Rhopalosiphum maidis

(Fitch, 1856)

Corn Leaf Aphid, Corn Aphid

is a globally distributed and the most economically damaging aphid pest of maize (Zea mays), particularly in tropical and warmer temperate regions. It feeds on phloem sap and causes direct damage through photoassimilate removal. Dense can large amounts of on maize tassels, preventing pollen shed and reducing yield by up to 90%. The species transmits several destructive viruses including Maize dwarf virus, Barley yellow dwarf virus, mosaic virus, and Cucumber mosaic virus. Most populations reproduce parthenogenetically (anholocyclic), though has been reported in Pakistan and Korea with Prunus species as primary .

Rhopalosiphum maidis by no rights reserved, uploaded by Jesse Rorabaugh. Used under a CC0 license.

Rhopalosiphum maidis from CSIRO by Unknown authorUnknown author. Used under a Public domain license.

Corn leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis) on maize (Zea mays) by GeorgJander. Used under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license.

Pronunciation

How to pronounce Rhopalosiphum maidis: /rɔˌpæloʊˈsɪfəm ˈmeɪdɪs/

These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.

Identification

Wingless parthenogenetic females have green to whitishgreen bodies with black- , , legs, , tail, and transverse abdominal . The body has sparse short hairs. Antennae are less than half the body length. Cornicles are not longer than the finger-like . Winged females have black-brown head and , with cornicles shorter than in wingless forms. These features distinguish it from Rhopalosiphum padi (bird cherry-oat ), which has a reddish-orange area around cornicle bases, and from (), which have a dark green stripe down the back.

Images

Habitat

Found in agricultural fields, grasslands, and forestgrassland zones. In winter, winged parthenogenetic females and survive on wild-growing , moving to agricultural fields in spring. Fields populate gradually from edges to center.

Distribution

Nearly worldwide distribution. Documented in North America (Canada, Mexico, USA), Central America and West Indies, South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, Venezuela), Europe (Austria, Azores, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia), Asia (Burma, Cambodia, Ceylon, China, Cyprus, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Saudi Arabia, Sikkim, South Yemen, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen Arab Republic, USSR), Africa (Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Islands, Chad, Congo, Dahomey, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Rhodesia, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Upper Volta, Zambia), and Australasia/Pacific Islands (Australia, Caroline Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, Fiji, Hawaii, Marianas Islands, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga Islands, Wallis Islands, Irian Jaya).

Seasonality

In southwestern Ontario, from the south begins early spring ( with colonies found by late April). of field corn occurs over a month after . reach maximum late summer. In temperate regions, cannot overwinter; reestablishes annually via migration. continues year-round in suitable climates with up to 12 per year.

Diet

Feeds on phloem sap of maize (Zea mays) and other cultivated and wild . Also damages rice, sorghum, wheat, barley, oat, rye, , and various Gramineae . Barley is a particularly suitable .

Host Associations

Zea mays (maize/corn) - primary and major economic Most commonly encountered and economically damaging on maize; causes direct damage and transmits viruses
Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) - Feeding, growth, and markedly poorer on smaller plants; associated with less time spent feeding and increased activity
Hordeum vulgare (barley) - particularly suitable Considerable within variation in observed
Oryza sativa (rice) - Documented damage to rice
Triticum aestivum (wheat) - Included in range
Secale cereale (rye) - Included in range
Avena sativa (oat) - Included in range
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) - Included in range
Prunus spp. - primary ()Reported as primary for in Pakistan and Korea; males found in Japan and Kenya
Maize yellow dwarf virus - Transmitted to maize
Barley yellow dwarf virus - Transmitted to maize
Sugarcane mosaic virus - Transmitted to maize
Cucumber mosaic virus - Transmitted to maize

Life Cycle

Most are anholocyclic, with occurring entirely by . Under laboratory conditions at 25.5°C with 14:10 light:dark , prereproductive period averages 5.9 days, reproductive period 15.8 days, postreproductive period 9.6 days, with average of 68.2 per female. reported in Pakistan and Korea with Prunus as primary ; males but not sexually reproducing females found in Japan and Kenya populations. (winged) forms produced under crowded conditions; oviparae and males produced in response to short photoperiod. Up to 12 per year reported.

Behavior

Winged parthenogenetic females and overwinter on wildgrowing , migrating to agricultural fields in spring. Fields populate gradually from edges to center. activity requires temperature of 13°C. Under enhanced CO2 conditions, growth rate and on barley significantly decreased; volatiles from barley grown under enhanced CO2 less attractive than atmospheric CO2 conditions. Temperature and crowding have differential effects on formation in parthenogenetically reproducing individuals. Exhibits greater of benzoxazinoids (maize defensive metabolites) relative to other maize-feeding . Repelled by volatiles from damaged maize plants, including (E)-β-farnesene ().

Ecological Role

Major agricultural pest causing to grain through direct feeding and as a of destructive viruses. Attracts such as , which may subsequently attack other pests.

Human Relevance

Significant economic pest of maize and other cereal . Yield losses occur through direct photoassimilate removal, deposition interfering with pollen shed, and virus transmission. Management includes (maize inbred vary in ), chemical control, and through . sequenced (321326 Mb, 17,629-17,647 -coding genes) to enable research on virus transmission, resistance, and ecological interactions. numbers vary within : 2n = 8 (typical on maize), 9, and 10 (typical on barley).

Similar Taxa

Rhopalosiphum padi (bird cherry-oat aphid)Both feed on cereals; R. padi has reddishorange area around bases, while R. maidis has entirely black- cornicles and lacks this coloration. R. padi also differs in preferences and is less associated with maize .
Schizaphis graminum (greenbug)Both are cereal ; have characteristic dark green stripe down the back and inject toxin causing leaf reddening, while R. maidis lacks this stripe and does not inject toxin causing purple discoloration.
Sipha flava (yellow sugarcane aphid)Both yellowish on grasses; S. flava has rows of dark spots and short , produces no , and injects toxin causing purple seedling discoloration. R. maidis has longer cornicles, produces abundant honeydew, and lacks spotted pattern.
Melanaphis sacchari (sugarcane aphid)Both pale on sorghum; M. sacchari has black feet, , and like R. maidis but is typically found on leaf undersides rather than in , and produces more extensive coverage.