Nanoparticles

Guides

Gyponana geminata
Gyponana geminata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Osborn in 1905. Like other leafhoppers in the genus Gyponana, this species produces brochosomes—hollow, soccer ball-shaped nanoparticles that coat the exoskeleton and wings, rendering them superhydrophobic and anti-reflective. The brochosomes of Gyponana species feature distinctively angled, geometric pits that differ morphologically from those of other leafhopper genera. This species has been documented in northeastern North America.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic anti-reflective bioinspiration Hemiptera Cicadellidae
Gyponana gibbera
Gyponana gibbera is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, it produces distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles that form a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its cuticle. The species has been recorded in Florida.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles bioinspiration Florida Hemiptera Cicadellidae
Gyponana gladia
Gyponana gladia is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of its genus, it possesses distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles produced in the Malpighian tubules that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the body and wings. The species has been documented at blacklight traps in autumn, suggesting nocturnal activity patterns. It is one of many small, often overlooked leafhopper species that contribute to the high diversity of Hemiptera in North American temperate regions.
leafhopper brochosomes nocturnal autumn blacklight bioinspiration Cicadellidae Gyponini Iassinae Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha North-America superhydrophobic nanoparticles citizen-science iNaturalist
Gyponana hasta
Gyponana hasta is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. It is currently treated as a synonym of Gyponana angulata in major taxonomic databases. The species has been documented as a vector of California aster-yellows virus. Like other members of genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the body surface.
leafhopper Cicadellidae brochosomes vector phytoplasma synonym Gyponana California-aster-yellows-virus nanoparticles superhydrophobic
Gyponana mali
Gyponana mali is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—nanoparticles that coat its body for water repellency and anti-reflective camouflage. The species has been recorded in parts of eastern North America including Georgia, Illinois, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Ontario. As a member of the Gyponini tribe, it belongs to a group of leafhoppers characterized by particular morphological and ecological traits, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published literature.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles Gyponana Cicadellidae Hemiptera North-America
Gyponana octolineata
Eight-lined Leafhopper
Gyponana octolineata, commonly known as the Eight-lined Leafhopper, is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae. Like other members of its genus, it produces distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles that coat its exoskeleton and wings, rendering them superhydrophobic and anti-reflective. The species has been documented across western and central North America. It is attracted to blacklight traps and is active into the autumn months in temperate regions.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration blacklight-attraction autumn-activity
Gyponana omani
Gyponana omani is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. As a member of the genus Gyponana, it produces distinctive brochosomes—hollow, geometric nanoparticles that coat its exoskeleton and wings. These brochosomes are characterized by more angled, geometric surface pits compared to those of some related genera. The species has been documented from Texas and Mexico.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles bioinspiration superhydrophobic anti-reflective Gyponana
Gyponana palma
Gyponana palma is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—nanoparticles that coat its body and wings, providing superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties. The species has been documented in scattered records across the eastern and central United States.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles hydrophobic Cicadellidae Gyponana United-States
Gyponana parallela
Gyponana parallela is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. As a member of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—complex nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body. The species has been recorded from the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, and Washington State. Like other leafhoppers, it is a plant-feeding insect with piercing-sucking mouthparts.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles hydrophobic anti-reflective bioinspiration Cicadellidae Gyponana United-States North-America
Gyponana pollex
Gyponana pollex is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 2017. Like other members of its genus, this species produces distinctive brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the body and wings. The brochosomes of Gyponana species are characterized by more angled, geometric surface pits compared to the smoother brochosomes of some related genera. This species has been documented in New Hampshire.
leafhopper Cicadellidae brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration New-Hampshire
Gyponana praelonga
Gyponana praelonga is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Members of this genus, including G. praelonga, are notable for producing brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the exoskeleton. The brochosomes of Gyponana species feature distinctively angled, geometric pit structures compared to those of other leafhopper genera.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration
Gyponana procera
Gyponana procera is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Leafhoppers in this genus are characterized by producing brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on their exoskeletons. G. procera is one of many small leafhopper species that contribute to the remarkable diversity of this group in North America.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles bioinspiration Cicadellidae Hemiptera
Gyponana quebecensis
Gyponana quebecensis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described from Quebec in 1872. As a member of genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body and wings. The species has been documented across multiple U.S. states including Florida, Illinois, Maine, Montana, and New Hampshire.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles bioinspiration superhydrophobic anti-reflective Gyponana Cicadellidae Hemiptera
Gyponana scrupulosa
Gyponana scrupulosa is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a water-repellent, anti-reflective coating on its body. The species has been documented in several U.S. states including Illinois, Kansas, Florida, Georgia, and the District of Columbia. It is attracted to blacklight traps and has been collected in autumn.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration Cicadellidae Hemiptera
Gyponana serpenta
Leafhopper
Gyponana cf. serpenta is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, notable for producing distinctive brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that coat its body surface. The brochosomes of Gyponana species feature more angled, geometric pits compared to those of other leafhopper genera. These nanoparticles render the cuticle superhydrophobic and anti-reflective, properties that have attracted significant research interest for bioinspired materials design.
brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic anti-reflective bioinspiration leafhopper Iassinae Malpighian-tubules cuticle-coating geometric-morphology materials-science scanning-electron-microscopy
Gyponana sonora
Gyponana sonora is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1982. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its exoskeleton. Brochosomes from Gyponana species have been documented to feature more angled, geometric surface pits compared to those of other leafhopper genera. The species is associated with the Sonoran Desert region, as indicated by its specific epithet.
leafhopper Cicadellidae brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration Sonoran-Desert Hemiptera
Gyponana striata
Gyponana striata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, order Hemiptera. Like other members of its genus, it produces brochosomes—complex protein-lipid nanoparticles that form a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the body surface. The species has been documented from western and northeastern North America, with records from British Columbia to California and eastward to Connecticut and Delaware. Brochosomes of Gyponana species feature more angled, geometric surface pits compared to the smoother, more circular brochosomes of some related genera.
leafhopper Cicadellidae brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration Burmeister-1839
Gyponana tenella
Gyponana tenella is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae. Leafhoppers in the genus Gyponana have been documented producing distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles that create a water-repellent, anti-reflective coating on the exoskeleton. The species has been recorded in multiple U.S. states including California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, and Illinois. As a member of the subfamily Iassinae, it belongs to a diverse group of plant-feeding insects typically associated with woody vegetation.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles bioinspiration Cicadellidae Iassinae Gyponana Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha United-States California Colorado Florida Georgia Illinois
Gyponana toxotes
Gyponana toxotes is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1982. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—hollow, soccer ball-shaped nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic and anti-reflective coating on its body. The species has been documented in Florida. Brochosomes produced by Gyponana species feature more angled, geometric pits compared to those of some other leafhopper genera.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration Florida
Gyponana tubera
Gyponana tubera is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. As a member of the genus Gyponana, it possesses brochosomes—complex nanoparticles that coat the exoskeleton and wings, conferring superhydrophobic and anti-reflective properties. The species has been documented in scattered locations across the United States, with records from California to the eastern seaboard.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration
Gyponana vasta
Gyponana vasta is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of the genus Gyponana, it produces brochosomes—nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body. The species is recorded from the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration
Gyponana vincula
Gyponana vincula is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of its genus, it produces distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on its body. The species has been recorded from several Midwestern and Northeastern U.S. states.
leafhopper brochosomes nanoparticles superhydrophobic bioinspiration Iassinae Gyponini
Palaemon vulgaris
Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp
Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
crustacean shrimp western-Atlantic transparent swimming-mechanics metachronal-swimming drag-reduction estuarine Palaemonidae Caridea Decapoda Malacostraca Arthropoda Palaemon Palaemonetes-vulgaris Say-1818 Cape-Cod-Bay Gulf-of-Mexico eyestalk-pigmentation pleopod hydrodynamics appendage-flexibility particle-image-velocimetry locomotion marine-biology invertebrate-zoology aquatic-arthropod coastal-species marsh-shrimp grass-shrimp common-American-prawn common-grass-shrimp marsh-grass-shrimp small-crustacean translucent-body camouflage swimming-appendages pleopodal-swimming crustacean-locomotion biomechanics fluid-dynamics drag-reduction-mechanisms asymmetric-flexibility appendage-grouping return-stroke power-stroke wake-reduction thrust-generation profile-area-modulation phase-lag appendage-wave swimming-efficiency aquatic-maneuverability hydrodynamic-optimization caridean-shrimp palaemonid-shrimp marine-invertebrate estuarine-invertebrate Atlantic-coast North-American-shrimp western-Atlantic-shrimp coastal-marine-biology invertebrate-swimming crustacean-biomechanics decapod-locomotion malacostracan-swimming arthropod-hydrodynamics translucent-marine-animal small-decapod marine-transparency eyestalk-coloration orange-pigmentation eyestalk-morphology visual-system crustacean-vision transparent-animal crypsis camouflage-adaptation predator-avoidance visual-ecology marine-ecology coastal-ecology estuarine-ecology benthic-pelagic nektonic-shrimp planktonic-stages benthic-adult habitat-utilization ecosystem-component food-web prey-species foraging-behavior sensory-biology mechanoreception chemoreception aquatic-sensory-systems neurobiology motor-control swimming-coordination appendage-coordination rhythmic-movement neuromuscular-control biological-fluid-mechanics low-Reynolds-number-swimming viscous-swimming intermediate-Reynolds-number unsteady-flows vortex-dynamics wake-structure thrust-production propulsive-efficiency energy-economy locomotor-performance 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neo-paganism Wicca druidry shamanism animism totemism nature-worship sacred-nature holy-nature divine-nature immanent-transcendence panentheism pantheism naturalistic-pantheism religious-naturalism spiritual-naturalism secular-spirituality humanistic-spirituality existential-spirituality phenomenological-spirituality embodied-spirituality embodied-cognition embodied-mind extended-mind embedded-cognition enactive-cognition 4E-cognition predictive-processing free-energy-principle active-inference embodied-prediction interoception proprioception exteroception multisensory-integration sensorimotor-contingencies perceptual-inference perceptual-learning perceptual-development neuroplasticity brain-development cognitive-development social-development emotional-development moral-development identity-development self-concept self-esteem self-efficacy autonomy competence relatedness intrinsic-motivation extrinsic-motivation self-regulation self-control executive-function working-memory attention 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remember front-loop back-loop exploitation conservation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-points critical-transitions regime-shifts alternative-stable-states hysteresis irreversibility path-dependence lock-in rigidity-traps poverty-traps social-traps tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action-problems free-rider-problems social-dilemmas prisoner's-dilemma public-goods common-pool-resources institutional-analysis institutional-design polycentric-governance multi-level-governance network-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance deliberative-governance experimentalist-governance reflexive-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-together rowing-separately rowing-not-at-all policy-instruments policy-mixes policy-integration policy-coherence policy-effectiveness policy-efficiency policy-equity policy-legitimacy policy-acceptability policy-feasibility policy-sustainability policy-durability policy-adaptability 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environmental-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment environmental-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment social-life-cycle-assessment environmental-life-cycle-assessment life-cycle-costing material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis input-output-analysis ecological-footprint carbon-footprint water-footprint land-footprint biodiversity-footprint nitrogen-footprint phosphorus-footprint chemical-footprint toxic-footprint waste-footprint resource-footprint consumption-footprint production-footprint supply-chain-footprint value-chain-footprint corporate-footprint organizational-footprint product-footprint service-footprint event-footprint individual-footprint household-footprint community-footprint city-footprint regional-footprint national-footprint global-footprint planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space strong-sustainability weak-sustainability very-weak-sustainability genuine-progress-indicator index-of-sustainable-economic-welfare better-life-index human-development-index 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