Blog WotD About Glossary

Treehopper

Guides

Selenacentrus
Selenacentrus is a monotypic genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, subfamily Centrotinae, described by Morris and Dietrich in 2016. The genus contains a single species, Selenacentrus wallacei, found in Texas and northern Mexico. The genus was named in honor of Selena Quintanilla-Pérez, the "Queen of Tejano Music." Selenacentrus lacks diagnostic features of currently recognized tribes within Centrotinae, including specific male genital capsule structures and femoral setae patterns, and does not fit into existing tribal classifications based on wing venation.
treehopper Membracidae monotypic-genus Texas Mexico Centrotinae new-genus-2016 eponym Selena
Selenacentrus wallacei
Selenacentrus wallacei is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, described by Morris and Dietrich in 2016. It represents the sole species of the monotypic genus Selenacentrus. The species was discovered among mislabeled specimens in multiple museum collections and is known from Texas and northern Mexico. Its taxonomic placement required the establishment of a new genus due to unique morphological characteristics that do not align with any recognized tribes within the subfamily Centrotinae.
treehopper Membracidae Centrotinae Nearctic Texas Mexico 2016-description monotypic-genus museum-collection-discovery
Smilia
Smilia is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae, and tribe Smiliini. The genus was established by Germar in 1833 and contains at least two described species: Smilia camelus (camel treehopper) and Smilia fasciata. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged pronotum, a defining feature of the family Membracidae. The genus has been documented in the United States, particularly in the northeastern region.
treehopper Membracidae Smiliini Auchenorrhyncha Hemiptera North-America
Smilia fasciata
Smilia fasciata is a North American treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described in 1843. It is distinguished from its congener Smilia camelus by a lower pronotum and a white stripe rather than a greenish-yellow stripe. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size, with females reaching approximately 9 mm and males 7–8 mm. It is commonly associated with oak trees across the eastern United States.
treehopper Membracidae oak-feeding North-America sexual-dimorphism
Smiliini
Smiliini is a tribe of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae, containing approximately 6 genera and at least 40 described species. Members are predominantly Nearctic in distribution and primarily feed on trees, with many species associated with oak (Quercus). The tribe was historically defined broadly to include Telamonini, but phylogenetic analysis has reinstated Telamonini as a separate tribe, narrowing the definition of Smiliini. Several genera within Smiliini, including Atymna, Cyrtolobus, Heliria, and Telamona, are not monophyletic.
treehopper Membracidae Smiliinae Nearctic oak-feeding phloem-feeder arboreal phylogenetic-revision non-monophyletic-genera Central-American-origin
Spissistilus
Three-cornered alfalfa hopper (for S. festinus)
Spissistilus is a genus of treehoppers (family Membracidae) native to North and Central America and the West Indies. The genus was erected by John S. Caldwell in 1949, with Membracis festina (now Spissistilus festinus) as the type species. The genus contains eight recognized species, with S. festinus being the most economically significant due to its status as a major agricultural pest.
treehopper agricultural-pest virus-vector Membracidae phloem-feeder girdling alfalfa soybean grapevine integrated-pest-management
Spissistilus femoratus
Spissistilus femoratus is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Fairmaire in 1846. The genus Spissistilus contains several species, with S. festinus (the three-cornered alfalfa hopper) being the most economically significant and well-studied member. Information specific to S. femoratus is extremely limited in available sources, which focus primarily on its congener S. festinus as an agricultural pest.
treehopper Membracidae Hemiptera data-deficient valid-species no-observations
Spissistilus festinus
threecornered alfalfa hopper, three-cornered alfalfa hopper
Spissistilus festinus is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, commonly known as the threecornered alfalfa hopper. It is a significant agricultural pest of leguminous crops, particularly alfalfa, soybeans, and peanuts, causing damage through stem girdling. The species has gained additional economic importance as the confirmed vector of Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), a pathogen threatening North American viticulture. Two distinct genetic lineages exist in the United States—Southeastern and Californian—with documented differences in viral transmission efficiency. The species exhibits a hemimetabolous life cycle with temperature-dependent development rates and uses substrate-borne vibrational signals in mating communication.
agricultural-pest virus-vector treehopper phloem-feeder legume-pest viticulture-threat GRBV hemimetabolous vibrational-communication stem-girdler
Spissistilus occidentalis
Spissistilus occidentalis is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, described by Funkhouser. It belongs to the same genus as the well-studied three-cornered alfalfa hopper (Spissistilus festinus), a significant agricultural pest known to transmit grapevine red blotch virus. Information specific to S. occidentalis is limited in the provided sources.
treehopper Membracidae Hemiptera Spissistilus agricultural-pest-relative vector-relative
Spissistilus rotundatus
Spissistilus rotundatus is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, native to the southwestern United States. It is one of two North American species in the genus Spissistilus, alongside the economically significant S. festinus (three-cornered alfalfa hopper). Unlike its congener, S. rotundatus has a restricted geographic range and is not known to be a significant agricultural pest. The species exhibits the characteristic wedge-shaped body form typical of treehoppers in this genus.
treehopper Membracidae southwestern-US-endemic Ceresini Smiliinae
Spissistilus uniformis
Spissistilus uniformis is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, first described by Fairmaire in 1846. It belongs to a genus containing several economically significant agricultural pests, most notably the three-cornered alfalfa hopper (S. festinus). Unlike its congener S. festinus, which has been extensively studied as a vector of grapevine red blotch virus and a pest of soybean, alfalfa, and peanut, S. uniformis has received minimal scientific attention. The species has been documented in North Carolina and Texas based on collection records.
treehopper Membracidae poorly-known North-America Cuba
Stictocephala
buffalo treehoppers
Stictocephala is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, characterized by a prominent pronotum that extends over the body. The genus contains approximately 18 described species, most distributed in North America. Several species, notably S. bisonia, have become invasive pests in Europe and Asia, with documented spread to Russia, China, and India. These invasions have occurred primarily within the last 20-30 years, facilitated by climate change and global trade.
invasive treehopper agricultural-pest Membracidae Smiliinae Ceresini
Stictocephala albescens
Stictocephala albescens is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1908. The genus Stictocephala belongs to the tribe Ceresini within the subfamily Smiliinae. Records indicate this species occurs in eastern and central North America. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged pronotum that extends over the body.
treehopper Membracidae Ceresini North-America Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha
Stictocephala basalis
Stictocephala basalis is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae that uses substrate-borne vibrational signals for mating communication. Males produce advertising calls and exhibit distinctive "call-fly" behavior, moving between host plants while calling until they locate responsive females. The species is strongly associated with grapevines and is suspected to be a vector for Grapevine Red Blotch Disease, making it a pest of concern in vineyard agriculture.
treehopper vineyard-pest vibrational-communication Grapevine-Red-Blotch-Disease
Stictocephala brevicornis
Buffalo Treehopper
A North American treehopper species in the family Membracidae, characterized by its distinctive buffalo-like humped pronotum. First described by Fitch in 1856, this species belongs to the tribe Ceresini within the subfamily Smiliinae. The species epithet 'brevicornis' refers to its relatively short antennae.
Membracidae treehopper Smiliinae Ceresini North-America Fitch-1856 brevicornis Auchenorrhyncha Hemiptera buffalo-treehopper
Stictocephala brevis
Stictocephala brevis is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1851. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged pronotum, which extends over the thorax and often takes on distinctive shapes. The species has been recorded in several North American provinces and states including Alberta, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, and Kentucky. As a member of the Ceresini tribe, it belongs to a group of treehoppers that feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
treehopper Membracidae Hemiptera North-America Ceresini Stictocephala
Stictocephala diceros
Two-horned Treehopper
Stictocephala diceros is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, commonly known as the two-horned treehopper. It is native to North America and is recognized by the pair of horns projecting from its pronotum. The species feeds primarily on American black elderberry and has been documented on various other flowering plants across multiple plant families.
treehopper Membracidae North-America phloem-feeder forest-insect
Stictocephala diminuta
Stictocephala diminuta is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, described by Van Duzee in 1908. The genus Stictocephala belongs to the tribe Ceresini within the subfamily Smiliinae, a group characterized by pronounced pronotal expansions. This species appears to have a limited documented distribution in the southeastern United States, with records from Florida and North Carolina. As with many membracids, detailed natural history information for this species remains sparse in the available literature.
treehopper Membracidae Hemiptera Cicadomorpha Smiliinae Ceresini Stictocephala North-America United-States Florida North-Carolina
Stictocephala lutea
Stictocephala lutea is a species of treehopper in the tribe Ceresini, commonly known as buffalo treehoppers. It is found across eastern and central North America, with records from Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, and the District of Columbia. Adults are active from February through September and feed on multiple genera of woody plants.
treehopper buffalo-treehopper Membracidae Ceresini North-America
Stictocephala nervosa
Stictocephala nervosa is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Buckton in 1903. It belongs to the genus Stictocephala, a group known for their enlarged pronotum that extends over the body. The species has been recorded in New York State. Like other members of its family, it is presumed to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts, though specific host plants and detailed biology remain poorly documented.
treehopper Membracidae Hemiptera North-America New-York Ceresini Smiliinae Stictocephala insect Auchenorrhyncha
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Membracidae treehopper Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Stictocephala Ceresini Smiliinae Hemiptera sap-feeder pronotum helmet thorn-mimicry plant-feeding-insect phloem-feeder cryptic-coloration camouflage Van-Duzee-1914 Nearctic North-America Florida North-Carolina South-Dakota understudied-species data-deficient taxonomy entomology insect arthropod true-bug auchenorrhynchan cicadomorph leafhopper-relative plant-hopper ornate-pronotum pronotal-extension dorsal-helmet insect-morphology insect-systematics biodiversity natural-history conservation insect-ecology insect-behavior insect-development insect-distribution biogeography species-description type-specimen original-description historical-taxonomy museum-specimen collection-record occurrence-data GBIF iNaturalist citizen-science observation-record range-map distribution-data geographic-range endemic native-species regional-fauna local-biodiversity habitat-specificity host-plant feeding-guild phytophagous herbivore plant-insect-interaction coevolution mimicry defense crypsis evolutionary-adaptation morphological-adaptation exoskeleton-modification structural-coloration insect-identification field-guide diagnostic-character taxonomic-key species-complex cryptic-species morphological-variation geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity life-history reproduction oviposition nymph instar metamorphosis hemimetabolous incomplete-metamorphosis population-dynamics community-ecology food-web trophic-level primary-consumer ecosystem-function nutrient-cycling energy-flow biological-control pest-status agricultural-relevance forestry urban-ecology invasive-potential climate-change habitat-loss conservation-status data-gap research-need taxonomic-revision phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding integrative-taxonomy natural-history-collection specimen-digitization open-data FAIR-data biodiversity-informatics biological-database taxonomic-authority nomenclature zoological-nomenclature International-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclature type-locality type-specimen-deposition author-citation original-combination current-combination synonymy homonymy nomenclatural-act taxonomic-history classification-system phylogenetic-classification evolutionary-relationships monophyly clade lineage stem-group crown-group divergence-time molecular-clock fossil-record paleontology extant extinct living-fossil evolutionary-history biogeographic-history dispersal vicariance range-expansion range-contraction refugium glacial-relict postglacial-colonization anthropogenic-impact human-disturbance land-use-change urbanization agricultural-intensification pesticide-use habitat-fragmentation connectivity corridor protected-area conservation-planning systematic-conservation-planning priority-area hotspot endemic-area center-of-origin center-of-diversity evolutionary-significant-unit management-unit population metapopulation source-sink-dynamics demography vital-rates survival fecundity generation-time population-growth-rate carrying-capacity density-dependence regulation limiting-factor environmental-stochasticity demographic-stochasticity genetic-stochasticity inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness effective-population-size genetic-drift gene-flow migration isolation-by-distance isolation-by-resistance landscape-genetics population-genomics phylogeography historical-demography coalescent-theory approximate-Bayesian-computation species-distribution-model ecological-niche-model habitat-suitability bioclimatic-envelope climate-envelope niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interaction competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation apparent-competition indirect-interaction trophic-cascade top-down-control bottom-up-control mesopredator-release keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species characteristic-species indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species surrogate-species focal-species target-species pest-species invasive-species naturalized-species alien-species non-native-species introduced-species cryptogenic-species range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift phenological-shift temporal-mismatch trophic-mismatch phenology seasonality voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine partial-generation prolonged-diapause aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation microclimate-selection habitat-selection oviposition-site-selection host-selection mate-choice sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation reinforcement hybridization introgression hybrid-zone cline ecotone contact-zone secondary-contact exogenous-selection endogenous-selection ecological-speciation mutation-order-speciation sexual-conflict sexual-dimorphism sexual-size-dimorphism sexual-dichromatism polymorphism color-polymorphism morph phase gregarious-phase solitary-phase density-dependent-polyphenism reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation acclimation acclimatization hardening stress-response heat-shock-protein oxidative-stress hypoxia desiccation starvation immune-response innate-immunity humoral-immunity cellular-immunity encapsulation nodulation phagocytosis melanization antimicrobial-peptide phenoloxidase prophenoloxidase lysozyme defensin cecropin diptericin attacin immune-gene immune-pathway Toll-pathway Imd-pathway JAK-STAT-pathway NF-κB relish dorsal immune-memory specific-immunity transgenerational-immune-priming gut-microbiome symbiosis obligate-symbiont facultative-symbiont primary-symbiont secondary-symbiont vertical-transmission horizontal-transmission mixed-mode-transmission nutritional-symbiosis defensive-symbiosis digestive-symbiosis detoxification metabolism biosynthesis vitamin-synthesis amino-acid-synthesis steroid-synthesis cuticle-synthesis chitin-synthesis molting ecdysis ecdysteroid juvenile-hormone insulin-signaling TOR-signaling nutrient-sensing energy-storage lipid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism protein-metabolism flight-metabolism respiration tracheal-system spiracle gas-exchange water-balance osmoregulation excretion Malpighian-tubule hindgut rectum cryptonephridial-system ion-transport water-reabsorption nitrogenous-waste uric-acid urea ammonia detoxification-enzyme cytochrome-P450 glutathione-S-transferase carboxylesterase mixed-function-oxidase resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance antibiotic-resistance resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-mechanism target-site-resistance metabolic-resistance behavioral-resistance cuticular-resistance resistance-allele resistance-gene fitness-cost fitness-benefit pleiotropy trade-off life-history-trade-off allocation resource-allocation energy-allocation time-allocation foraging optimal-foraging central-place-foraging patch-use marginal-value-theorem predator-avoidance antipredator-defense masquerade Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry intraspecific-mimicry intersexual-mimicry aggressive-mimicry social-parasitism brood-parasitism kleptoparasitism defense-behavior thanatosis death-feigning startle-display deimatic-display eyespot deflection-mark autotomy reflex-bleeding regurgitation defensive-secretion venom toxin allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone sex-pheromone aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone territorial-pheromone recognition-pheromone signature-mixture cuticular-hydrocarbon volatile-organic-compound olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception hygroreception photoreception vision compound-eye ommatidium rhabdom visual-pigment opsin color-vision polarization-vision motion-detection optomotor-response phototaxis photoperiodism circadian-rhythm biological-clock entrainment zeitgeber circannual-rhythm photoperiod day-length critical-day-length critical-photoperiod diapause-induction diapause-termination diapause-maintenance diapause-development endocrine-control neuroendocrine corpus-allatum corpus-cardiacum prothoracic-gland ecdysiotropin ecdysiostatin allatostatin allatotropin neuropeptide hormone hormone-receptor signal-transduction gene-expression transcription-factor regulatory-gene structural-gene gene-network gene-regulatory-network developmental-gene Hox-gene homeobox segment-polarity-gene gap-gene pair-rule-gene maternal-effect-gene zygotic-gene embryonic-development embryogenesis cleavage blastoderm gastrulation segmentation tagmosis appendage-development imaginal-disc holometabolous complete-metamorphosis larva pupa adult apolysis teneral sclerotization tanning cuticle exoskeleton epicuticle procuticle exocuticle endocuticle resilin sclerotin chitin protein lipid wax cement-layer wax-layer surface-lipid waterproofing anti-wetting anti-fouling self-cleaning structural-color pigmentary-color ommin pteridine carotenoid melanin papiliochrome flavonoid anthocyanin betalain iridescence photonic-crystal diffraction-grating thin-film-interference multilayer-reflector scattering Tyndall-scattering Rayleigh-scattering Mie-scattering non-iridescent-structural-color biochrome biofluorescence bioluminescence luciferin luciferase photoprotein bioluminescent-system counter-illumination burglar-alarm lure communication mate-recognition predator-deterrence aposematism warning-coloration honest-signal dishonest-signal signal-evolution signal-design receiver-psychology sensory-bias sensory-exploitation sensory-trap amplifier attenuator signal-efficacy signal-honesty handicap-principle index-signal conventional-signal assessment-signal territorial-signal dominance-signal submissive-signal aggressive-signal courtship-signal copulatory-signal postcopulatory-signal antagonistic-coevolution chase-away-selection sensory-drive reproductive-character-displacement genetic-exchange admixture hybrid-fitness hybrid-breakdown hybrid-vigor heterosis genetic-load mutational-meltdown founder-effect bottleneck population-expansion invasion-genetics propagule-pressure introduction-effort establishment spread lag-phase exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect demographic-Allee-effect component-Allee-effect strong-Allee-effect weak-Allee-effect critical-population-size minimum-viable-population extinction-risk population-viability-analysis stochastic-model deterministic-model individual-based-model agent-based-model spatially-explicit-model metapopulation-model source-sink-model integrated-population-model state-space-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-model machine-learning artificial-intelligence computer-vision image-recognition automated-identification deep-learning neural-network convolutional-neural-network transfer-learning data-augmentation training-set validation-set test-set accuracy precision recall F1-score confusion-matrix receiver-operating-characteristic area-under-curve model-selection model-validation cross-validation bootstrapping permutation-test null-model randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo Gibbs-sampling Metropolis-Hastings-algorithm Bayesian-inference prior-distribution posterior-distribution likelihood-function evidence model-comparison Bayes-factor information-criterion Akaike-information-criterion corrected-AIC Bayesian-information-criterion deviance-information-criterion Watanabe-Akaike-information-criterion cross-validation-information-criterion stacking model-averaging ensemble-model prediction forecasting scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis propagation-of-uncertainty error-budget confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval statistical-power sample-size effect-size significance-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative multiple-comparison Bonferroni-correction false-discovery-rate q-value p-value significance-level alpha-level beta-level statistical-test parametric-test nonparametric-test robust-test exact-test asymptotic-test bootstrap-test jackknife resampling subsampling leave-one-out k-fold stratified-sampling balanced-sampling imbalanced-data class-imbalance oversampling undersampling synthetic-minority-oversampling SMOTE ADASYN cost-sensitive-learning ensemble-method bagging boosting random-forest gradient-boosting XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine kernel-method radial-basis-function polynomial-kernel linear-kernel sigmoid-kernel decision-tree classification-tree regression-tree pruning cost-complexity-pruning minimum-description-length rule-based-classifier association-rule frequent-pattern apriori-algorithm FP-growth sequential-pattern temporal-pattern spatial-pattern spatiotemporal-pattern time-series-analysis trend-analysis seasonal-decomposition autoregressive-model moving-average-model ARIMA SARIMA exponential-smoothing state-space-model Kalman-filter particle-filter hidden-Markov-model dynamic-Bayesian-network recurrent-neural-network long-short-term-memory gated-recurrent-unit transformer attention-mechanism self-attention multi-head-attention encoder decoder encoder-decoder-architecture sequence-to-sequence-model generative-model generative-adversarial-network variational-autoencoder normalizing-flow diffusion-model energy-based-model Boltzmann-machine restricted-Boltzmann-machine deep-belief-network autoencoder denoising-autoencoder sparse-autoencoder contractive-autoencoder variational-inference expectation-maximization maximum-likelihood maximum-a-posteriori maximum-entropy Occam's-razor parsimony model-complexity overfitting underfitting bias-variance-tradeoff regularization L1-regularization L2-regularization elastic-net dropout early-stopping batch-normalization layer-normalization group-normalization instance-normalization weight-decay mixup cutout cutmix random-erasing autoaugment fast-autoaugment population-based-augmentation neural-architecture-search automated-machine-learning hyperparameter-optimization grid-search random-search Bayesian-optimization sequential-model-based-optimization multi-fidelity-optimization knowledge-distillation teacher-student-model model-compression quantization knowledge-transfer domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning one-shot-learning meta-learning learning-to-learn metric-learning siamese-network triplet-loss contrastive-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning semi-supervised-learning weakly-supervised-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning continual-learning lifelong-learning curriculum-learning multi-task-learning multi-modal-learning cross-modal-learning representation-learning feature-learning embedding-learning manifold-learning dimensionality-reduction principal-component-analysis t-SNE UMAP word-embedding sentence-embedding document-embedding knowledge-graph-embedding graph-neural-network graph-convolutional-network graph-attention-network message-passing-neural-network relational-graph-convolutional-network inductive-learning transductive-learning homophily heterophily graph-isomorphism Weisfeiler-Lehman-test subgraph-isomorphism graph-matching network-alignment network-embedding node-embedding edge-embedding graph-classification node-classification link-prediction graph-generation graph-synthesis molecular-generation de-novo-design inverse-design retrosynthesis reaction-prediction property-prediction quantitative-structure-activity-relationship QSAR quantitative-structure-property-relationship QSPR molecular-descriptor fingerprint Morgan-fingerprint extended-connectivity-fingerprint circular-fingerprint atom-pair-fingerprint topological-torsion-fingerprint pharmacophore shape-similarity electrostatic-similarity docking scoring-function binding-affinity-prediction protein-ligand-interaction protein-protein-interaction protein-structure-prediction AlphaFold protein-folding contact-prediction distance-prediction angle-prediction torsion-prediction secondary-structure-prediction tertiary-structure-prediction quaternary-structure-prediction protein-design protein-engineering directed-evolution rational-design computational-design de-novo-protein-design enzyme-design catalytic-antibody ribozyme aptamer DNAzyme synthetic-biology genetic-circuit metabolic-engineering metabolic-flux-analysis flux-balance-analysis genome-scale-metabolic-model dynamic-metabolic-model kinetic-modeling stoichiometric-modeling constraint-based-modeling optimization linear-programming mixed-integer-linear-programming quadratic-programming nonlinear-programming dynamic-programming stochastic-programming robust-optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-optimality evolutionary-algorithm genetic-algorithm genetic-programming differential-evolution particle-swarm-optimization ant-colony-optimization simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic metaheuristic local-search neighborhood-search hill-climbing random-walk randomized-search Monte-Carlo-tree-search upper-confidence-bound Thompson-sampling multi-armed-bandit contextual-bandit reinforcement-learning policy-gradient actor-critic Q-learning deep-Q-network policy-iteration value-iteration temporal-difference-learning SARSA expected-SARSA double-Q-learning dueling-Q-network prioritized-experience-replay distributed-reinforcement-learning impala A3C asynchronous-advantage-actor-critic PPO proximal-policy-optimization TRPO trust-region-policy-optimization DDPG deep-deterministic-policy-gradient TD3 twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradient SAC soft-actor-critic model-based-reinforcement-learning model-predictive-control guided-policy-search imitation-learning inverse-reinforcement-learning apprenticeship-learning behavior-cloning dataset-aggregation DAgger generative-adversarial-imitation-learning third-person-imitation-learning one-shot-imitation-learning meta-reinforcement-learning hierarchical-reinforcement-learning option skill subgoal intrinsic-motivation curiosity-driven-exploration empowerment information-gain prediction-error novelty-seeking diversity-seeking multi-agent-reinforcement-learning mean-field fictitious-play correlated-equilibrium Nash-equilibrium game-theory mechanism-design auction-theory incentive-design social-choice-theory voting-theory fair-division matching-theory market-design algorithmic-game-theory computational-social-choice computational-complexity NP-completeness NP-hardness approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio inapproximability fixed-parameter-tractability parameterized-complexity kernelization treewidth graph-minor forbidden-minor-characterization well-quasi-ordering Robertson-Seymour-theorem graph-structure-theorem bidimensionality-theory meta-theorem Courcelle's-theorem automata-theory finite-automaton pushdown-automaton Turing-machine computability decidability halting-problem Rice's-theorem Gödel's-incompleteness-theorems lambda-calculus combinatory-logic type-theory proof-theory model-theory set-theory forcing large-cardinal axiom-of-choice continuum-hypothesis independence-result consistency-strength reverse-mathematics constructive-mathematics intuitionistic-logic modal-logic temporal-logic epistemic-logic deontic-logic description-logic ontology knowledge-representation semantic-web linked-data RDF SPARQL OWL knowledge-graph entity-linking relation-extraction event-extraction coreference-resolution named-entity-recognition part-of-speech-tagging dependency-parsing constituency-parsing semantic-parsing natural-language-inference textual-entailment natural-language-generation machine-translation summarization question-answering dialogue-system conversational-AI chatbot virtual-assistant speech-recognition speech-synthesis speaker-recognition emotion-recognition sentiment-analysis opinion-mining aspect-based-sentiment-analysis target-dependent-sentiment-analysis stance-detection rumor-detection fake-news-detection fact-checking claim-verification evidence-retrieval argument-mining persuasion-detection deception-detection personality-prediction mental-health-detection suicide-prevention crisis-intervention social-media-mining network-analysis community-detection influence-maximization information-diffusion cascade-modeling epidemic-modeling SEIR-model SIR-model agent-based-epidemic-model compartmental-model network-epidemic-model metapopulation-epidemic-model spatial-epidemic-model stochastic-epidemic-model branching-process renewal-equation generation-interval serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number herd-immunity-threshold vaccination-coverage vaccine-efficacy vaccine-effectiveness breakthrough-infection waning-immunity immune-escape variant-of-concern variant-of-interest variant-under-monitoring phylogenetic-analysis molecular-clock-analysis phylodynamics viral-evolution antigenic-drift antigenic-shift zoonotic-spillover reservoir-host intermediate-host amplifying-host dead-end-host vector-borne-disease mosquito-borne-disease tick-borne-disease flea-borne-disease lice-borne-disease midge-borne-disease sandfly-borne-disease tsetse-borne-disease blackfly-borne-disease triatomine-borne-disease kissing-bug Chagas-disease trypanosomiasis leishmaniasis malaria dengue yellow-fever Zika-virus chikungunya West-Nile-virus Japanese-encephalitis tick-borne-encephalitis Lyme-disease Rocky-Mountain-spotted-fever ehlichiosis anaplasmosis babesiosis tularemia plague murine-typhus epidemic-typhus endemic-typhus scrub-typhus Q-fever trench-fever bartonellosis cat-scratch-disease rat-bite-fever leptospirosis brucellosis anthrax melioidosis glanders tularaemia francisellosis coxiellosis rickettsiosis orientia-infection ehrlichiosis neoehrlichiosis neorickettsiosis anaplasmataceae rickettsiaceae coxiellaceae bartonellaceae brucellaceae francisellaceae pasteurellaceae legionellaceae chlamydiaceae mycoplasmataceae ureaplasmataceae spiroplasmataceae achaenoplasmataceae entomoplasmataceae haloplasmataceae tenericutes mollicutes bacteroidetes fusobacteria spirochaetes synergistetes deferribacteres thermotogae aquificae caldiserica caldithrix deferrisoma desulfurobacterium thermovibrio thermocrinis hydrogenobacter sulfurihydrogenibium persephonella hydrogenobaculum hydrothermus thermothrix sulfuricurvum sulfurimonas sulfurovum thiovulum thiomicrospira pseudomonas vibrio aeromonas photobacterium aliivibrio gracilibacillus halobacillus halomonas chromohalobacter cobetia salinicola kushneria halotalea halovibrio salinivibrio thioalkalivibrio thiohalophilus ectothiorhodospira halorhodospira thiorhodospira halochromatium thioflavicoccus marichromatium thiocapsa lamprocystis thiodictyon thiopedia amoebobacter thiocystis chromatium allo-chromatium thermochromatium rhabdochromatium thiobaca thiohalocapsa halocapsa thiolamprovum thioploca thiomargarita beggiatoa methylococcus methylomonas methylomicrobium methylosinus methylocystis methylocella methylocapsa methylacidiphilum verrucomicrobia planctomycetes chlamydiae lentisphaerae kiritimatiellaeota calditrichaeota fervidibacteria
Stictolobus borealis
Stictolobus borealis is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae, described by Caldwell in 1949. The species is known from limited distributional records in Nebraska. As a member of the tribe Ceresini, it belongs to a group of treehoppers characterized by distinctive pronotal modifications. Detailed biological information for this species remains sparse in published literature.
treehopper Membracidae Smiliinae Ceresini Nebraska United-States Caldwell-1949 Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha
Stictolobus minutus
Stictolobus minutus is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, described by Funkhouser in 1915. It belongs to the subfamily Smiliinae and tribe Ceresini. The genus Stictolobus is part of the diverse treehopper fauna of the New World, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented in available sources.
Membracidae treehopper Hemiptera Ceresini Smiliinae poorly-known data-deficient
Stictopelta
Stictopelta is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, subfamily Darninae. Members of this genus are found in the Americas, with documented species in the southern United States, Mexico, and South America. The genus was established by Stål in 1869 and is characterized by distinctive pronotal modifications typical of membracid treehoppers. Species within this genus exhibit morphological variation that has led to taxonomic descriptions by multiple authors including Goding, Ball, and Fowler.
treehopper membracid Darninae Neotropical Nearctic
Stictopelta caerulea
Stictopelta caerulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, subfamily Darninae, described by Ball in 1933. The genus Stictopelta is part of the tribe Darnini, a group of treehoppers primarily distributed in the New World tropics and subtropics. Like other members of its subfamily, this species possesses the characteristic enlarged pronotum that defines the family Membracidae. The specific epithet 'caerulea' (Latin for blue or azure) suggests a coloration feature, though this has not been independently verified.
treehopper Membracidae Darninae Hemiptera Nearctic
Stictopelta nova
Stictopelta nova is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, subfamily Darninae, first described by Goding in 1892. Like other members of the genus Stictopelta, it possesses the characteristic enlarged and often elaborately modified pronotum typical of treehoppers. The species has been documented from Mexico, with nine specimens identified from Oaxaca in a recent taxonomic study. Treehoppers in the subfamily Darninae are primarily Neotropical in distribution.
treehopper Membracidae Darninae Neotropical Mexico
Telamona ampelopsidis
Virginia Creeper Treehopper
Telamona ampelopsidis, commonly known as the Virginia Creeper Treehopper, is a Nearctic treehopper species in the family Membracidae. The species is named for its association with Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), its primary host plant. Like other members of the genus Telamona, it possesses an enlarged, often keeled pronotum that extends backward over the body. The species is one of approximately 38 recognized species in the genus Telamona.
treehopper Membracidae phloem-feeder host-specialist Nearctic
Telamona ampelopsidis ampelopsidis
Telamona ampelopsidis ampelopsidis is a treehopper subspecies in the family Membracidae, characterized by the enlarged and often elaborately shaped pronotum typical of the group. This subspecies belongs to the tribe Telamonini within the subfamily Smiliinae. The specific epithet references its association with Ampelopsis (peppervine) host plants. Like other treehoppers, it feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The subspecies is distributed across the eastern and central United States.
Membracidae treehopper Telamonini North-America herbivore phytophagous
Telamona ampelopsidis tigrina
Telamona ampelopsidis tigrina is a subspecies of treehopper in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae. Described by Ball in 1931, it is part of a genus known for pronounced pronotal modifications that produce varied and often elaborate body shapes. The subspecies epithet "tigrina" suggests a striped or tiger-like coloration pattern, though specific diagnostic features for this infraspecific taxon require direct examination of type material.
Membracidae Smiliinae Telamonini treehopper North-America subspecies
Telamona californica
Telamona californica is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, described by Flynn in 2023. As a member of the tribe Telamonini within subfamily Smiliinae, it belongs to a group known for pronounced pronotal modifications. The specific epithet 'californica' indicates a geographic association with California. Like other Telamona species, it possesses the enlarged pronotum characteristic of treehoppers, though specific morphological details for this species remain limited in available sources.
treehopper Membracidae Nearctic California-endemic
Telamona calva
Telamona calva is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, described by Ball in 1933. The genus Telamona belongs to the tribe Telamonini within subfamily Smiliinae. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum. Very few specific details about this particular species are documented in accessible literature.
treehopper Membracidae Smiliinae Nearctic California-endemic?
Telamona concava
Telamona concava is a species of treehopper described by Asa Fitch in 1851. It is found in eastern North America during summer months. The species feeds specifically on white oak (Quercus alba) and black oak (Quercus velutina). Like other members of the family Membracidae, it possesses a highly modified, enlarged pronotum that extends over the body.
treehopper oak-specialist Nearctic
Telamona decorata
Telamona decorata is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae. Like other members of this family, it possesses a characteristically enlarged and modified pronotum that extends over the body. The species was described by Ball in 1903 and occurs in North America.
treehopper Membracidae Smiliinae Telamonini North-America Ball-1903
Telamona dorana
Telamona dorana is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, described by Ball in 1931. As a member of the genus Telamona, it shares the characteristic enlarged pronotum typical of this group. The species is part of the diverse Nearctic fauna of Smiliinae, a subfamily known for varied pronotal ornamentation. Information specific to this species remains limited in published literature.
treehopper membracid smiliinae telamonini nearctic florida 1931 ball auchenorrhyncha cicadomorpha membracoidea hemiptera insecta arthropoda animalia
Telamona excelsa
Telamona excelsa is a North American treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Léon Fairmaire in 1846. It exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration and pronotum structure: males are yellow-brown with a dark brown anterior pronotal crest, while females are green with a higher pronotal crest edged in black or brown. The species feeds on a broad range of woody host plants including hickories, walnuts, oaks, and other trees.
treehopper Membracidae sexual-dimorphism phloem-feeder deciduous-forest
Telamona gibbera
Telamona gibbera is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, described by Ball in 1925. As a member of the genus Telamona, it possesses the characteristic enlarged and modified pronotum typical of this group. The species is known from the southwestern United States, with records from Arizona and New Mexico. Like other treehoppers, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with woody plants.
treehopper Membracidae Nearctic
Telamona maculata
Telamona maculata is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Edward Payson Van Duzee in 1908. It is characterized by a high, almost plateau-shaped pronotum with brown and beige patterning and a pale face contrasting with the darker body. The species occurs across eastern North America, feeding on sap from various oak and hickory species. It can be confused with the similar Telamona tristis.
treehopper Membracidae sap-feeder oak-associated hickory-associated eastern-North-America
Telamona monticola
Telamona monticola is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, characterized by an enlarged and often elaborately shaped pronotum typical of the genus. The species is documented from oak trees, where both adults and nymphs feed. Nymphal development has been observed to complete in approximately eight weeks. The species belongs to the tribe Telamonini within the subfamily Smiliinae.
treehopper Membracidae oak-associated Telamonini Nearctic
Telamona reclivata
Telamona reclivata is a Nearctic treehopper species in the tribe Telamonini, characterized by pronotal modifications typical of the genus. First described by Fitch in 1851, this species belongs to a group known for their enlarged, often elaborately shaped pronota that extend over the thorax. Like other members of Membracidae, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts and undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. The species has been documented across western and central North America.
treehopper Membracidae Nearctic Telamonini Smiliinae Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha
Telamona stephani
Telamona stephani is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, described by Wallace in 2018. It belongs to the genus Telamona, a group of North American treehoppers characterized by their enlarged pronotum that forms distinctive helmet-like or horn-like structures. As a recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited. Treehoppers in this genus are generally associated with woody host plants and are known for their complex pronotal morphology.
treehopper Membracidae Telamona Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Hemiptera insect North-America 2018-description
Telamona subfalcata
Telamona subfalcata is a North American treehopper species in the family Membracidae, described by Van Duzee in 1912. As a member of the tribe Telamonini, it possesses the enlarged and modified pronotum characteristic of treehoppers, though less dramatically ornamented than some tropical relatives. The genus Telamona contains multiple species distributed primarily in eastern and central North America, with T. subfalcata representing one of the less commonly encountered members of this group.
treehopper membracid Nearctic woodland cryptic-coloration
Telamona tiliae
Basswood Treehopper
Telamona tiliae, the basswood treehopper, is a Nearctic treehopper species described by Elmer Darwin Ball in 1925. It belongs to the tribe Telamonini within the diverse family Membracidae, characterized by the pronounced pronotal modifications typical of the group. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size and feeds on a broad range of woody host plants, with a particular association with Tilia species that gives it its common name.
treehopper Membracidae Nearctic phloem-feeder Tilia deciduous-forest
Telamona tristis coryli
Telamona tristis coryli is a treehopper subspecies in the family Membracidae. It belongs to a genus known for pronounced pronotal modifications that extend over the body. As a member of the Telamonini tribe, it shares characteristics with other North American treehoppers that feed on woody plants using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
treehopper Membracidae Telamona North-America subspecies Hemiptera
Telamona tristis tristis
Telamona tristis tristis is a subspecies of treehopper in the family Membracidae, first described by Asa Fitch in 1851. It belongs to a genus characterized by enlarged pronota that form distinctive helmet-like structures. As a member of the subfamily Smiliinae, it shares traits with other Telamona species that feed on woody host plants. The subspecies has been recorded across multiple eastern and midwestern U.S. states.
treehopper Membracidae North-America
Telamona vestita carynotana
Telamona vestita carynotana is a subspecies of treehopper in the family Membracidae, described by Ball in 1931. It belongs to the diverse genus Telamona, which is part of the Nearctic tribe Telamonini within subfamily Smiliinae. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by pronounced pronotal modifications that create distinctive silhouettes. This subspecies has been documented from California and Oregon.
treehopper membracid Nearctic Pacific-coast Ball-1931
Telamona vestita vestita
Telamona vestita vestita is a subspecies of treehopper in the family Membracidae, native to western North America. As a member of the tribe Telamonini, it possesses the characteristic enlarged pronotum typical of the genus Telamona. The subspecies was described by Ball in 1925 and is known from California and Oregon. Like other treehoppers, it is presumed to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts, though specific host plant associations for this subspecies have not been documented in the available literature.
Membracidae Smiliinae Telamonini treehopper western-North-America Ball-1925 subspecies California Oregon Telamona
Telamona westcotti
Telamona westcotti is a Nearctic treehopper species in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae. Like other members of the genus Telamona, it possesses a pronounced pronotal extension. The species was described by Goding in 1893 and occurs in the central United States and southern Canada.
treehopper Membracidae Smiliinae Nearctic central-United-States
Telamonanthe pulchella
A small treehopper species in the family Membracidae, characterized by the pronounced pronotal modifications typical of the group. First described by Ball in 1903, it belongs to the Nearctic tribe Telamonini within the subfamily Smiliinae. The species has been documented across the southwestern United States.
treehopper Membracidae Telamonini Nearctic southwestern-United-States
Telamonanthe rileyi
Telamonanthe rileyi is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae, and tribe Telamonini. The species was described by Goding in 1892. It is part of a genus characterized by distinctive pronotal modifications typical of treehoppers. Based on collection records, it occurs in Texas and potentially other parts of the southern and central United States. As with other members of Membracidae, it is presumed to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts, though specific host plants for this species have not been documented in the available sources.
treehopper Membracidae Smiliinae Telamonini Nearctic United-States Texas Hemiptera Cicadomorpha
Telamonini
Telamonini is a tribe of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, comprising approximately 9 genera and at least 50 described species. The tribe was reinstated from synonymy with Smiliini based on morphological phylogenetic analysis. Members are predominantly Nearctic in distribution, with strong evolutionary associations with oak (Quercus) as host plants. Nymphs represent the predominant feeding stage and are critical for accurate host plant determination, as adult movements often produce unreliable records.
treehopper Membracidae oak-associated Nearctic phloem-feeder nymphal-biology-important reinstated-tribe Smiliinae host-plant-generalists Quercus-specialists