Ontario. Adults have a wingspan of 20–22 mm and are active from March to September. The larvae feed on grasses (Gramineae).
Crambus praefectellus
common grass-veneer, silver-striped webworm
A small grass moth in the family Crambidae, widespread across eastern North America. Adults are active from spring through fall, with extended or year-round activity in the southernmost parts of its range. Larvae develop within silken webs on grasses and cereal grains.
Crambus trichusalis
Crambus trichusalis is a grass moth in the family Crambidae, described by George Duryea Hulst in 1886. It is restricted to the northern Great Plains of North America, with confirmed records from the Canadian prairies and adjacent U.S. states. The species is strongly associated with native grassland habitats.
Crambus whitmerellus
Whitmer's Grass-veneer
Crambus whitmerellus is a grass-veneer moth in the family Crambidae, described by Alexander Barrett Klots in 1942. It is a North American species associated with grassland habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form and C. w. browni from Alberta and northern Montana. The species is part of a large genus of grass-feeding moths commonly known as sod webworms or grass-veneers.
Crematogaster lineolata
Small-lined Acrobat Ant
Crematogaster lineolata is a species of acrobat ant in the genus Crematogaster, characterized by its ability to raise its abdomen over its thorax when disturbed. The species has been documented in grassland habitats of northeastern Kansas, where it engages in a notable mutualistic relationship with the clytrine leaf beetle Anomoea flavokansiensis. Ant workers are attracted to beetle eggs, carry them into their nests, and provide a protected environment for beetle larval development. The species is part of the diverse Crematogaster genus, which contains numerous species worldwide.
Crophius
Crophius is a genus of true bugs in the family Oxycarenidae, containing approximately 16 described species. The genus is poorly known biologically, with most ecological information derived from studies of Crophius scabrosus. Adults have been documented in association with diverse plants including conifers, grasses, and composites, though nymphal hosts remain unidentified.
Cryptoscatomaseter iowensis
Iowa Small Dung Beetle
Cryptoscatomaseter iowensis is a small dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae. It is known from the central plains of North America, with records from the northern United States and southern Canada. The species was described by Wickham in 1913 from Iowa. Like other members of Aphodiinae, it is presumed to be associated with dung, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Ctenucha venosa
Veined Ctenucha Moth
Ctenucha venosa, commonly known as the veined ctenucha moth, is a diurnal moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1854, it is one of several North American Ctenucha species known for wasp-mimicking coloration. Adults are active from spring through late autumn with multiple generations per year. The species occurs across the southwestern United States and extends south through Mexico to Venezuela.
Cucullia speyeri
Speyer's paint, Speyer's cucullia, Speyer's hooded owlet moth
Cucullia speyeri is a noctuid moth species found in North America, ranging from the Canadian prairies to the Atlantic coast. The species inhabits open, dry grassland and meadow habitats. Adults are active in late spring and summer, with a wingspan of approximately 48 mm. The larvae feed on herbaceous Asteraceae and Conyza species. In Connecticut, the species is listed as a species of special concern and is believed to be extirpated.
Cupido
Tailed-Blues
Cupido is a genus of small butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as Tailed-Blues. The genus is confined to the Palearctic region and includes species characterized by short tail-like projections on the hindwings. Members of this genus are typically associated with grassland and open habitats, with larvae feeding on various leguminous plants. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with the subgenus Everes sometimes included within Cupido.
Dargida diffusa
Wheat Head Armyworm
Dargida diffusa, commonly known as the wheat head armyworm, is a noctuid moth native to North America. Adults have a wingspan of 27–36 mm and are active from May to September across their range. The species is economically significant due to larval feeding on seed heads of cereal crops and grasses, with timothy grass (Phleum pratense) being a particularly favored host.
Delphacodes anufrievi
Delphacodes anufrievi is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Wilson in 1992. It belongs to a genus containing numerous species associated with grasses and sedges. The species is known from western Canada, with records from British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Yukon. Like other delphacids, it likely inhabits wetland and grassland ecosystems where its host plants occur.
Delphacodes quadridentis
Delphacodes quadridentis is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Beamer in 1948. It belongs to a genus of small, often economically significant planthoppers that feed on grasses and sedges. The specific epithet "quadridentis" refers to a distinctive four-toothed structure, likely on the male genitalia or other diagnostic feature. Species in this genus are known vectors of plant pathogens and are studied for their agricultural impact.
Delphacodes turgida
Delphacodes turgida is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, first described by Beamer in 1948. The species is recorded from the southeastern United States, specifically Florida and Georgia. As a member of the Auchenorrhyncha, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts and is associated with grassland and wetland habitats typical of delphacid planthoppers. The taxonomic status of this species has been subject to some confusion, with Catalogue of Life listing it as a synonym while GBIF treats it as accepted.
Deltanus
Deltanus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, tribe Deltocephalini. The genus was established by Oman in 1949. Members of this genus are small to medium-sized cicadellid insects with the characteristic wedge-shaped body form typical of many deltocephaline leafhoppers. As with many leafhopper genera, species-level taxonomy and biology remain incompletely documented.
Deltocephalus pulicaris
Deltocephalus pulicaris is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Fallén in 1806. It belongs to the large subfamily Deltocephalinae, which contains many economically significant agricultural pests. The species has been documented across a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with grassland and meadow habitats.
Deserta obscura
Obscure Planthopper
Deserta obscura is a planthopper species in the family Dictyopharidae, known from the western United States. It belongs to a genus of small, often cryptic planthoppers that inhabit arid and semi-arid grasslands. The species has been documented in California, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah, typically in association with shortgrass prairie and sagebrush steppe habitats. Like other members of the subfamily Orgeriinae, it likely feeds on grass species and exhibits limited dispersal capabilities.
Diachus subopacus
Diachus subopacus is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, described by Schaeffer in 1906. It belongs to the tribe Clytrini, a group known for their association with grasses and sedges. The species is found in North America and is one of several species in the genus Diachus, which are generally characterized by their compact, somewhat rounded body form and dull coloration.